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92-437: Land acquisition to build the square began in 1872 and the site was inaugurated in 1878, though it was not thoroughly completed until 1892. The square has four statues that were originally arranged in the form of a Union Jack . In 2010, $ 14-million was spent on a redesign, with the removal of a flower stand on the southwest corner, all monuments refurbished, new street furniture added and a lighting scheme which has greatly improved

184-433: A personal union , although the three kingdoms remained separate states. On 12 April 1606, a new flag to represent this regal union between England and Scotland was specified in a royal decree, according to which the flag of England , a red cross on a white background, known as St George's Cross , and the flag of Scotland , a white saltire (X-shaped cross, or St Andrew's Cross) on a blue background, would be joined, forming

276-521: A pileated woodpecker . There are four principal monuments in Dorchester Square, originally arranged to form an equilateral cross with the 'Camellienne' (a multi-purpose kiosk that currently houses a snack bar) at the northern point. However, the cross form was altered first when the Lion of Belfort fountain was disconnected and moved further south along Metcalfe Street. Later, a florist was established at

368-514: A supporter in the royal coat of arms of England used by the Tudor dynasty from 1485. The flags of British Overseas Territories , as well as certain sovereign states and regions that were previously British possessions , incorporate the Union Jack into their own flag designs or have official flags that are derived from the Union Jack. Many of these flags are blue or red ensigns with the Union Jack in

460-450: A common flag were drawn up following the union of the two Crowns in 1603, but were rarely, if ever, used. One version showed St George's cross with St Andrew's cross in the canton, and another version placed the two crosses side by side. A painted wooden ceiling boss from Linlithgow Palace , dated to about 1617, depicts the Scottish royal unicorn holding a flag where a blue Saltire surmounts

552-581: A deliberate insult. In the case of the Union Flag, the difference is subtle and is easily missed by the uninformed. It is often displayed upside down inadvertently—even on commercially-made hand waving flags. On 3 February 2009, the BBC reported that the flag had been inadvertently flown upside-down by the UK government at the signing of a trade agreement with Chinese premier Wen Jiabao . The error had been spotted by readers of

644-541: A government minister stated, in response to a parliamentary question, that "the Union Jack should be regarded as the National flag". Notwithstanding Their Lordships' circular of 1902, by 1913 the Admiralty described the "Union Flag" and added in a footnote that 'A Jack is a Flag to be flown only on the "Jack" Staff'. However, the authoritative A Complete Guide to Heraldry published in 1909 by Arthur Charles Fox-Davies uses

736-505: A host of provincial premiers and federal cabinet ministers. Quebec sovereigntist elements were present in comparatively microscopic numbers and had managed to post a few signs, including a banner pulled by a small airplane reading "Welcome to Our New Economic Partners!" Despite this, the event passed without major incident, as Montreal Police were quick to enforce the rules and parameters of the protest and remove agitators from both sides quickly and quietly. As such, clashes of ideas remained at

828-491: A mode, but creating an 'environmental lobby' from which traffic may change modes in addition to orientation. With this in mind, consider that the area is accessed by the city's two principal train stations, (Windsor Station and Central Station ), as well as by four metro stations and is accessed by the three densest portions of Underground City . In addition, the area is adjacent to both the Ville-Marie Expressway and

920-447: A publication as one of the top 30 worldwide Landscape architects in the world. Serious Fun: The Landscapes of Claude Cormier , the first book exclusively dedicated to Claude Cormier's practice, was published in Fall 2021 at Oro editions. Cormier died on September 15, 2023, at the age of 63, of multiple cancers caused by Li-Fraumeni syndrome . In 2024, Claude Cormier was posthumously awarded

1012-524: A ratio of 1:2. In the United Kingdom, land flags are normally a ratio of 3:5; the Union Jack can also be made in this shape, but is 1:2 for most purposes. In 2008, MP Andrew Rosindell proposed a Ten Minute Rule bill to standardise the design of the flag at 3:5, but the bill did not proceed past the first reading. The three-component crosses that make up the Union Jack are sized as follows: The crosses and fimbriations retain their thickness relative to

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1104-534: A ratio of 3:5 as the suitable proportion for a Union Flag flown on land. The King's Harbour Master's flag, like the Pilot Jack, is a 1:2 flag that contains a white-bordered Union Flag that is longer than 1:2. The jacks of ships flying variants of the Blue Ensign are square and have a square Union Flag in the canton. The King's Colours of Army regiments are 36 by 43 inches (910 mm × 1,090 mm); on them,

1196-433: A snack bar and café open primarily in the summer. Additionally, the northwestern portion of the square, on Peel north of Cypress, is dominated by a variety of restaurants, bars, clubs, bistros and taverns. It should not be surprising that the square and plaza are filled by thousands of people around noontime, enjoying their lunch break in an area where sunshine and shade balance each other quite well. Those sunning themselves on

1288-418: A type of traffic shortcut (best understood by seasoned Montrealers) in addition to the presence of vital, yet unconnected buildings directly on the square induces social traffic through the square and plaza. Particularly in good weather, the area is a massive generator of social inter-traffic. Its presence and position allows for exceptional use by every social and cultural group within the city. Moreover, as both

1380-639: Is repeated by the cluster of skyscrapers and prominent buildings near the intersection of Peel and René Lévesque Boulevard. The Peel Cluster includes several prominent buildings, including the Tour CIBC , Place Laurentienne, the Windsor Hotel and the Centre Sheraton . In addition, the Dominion Square Building is best accessed via the square and is similarly unconnected. The idea of the square being

1472-524: Is sometimes asserted that the term Union Jack properly refers only to naval usage, but this assertion was dismissed by the Flag Institute in 2013 after historical investigations. The origins of the earlier flag of Great Britain date from 1606. King James VI of Scotland had inherited the English and Irish thrones in 1603 as James I, thereby uniting the crowns of England , Scotland , and Ireland in

1564-507: Is the de facto national flag of the United Kingdom . The Union Jack was also used as the official flag of several British colonies and dominions before they adopted their own national flags. The flag continues to have official status in Canada, by parliamentary resolution, where it is known as the Royal Union Flag . However, it is commonly referred to in Canada as the Union Jack. It

1656-475: Is the most visible section of the urban environment and is encouraged to be used for this purpose by the municipal government's permit department. As far as protest marching or political rallies are concerned, Montreal has seen a wide variety since the beginning of the Quiet Revolution , and many of the better known have had an interaction with the square and plaza. Dorchester Square is a preferred site, since

1748-703: The Palais des congrès de Montréal . Traffic diffused through this corridor to the west can be connected to the Terminus Centre-Ville at 1000 de la Gauchetière or further along to the Château Champlain, the Place du Canada Building, Windsor Station, 1250 René-Lévesque , Bell Centre and Lucien-L'Allier . Pedestrian traffic diffused from this corridor to the north and northwest can bring pedestrian as far as Drummond and Sherbrooke at rush-hours, but mostly serves

1840-421: The 1851 Cholera Epidemic . In that year, the bodies were exhumed and moved to Notre-Dame-des-Neiges Cemetery on the northwestern side of Mount Royal . In 1869, St. George's Anglican Church was erected at the corner of Peel and De la Gauchetière. It spawned the construction of several other Protestant churches and cathedrals in and around Dominion Square, which was beginning to take form as a dividing line between

1932-526: The Almanac , neither the Union Flag nor the Union Jack are included pictorially or mentioned by name. For comparison with another anglophone country with a large navy, jack of the United States specifically refers to the flag flown from the jackstaff of a warship, auxiliary or other U.S. governmental entity. The Butcher's Apron is a pejorative term for the flag, common among Irish republicans , citing

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2024-459: The Chateau Champlain hotel. In 1967, Dominion Square was divided into two parts, the southern portion being renamed Place du Canada while the northern portion retained the name Dominion Square. After the death of René Lévesque in 1987, Dorchester Boulevard was renamed in his honour and Dominion Square was renamed "Dorchester Square", after Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester , who supported

2116-551: The Republic of Ireland is no longer part of the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland is. There are no symbols representing Wales in the flag, making Wales the only home nation with no direct representation, as at the time of the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 (creating legal union with England) the concept of national flags was in its infancy. The Welsh Dragon was, however, adopted as

2208-721: The arms of Ireland . These were removed at the Restoration , because Charles II disliked them. The original flag appears in the canton of the Commissioners' Ensign of the Northern Lighthouse Board . This is the only contemporary official representation of the pre-1801 Union Jack in the United Kingdom and can be seen flying from their George Street headquarters in Edinburgh . Claude Cormier Claude Cormier CQ RCA (June 22, 1960 – September 15, 2023)

2300-467: The canton and defaced with the distinguishing arms of the territory. The governors of British Overseas Territories and the Australian states, as well as the lieutenant governor of Nova Scotia also have personal standards that incorporate the Union Jack in their design. The terms Union Jack and Union Flag are both used historically for describing the national flag of the United Kingdom. According to

2392-464: The proclamation of King James I in 1606, it became known simply as the "British flag" or the "flag of Britain". The royal proclamation gave no distinctive name to the new flag. At the funeral of King James in 1625 the flag was called the "Banner of the Union of the two Crosses of England and Scotland". The word jack was in use before 1600 to describe the maritime bow flag . By 1627 a small Union Jack

2484-486: The "Union Jack" and this later term transferred to more general usage of the Union Flag. Also later a short flagpole was placed in the bows of a ship to fly the jack, this became known as the jackstaff . According to the Flag Institute , a membership-run vexillological charity, "the national flag of the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories is the Union Flag, which may also be called

2576-569: The 2024 Governor General's Medal in Landscape Architecture (GGMLA) from the Canadian Society of Landscape Architects (CSLA). During his time at Harvard’s Graduate School of Design, Cormier studied the works of two "seemingly contradictory" landscape architects, Martha Schwartz and Frederick Law Olmsted . He once described as main influences as "Martha is mom and Olmsted is dad". In Toronto, Cormier won two design competitions for

2668-508: The BBC News website who had contacted the BBC after seeing a photograph of the event. In 1603, James VI of Scotland inherited the Kingdom of England (and the newly created client state , the Kingdom of Ireland ) as James I, thereby uniting the crowns in a personal union . With Wales annexed into the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 , James now ruled over all of

2760-545: The Bonaventure Expressway, which allows a diffusion of automobile traffic in multiple routes towards the square and plaza. The second element of this traffic-diffusion component is the ability to easily and effectively transfer between transit nodes. The high concentration of automobile parking spaces in the downtown core is focused on the square (which has a parking garage under it, accessed by Peel, Metcalfe and Dominion Square streets) and provides immediate access—via

2852-558: The King: Whereas, some differences hath arisen between Our subjects of South and North Britaine travelling by Seas, about the bearing of their Flagges: For the avoiding of all contentions hereafter. We have, with the advice of our Council, ordered: That from henceforth all our Subjects of this Isle and Kingdome of Great Britaine, and all our members thereof, shall beare in their main-toppe the Red Crosse, commonly called St George's Crosse, and

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2944-512: The Middle Dutch Janke , whence Middle French Jakke and Middle English Jack . Jack came to be used to identify all manner of particularly small objects or small versions of larger ones. The OED has definition 21 "Something insignificant, or smaller than the normal size" and gives examples from 1530 to 2014 of this usage. Further examples in the compounds section at 2b illustrate this. The original maritime flag use of jack

3036-499: The Union Jack" nor any pendants or colours used by the King's ships. Reinforcing the distinction the King's proclamation of the same day concerning the arms and flag of the United Kingdom (not colours at sea) called the new flag "the Union Flag". The size and power of the Royal Navy internationally at the time could also explain why the flag was named the "Union Jack"; considering the navy

3128-478: The Union Jack, ..." and later: "8. The Jack – A small flag worn on a jackstaff on the stem of Naval Vessels. The Royal Navy wears the Union Flag ... This is the only occasion when it correct to describe the flag as the Union Jack". However, this assertion does not appear in any Reed's Nautical Almanac since 1993. In the 2016 Reed's Nautical Almanac , the only entry where this might appear, section 5.21, covering Flag Etiquette, does not include this statement. Within

3220-450: The Union Jack." The institute has also stated: it is often stated that the Union Flag should only be described as the Union Jack when flown in the bows of a warship, but this is a relatively recent idea. From early in its life the Admiralty itself frequently referred to the flag as the Union Jack, whatever its use, and in 1902 an Admiralty circular announced that Their Lordships had decided that either name could be used officially. In 1908,

3312-405: The United Kingdom on 1 January 1801, reads: the Union flag shall be azure, the crosses-saltires of St. Andrew and St. Patrick quartered per saltire counter changed argent and gules; the latter fimbriated of the second [viz., argent]; surmounted by the cross of St. George of the third [viz., gules], fimbriated as the saltire [viz., argent]. The Union Jack is normally twice as long as it is tall,

3404-635: The University of Guelph, and established the firm CCxA (formerly Claude Cormier et Associés) in Montreal in 1994. Over the years, the firm has been engaged to work on major public works in Montreal, Toronto, and the USA and has received more than 100 awards. In 2010, the Harvard University Graduate School of Design organised an exclusive retrospective exhibition of the firm "Erratics". In 2009, Cormier

3496-636: The White Crosse, commonly called St Andrew's Crosse, joyned together according to the forme made by our heralds, and sent by Us to our Admerall to be published to our Subjects: and in their fore-toppe our Subjects of South Britaine shall weare the Red Crosse onely as they were wont, and our Subjects of North Britaine in their fore-toppe the White Crosse onely as they were accustomed. This royal flag was, at first, to be used only at sea on civil and military ships of both England and Scotland, whereas land forces continued to use their respective national banners. Flying

3588-637: The Wolfe Tones has a song entitled "The Butcher's Apron" which makes reference to the term. In the Chinese language , the flag has the nickname Rice-Character Flag ( 米字旗 ; Mandarin Pinyin : mǐzìqí , Cantonese Jyutping : mai5zi6kei4 ), since the pattern looks like the Chinese character for "rice" ( 米 ). The current flag's design has been in use since 1801. Its original blazon , as decreed by George III of

3680-577: The World Cathedral across from the southeast corner of the square. On the western side of the square, the Windsor Hotel was completed by 1878. With such prestigious construction and massive human traffic, the square became a vital component of the urban environment and a focal point for transit between the office and commercial sectors and the retail and suburban sectors. In 1889, the Canadian Pacific Railway constructed Windsor Station on

3772-456: The area's prominence provides a degree of placation for the crowd—it quickly becomes obvious that you are highly visible and the message is loud and clear, as office-workers gather by the many windows looking down into it. Moreover, police can observe from a fair distance and generally remain unobtrusive. Generally protests, rallies and demonstrations in Montreal are non-violent, small and calm. In

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3864-666: The arms and flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: And that the Union Flag shall be Azure, the Crosses Saltires of St. Andrew and St. Patrick Quarterly per Saltire, counterchanged Argent and Gules; the latter fimbriated of the Second, surmounted by the Cross of St. George of the Third, fimbriated as the Saltire ;: ... When the first flag representing Britain was introduced on

3956-620: The bars of the cross and saltire are of equal width; so are their respective fimbriations, which are very narrow. In South Africa, the Union Jacks flown alongside the National Flag between 1928 and 1957 were 2:3 flags. Although the official design of the flag at the College of Arms does not specify colours beyond azure , argent and gules (blue, white and red, respectively), according to Graham Bartram (chief vexillologist of Flag Institute )

4048-682: The basis of durability.) In 2003 a committee of the Scottish Parliament recommended that the flag of Scotland use a lighter " royal " blue (Pantone 300) (the Office of the Lord Lyon does not detail specific shades of colour for use in heraldry). A thin white stripe, or fimbriation , separates the red cross from the blue field, in accordance with heraldry's rule of tincture where colours (like red and blue) must be separated from each other by metals (like white, i.e. argent or silver). The blazon for

4140-534: The blood-streaked appearance of the flag and referring to atrocities committed in Ireland and other countries under British colonial rule. In 2006, Sandra White , a Member of the Scottish Parliament , caused a furore when the term was used in a press release under her name. It was later blamed on the actions of a researcher, who resigned yet claimed that the comment had been approved by White. The Irish folk band

4232-421: The blue field used on land-based versions more closely resembled that of the blue of the flag of Scotland. Various shades of blue have been used in the saltire over the years. The ground of the current Union Flag is a deep " navy " blue ( Pantone 280), which can be traced to the colour used for the Blue Ensign of the Royal Navy 's historic "Blue Squadron". (Dark shades of colour were used on maritime flags on

4324-481: The bus/taxi parking area, subterranean garage entrance and exit and the kiosk) is planned, and it is possible that the square may be expanded with Dorchester Square Street converted for pedestrian use. Up until 1854, the square was little more than a public green and an informal meeting place. Much of it was used for the Catholic Sainte-Antoine Cemetery, a hastily arranged cemetery for the victims of

4416-497: The central point in the cross arrangement of the monuments. The Robert Burns Statue forms the western point in the cross and is placed at the western entrance to the square. Facing west, Burns is a tribute to the industrialists and financiers of Montreal's Scottish community. Burns represents the socially conscious and refined romantic ideal of the community during the High Victorian Era. Additionally, Burns looks out towards

4508-504: The colours blue, red, and white are: All HEX , CMYK and RGB specifications for the Pantone colours are taken from the official Pantone website on the webpages of the corresponding colours. Although these colour specifications are official, not all of the colours are completely congruent. This is due to different specifications for different types of media (for example, screen and print). The flag does not have reflection symmetry due to

4600-616: The context of flagstaffs reaches back to Middle German. The suffix -kin was used in Middle Dutch and Middle German as a diminutive . Examples occur in both Chaucer and Langland though the form is unknown in Old English. John is a common male forename (going back to the Bible), appearing in Dutch as Jan . Both languages use it as a generic form for a man in general. The two were combined in

4692-553: The end of this letter was deliberately facetious, teasing her for going down-market, and in the accompanying letter he wrote, "Your title 'The Anglo Saxon' with its motto 'Blood is thicker than water' only needs the Union Jack & the Star Spangled Banner crossed on the cover to be suited to one of Harmsworth 's cheap Imperialist productions." More recently, Reed's Nautical Almanac (1990 edition) unambiguously stated: "The Union Flag, frequently but incorrectly referred to as

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4784-531: The entire eastern side of the square by 1931. In 1929, the northern side of the square was graced with the Dominion Square Building , designed as an integrated shopping arcade and office tower. The arcade was specifically designed to draw pedestrian traffic between the square and St. Catherine St. Additional construction after the Second World War saw the development of the Laurentian Hotel across from

4876-469: The estates and suburbs of the northwest and the retail and commercial areas to the east and southeast. The 1870s provided several massive projects which made the green a central meeting point and prestige address that formalized the use of the square. Land acquisition began in 1872 and the park took its present form in 1878. Simultaneously, the Catholic Archdiocese began construction of Mary, Queen of

4968-484: The flag of England and Scotland for maritime purposes. The present design of the flag dates from a royal proclamation following the union of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801. The flag combines aspects of three older national flags: the red cross of St George for the Kingdom of England, the white saltire of St Andrew for the Kingdom of Scotland and the red saltire of St Patrick to represent Ireland . Although

5060-480: The flag was in a parallel proclamation on 1 January 1801, concerning civil naval ensigns, which drawing shows the red ensign (also to be used as a red jack by privateers ). As it appears in the London Gazette , the broad stripe is where expected for three of the four quarters, but the upper left quarter shows the broad stripe below. It is often stated that a flag upside down is a form of distress signal or even

5152-412: The flag's height whether they are shown with a ratio of 3:5 or 1:2. Height here is the distance from top to bottom which in vexillology is termed width or breadth . The Admiralty in 1864 settled all official flags at proportions of 1:2, but the relative widths of the crosses remained unspecified, with the above conventions becoming standardised in the 20th century. In the 19th century, the Union flag

5244-587: The harvest. Laurier also stands with his back facing the back of the Boer War Memorial—Laurier had been against the war. The Boer War Memorial faces north, towards the cross atop Mount Royal, which would have been visible from the square up until 1929. It is the only equestrian statue in Montreal, and atypically, is not mounted, but restrained. The Boer War was widely unpopular in Quebec society, viewed as an imperial war. Prime Minister Laurier opposed

5336-429: The hoist is on the observer's left. To fly the flag correctly, the white of St Andrew is above the red of St Patrick in the upper hoist canton (the quarter at the top nearest to the flag-pole). This is expressed by the phrases wide white top and broadside up . An upside-down flag must be turned over to be flown correctly; rotating it 180 degrees will still result in an upside-down flag. The first drawn pattern for

5428-575: The infinite expanse of Western Canada, opened up by the rail and finance managed by the elites of the community. Dorchester Square and Place du Canada share a variety of functions within the urban environment of downtown Montreal. In fact, the variety of functions performed and their inter-relations is what necessitates careful consideration of the square and which prohibits reckless redevelopment and strict regulation regarding new development. Functionally speaking, Dorchester Square and Place du Canada are traffic diffusers, diffusing not only traffic within

5520-454: The interconnected malls and department stores near McGill College Avenue , such as the Centre Eaton , Place Montreal Trust , 1501 McGill College , Les Cours Mont-Royal , Place de la Cathédrale , Complexe Les Ailes (Montreal) , and several other connected shopping malls. As such, via the north of the square, both Peel and McGill metro stations are accessible to the square. The function of

5612-568: The island of Great Britain , which he frequently described as a unified kingdom (though the parliaments of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland did not actually unify until the Kingdom of Great Britain was formed in 1707). In the wake of the 1603 personal union, several designs for a new flag were drawn up, juxtaposing the Saint George's Cross and the St Andrew's Saltire , but none were acceptable to James: Various other designs for

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5704-476: The jack flag, after three centuries, it is now sanctioned by use and has appeared in official use, confirmed as the national flag by Parliament and remains the popular term. Winston Churchill , British Prime Minister from 1940 to 1945, referred to the flag of the United Kingdom as the Union Jack. In March 1899, Churchill wrote to his mother from India about her plans to produce a new trans-Atlantic magazine, to be called The Anglo-Saxon Review . The drawing at

5796-460: The last few years a weekly protest of little more than a dozen people has convened at the southwest corner of Dorchester Square every Friday during the summer months. The noontime demonstration is against a variety of offences committed by the Government of Israel , whose Consulate General is located across the street in the Tour CIBC . Perhaps the most famous demonstration to take place in this area

5888-456: The lawn are usually mere feet away from a patch of cool and humid temperate broadleaf and mixed forest . The meeting of excellent transit access and the social centrality of the area make it an ideal location for protests to orient. It is large enough to hold an impressive mass of people; the area plays host to nearly all visitors; and it has become the protected courtyard of the city's collection of showcase architecture and prestige addresses. It

5980-489: The level of passionate debate. Montreal landscape architect Claude Cormier has been chosen to lead a renovation of $ 3.5 million over four years (2009–2012) to breathe some new life into the square and plaza. The area will not see any dramatic alterations to its character or composition, but rather will receive a landscaping "facelift" and a $ 750,000 lighting system to illuminate the many statues and monuments present. Union Jack The Union Jack or Union Flag

6072-555: The look of the square after dark. As a nod to the fact that it was once a cemetery, small crosses have been embedded in the walkways. In addition, some lights are pointed to shine on the foliage of the many trees, allowing for an interesting nocturnal green glow in the summer. A planned renovation of Place du Canada has begun with renovations to the John A. Macdonald monument and the Cenotaph. A further renovation of Dorchester Square Street (including

6164-608: The national flag at the mainmast had signified the Admiral of the Narrow Seas (the English Channel ) and confusion arose. In 1634, King Charles I restricted its use to Royal Navy ships. After the Acts of Union 1707 , the flag gained a regularised status as "the ensign armorial of the Kingdom of Great Britain ", the newly created state. It was then adopted by land forces as well, although

6256-438: The next available heir, her cousin James VI, King of Scotland . England and Scotland now shared the same monarch under what was known as a union of the crowns." Each kingdom had its own national flag for ships, but in 1606 James VI and I introduced a combined national flag. The UK Parliament website states "The result was the Union Jack, Jack being a shortening of Jacobus, the Latin version of James". The etymology of jack in

6348-415: The old union flag, to be compared with the current flag, is azure, the cross saltire of St Andrew argent surmounted by the Cross of St George gules, fimbriated of the second. The Kingdom of Ireland , which had existed as a personal union with England since 1541, was unrepresented in the original versions of the Union Jack. However, the flag of the Protectorate from 1658 to 1660 was inescutcheoned with

6440-450: The red cross of St. George. On 12 April 1606, a new flag to represent the regal union between England and Scotland was specified in a royal decree, according to which the flag of England (a red cross on a white background, known as St George's Cross), and the flag of Scotland (a white saltire on a blue background, known as the saltire or St Andrew's Cross), would be joined together, forming the flag of Great Britain and first union flag: By

6532-436: The rights of French speakers in British North America. In 2015, Claude Cormier + associes restored the northern end of the park, in the process adding a 30-foot (9.1 m) steel fountain inspired by those from the Victorian era . The city advised Cormier to omit the fountain to make room for tourist buses, but Cormier instead opted to "slice" off a portion of the fountain and replace it with 19-inch (48 cm) sculpture of

6624-515: The saltires should lie; they were simply "counterchanged" and the red saltire fimbriated. Nevertheless, a convention was soon established which accords most closely with the description. The flag was deliberately designed with the Irish saltire slightly depressed at the hoist end to reflect the earlier union with Scotland, giving as it were seniority to the Saint Andrew's cross. When statically displayed,

6716-488: The slight pinwheeling of the St Patrick's and St Andrew's crosses, technically the counterchange of saltires . Thus, there is a correct side up. It is one of two national flags with two-fold rotational symmetry , symmetry group C 2 , the other being the flag of Trinidad and Tobago . The original specification of the Union Flag in the royal proclamation of 1 January 1801 did not contain a drawn pattern or express which way

6808-499: The south side of De la Gauchetière Street, opposite St. George's Cathedral. This further increased the importance of the square as a major focal point. Later construction would involve the demolition of the original YMCA Building (1851) on the east side of the square in order to allow the construction of the first portion of the Sun Life Building at the corner of Metcalfe Street and Dorchester Boulevard , which would grow to take up

6900-507: The southwest corner of the square. In 1960, the original southern section of the Windsor Hotel was demolished in order to build the CIBC Tower . The 1960s also saw major developments as Dominion Square became the central orienting point for the new downtown of modernist skyscrapers. As such, a skywalk was erected on the south side of the square, across De la Gauchetière to Place du Canada and

6992-471: The southwestern corner, further altering the original layout of the square. Under the current renovation plan, the Robert Burns statue will be moved further north along Peel Street and the florist kiosk removed entirely. The square, in name and content, is a testament to the entrepreneurial and industrial spirit of Montreal's Victorian Era anglophone business community. Beginning from the southern side of

7084-473: The square and plaza are legally defined as being open to the public at all times, even in adverse weather conditions, the area is always being used in its intended function. The social inter-traffic component is best witnessed in summer months, when all sorts of Montrealers combine with the tourist element. The central Quebec Tourism bureau for Montreal is located at the Dominion Square Building, and

7176-463: The square and plaza as environmental and inter-modal lobby is enhanced by what is not connected to the Underground City and the various modes of transit which circle the square. The Sun Life Building 's principal vault lies below street level at the very centre of the building's foundation, therefore requiring underground traffic pass around the square or come outside to cross it. The same situation

7268-666: The square and plaza—to the variety of public transit modes arranged around the area. To the east is the Place Ville Marie corridor of the Underground City, which carries pedestrian traffic from the Roddick Gates at McGill University on Sherbrooke Street all the way south to Place Bonaventure . At Place Bonaventure, pedestrian traffic is diverted both further east, to Square Victoria , the Quartier international de Montréal , Tour de la Bourse , Old Montreal , Place d'Armes and

7360-416: The square is specifically designed to handle specialty vehicles such as limousines, sightseeing buses and motor coaches. Throughout the day, tourists and office workers mingle with students and artists. The kiosk located at the northern end of the square, locally referred to as a Camillienne—in reference to Montreal mayor Camillien Houde , who ordered their construction as Depression Era make-work projects—is

7452-470: The square, the first monument is the tribute to Wilfrid Laurier , constructed in 1953 by Joseph-Émile Brunet . Laurier faces south across René Lévesque Boulevard towards the United States . Laurier was a proponent of an early free-trade agreement with the United States and wanted to develop a more continental economic orientation. Also, as Canada's first French-Canadian prime minister, he faces off against

7544-744: The term "Union Jack". The term "Union Flag" is used in King Charles I's 1634 proclamation: ... none of Our Subjects, of any of Our Nations and Kingdoms shall from henceforth presume to carry the Union Flag in the Main top, or other part of any of their Ships (that is) St Georges cross and St Andrew's Cross joined together upon pain of Our high displeasure, but that the same Union Flag be still reserved as an ornament proper for Our own Ships and Ships in our immediate Service and Pay, and none other." and in King George III 's proclamation of 1 January 1801 concerning

7636-423: The tribute to John A. Macdonald , across the street in what is now Place du Canada. Macdonald is enshrined in a stone baldachin emblazoned with copper reliefs of the various agricultural and industrial trades. Laurier stands with the shelter of the massive trees which characterize the square, a granite relief of the provinces created and united under his administrations opposite a bas-relief of man and woman sharing

7728-474: The war, but ultimately compromised with the proposal for militia and volunteers en lieu of conscription . The war was disastrous for most of its first half, and the losses significant enough to anticipate the losses of middle and upper-class men during the First World War . Around the base of the statue, there are copper reliefs and the names of each battle. The memorial is in the centre of the square and forms

7820-500: The website of the Parliament of the United Kingdom : "Until the early 17th century England and Scotland were two entirely independent kingdoms (Wales had been annexed into the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 .). This changed dramatically in 1603 on the death of Elizabeth I of England . Because the Queen died unmarried and childless, the English crown passed to

7912-403: Was "A ship's flag of a smaller size than the ensign, used at sea as a signal, or as an identifying device". The jack was flown in the bows or from the head of the spritsail mast to indicate the vessel's nationality: "You are alsoe for this present service to keepe in yo Jack at yo Boultspritt end and yo Pendant and yo Ordinance" The Union Flag when instantiated as a small jack became known as

8004-559: Was Knighted to the Ordre National du Québec , the province's highest distinction for individuals who have contributed to the development and leadership of Quebec . Cormier was also selected as an Emerging Voice for North America by the Architectural League of New York, as well as one of 14 international designers advancing the design field by Fast Company Magazine . Last year the firm was invited by Phaidon Press to be featured in

8096-407: Was a Canadian landscape architect from Quebec . The majority of his projects are located in Montreal and Toronto . His landscape practice was founded in 1994. In March 2022, the practice Claude Cormier + associes became CCxA in light of new partners. Claude Cormier studied History & Theory of Design at Harvard University, Landscape Architecture at the University of Toronto, Agronomy at

8188-581: Was commonly flown in this position. One theory goes that for some years it would have been called just the "Jack", or "Jack flag", or the "King's Jack", but by 1674, while formally referred to as "His Majesty's Jack", it was commonly called the "Union Jack", and this was officially acknowledged. A proclamation issued by King George III at the time of the Union of 1801 concerned flags at sea and repeatedly referred to "Ensigns, Flags, Jacks, and Pendants" and forbade merchant vessels from wearing "Our Jack, commonly called

8280-431: Was defined by the same blazon but could vary in its geometrical proportions. Although the most common ratio is 1:2, other ratios exist. The Royal Navy's flag code book, BR20 Flags of All Nations , states that both 1:2 and 3:5 versions are official. In the 3:5 version, the innermost points of the lower left and upper right diagonals of the St Patrick's cross are cut off or truncated. The Garter King of Arms also suggests

8372-434: Was so widely utilised and renowned by the United Kingdom and colonies , it is possible that the term jack occurred because of its regular use on all British ships using the jackstaff (a flag pole attached to the bow of a ship). The name may alternatively come from the 'jack-et' of the English or Scottish soldiers, or from the name of James I who originated the first union in 1603. Even if the term Union Jack does derive from

8464-585: Was the Unity Rally of October 27, 1995. Three days before the 1995 Quebec referendum , Canadians from outside Montreal descended into Dorchester Square and Place du Canada and joined a massive demonstration in support of the federalist campaign against Quebec sovereignty . Crowd estimates varied widely, from 35,000 to 150,000. The event was a massive project which involved Prime Minister Jean Chrétien , Progressive Conservative leader (and future Quebec premier) Jean Charest , Quebec Premier Daniel Johnson Jr. and

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