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91-658: The town is made up of six town parts: Bezděkovské Předměstí, Dolejší Předměstí, Havlovice, Hořejší Předměstí, Město and Týnské Předměstí. Domažlice is located about 44 km (27 mi) southwest of Plzeň . It lies on the Radbuza River. It lies on the Zubřina stream. It is situated in the Upper Palatine Forest Foothills . A small part on the southwest extends into the Cham-Furth Depression and includes

182-546: A demagogue , the priest Jan Želivský , for a time obtained almost unlimited authority over the lower classes of the townsmen, and at Tábor, a religious communistic movement (that of the so-called Adamites ) was sternly suppressed by Žižka. Shortly afterwards, a new crusade against the Hussites was undertaken. A large German army entered Bohemia and in August 1421 laid siege to the town of Žatec . After an unsuccessful attempt of storming

273-472: A currency reform in 1953, which caused a wave of discontent, including the Plzeň uprising . On 1 June 1953, over 20,000 people, mainly workers at the Škoda Works, began protesting against the government. Protesters forced their way into the town hall and threw communist symbols, furniture and other objects out of the windows. The protest caused a retaliation from the government. As part of its retaliation, they destroyed

364-471: A depth of 12 m (39 ft). Built in 1532, the former water tower was integrated into the city's fortification system at Prague Gate. Another storey was added in 1822 in French Imperial style. The Gothic portal dating from the 1500s and coming from another house, which had been demolished, was added in 1912. Above the portal there is a commemorative plaque dedicated to Dr Josef Škoda (a professor at

455-608: A matter of course throughout the war as well as after its end in 1434. The word used for one type of handheld firearm used by the Hussites, Czech : píšťala , later found its way through German and French into English as the term " pistol ". The name of a cannon used by the Hussites, the Czech : houfnice , gave rise to the English term, " howitzer " ( houf meaning "crowd" for its intended use of shooting stone and iron shots against mass enemy forces). Other types of firearms commonly used by

546-497: A month later during the Battle of Kutná Hora . Žižka positioned his forces between the town of Kutná Hora, which pledged allegiance to the Hussite cause, and the main camp of the enemy, leaving supplies in the well-defended town. However uprising of ethnic German townsmen led the town into Crusader's control. Late in the night between 21 and 22 December 1421, Žižka ordered an attack against

637-850: A reconstruction of episcopacy). The current bishop is Filip Štojdl. The Czech Evangelical Lutheran Church is headquartered in Plzeň. St. Paul's Lutheran Church is a church of the Czech Evangelical Lutheran Church in Plzeň. The other churches also present in Plzeň are the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in the Czech Republic, the United Methodist Church, the Seventh-day Adventist Church,

728-512: A royal castle. The border with Bavaria was protected by border guards recruited from the Chods (Slavic free farmers) who settled in the vicinity of Domažlice. The town was mortgaged to Bavaria in 1331, lasting until 1419 (with some interruptions). Under Hussite rule, German citizens were expelled from the town, and since then, the population has been predominantly Czech. In 1431, Prokop the Great defeated

819-659: A safe-conduct from Sigismund, but was imprisoned, tried, and executed on 6 July 1415. The knights and nobles of Bohemia and Moravia , who were in favour of church reform, sent the protestatio Bohemorum to the Council of Constance on 2 September 1415, which condemned the execution of Hus in the strongest language. This angered Sigismund, who was " King of the Romans " (head of the Holy Roman Empire , though not yet Emperor) and brother of King Wenceslaus of Bohemia . He had been persuaded by

910-438: A siege of the city, which had, however, soon to be abandoned. Negotiations took place for a settlement of the religious differences. The united Hussites formulated their demands in a statement known as the " Four Articles of Prague ". This document, the most important of the Hussite period, ran, in the wording of the contemporary chronicler, Laurence of Brezova , as follows: 1. The word of God shall be preached and made known in

1001-510: A total of 818,700 inhabitants. The diocesan see is in St. Bartholomew's Cathedral on Republiky Square in Plzeň. The diocese is divided into 10 vicariates with a total of 72 parishes. The seat of the West Bohemian seniorate (literary presbytery; Central European protestant equivalent of a diocese) of Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren is currently set in Plzeň. The current senior is Miroslav Hamari,

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1092-459: Is a centre of business in the western part of the Czech Republic. Since the late 1990s the city has experienced high growth in foreign investment. In 2007, Israeli mall developer Plaza Centers opened the Pilsen Plaza , a 20,000 m (220,000 sq ft) shopping mall and entertainment centre featuring a multiplex cinema from Cinema City Czech Republic . Plzeň produces about two-thirds of

1183-555: Is a city in the Czech Republic . It is the fourth most populous city in the Czech Republic with about 186,000 inhabitants. It is located about 78 kilometres (48 miles) west of Prague , at the confluence of four rivers: Mže , Úhlava , Úslava and Radbuza , together forming the Berounka River. Founded as a royal city in the late 13th century, Plzeň became an important town for trade on routes linking Bohemia with Bavaria . By

1274-491: Is a cultural heritage zone known for its Baroque architecture , and was European Capital of Culture in 2015. Plzeň is home to football club FC Viktoria Plzeň , one of the most successful clubs in the Czech league, and ice hockey club HC Škoda Plzeň . Plzeň is divided into ten boroughs, which are further divided into 25 administrative parts (in brackets): Plzeň is located about 78 km (48 mi) west of Prague . The city

1365-571: Is from 1307. In the 14th century, the city had about 3,000 inhabitants on an area of 20 ha (49 acres), making it the third largest city in Bohemia after Prague and Kutná Hora . During the Hussite Wars , it was the centre of Catholic resistance to the Hussites : Prokop the Great unsuccessfully besieged it three times, and it joined the league of Catholic nobles against King George of Poděbrady . In

1456-567: Is situated at the confluences of four rivers: Mže , Úhlava , Úslava and Radbuza . From the confluence of the Mže and Radbuza, the river is known as the Berounka . Plzeň lies mostly in the Plasy Uplands , with small parts of the municipal territory extending into the Švihov Highlands to the east and south. The highest point is the hill Chlum at 416 m (1,365 ft) above sea level. The lowest point

1547-527: Is the river bed of the Berounka at 293 m (961 ft). The largest body of water is the České údolí Reservoir, built on the Radbuza. A system of fishponds is located on the northern edge of the city. Plzeň has a cool and temperate Oceanic climate (Cfb). The average annual precipitation is 525 mm (21 in). The annual average temperature is 8.4 °C (47.1 °F). The extreme temperature throughout

1638-418: Is well preserved and includes many monuments and valuable buildings. The old town was defined by walls, of which fragments and the early Gothic gate (so-called Dolejší , i.e. "Lower") have been preserved. Most of the houses are Gothic and Renaissance buildings from the 14th–16th centuries with Neoclassical façades. The architecturally valuable Neorenaissance town hall on the town square dates from 1890–1893. In

1729-672: The Wehrmacht , and Czech contributions, particularly in the field of tanks, were noted. The Nazis operated a Gestapo prison in the city, and a forced labour camp in the Karlov district. Between 17 and 26 January 1942, the majority of the city's Jewish population, over 2,000 people, were deported by the Nazis to the Theresienstadt concentration camp in Terezín . On 6 May 1945, in the final days before

1820-585: The Czech Handball Extraliga . The motorcycle speedway team PK Plzeň race at the Plzeň speedway track . The track has hosted significant speedway events including qualifying rounds of the Speedway World Team Cup . The most prominent sights of Plzeň are the Gothic St. Bartholomew's Cathedral , founded in the late 13th century, whose tower, at 102 m (335 ft), is the highest in

1911-562: The Hussite Wars , it was restored in 1671–1746. Today the building serves as an elementary art school. The neighbouring monastery Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary from the 14th century was rebuilt in the Baroque style in 1746–1752, further reconstructions took place in 1774 and 1892–1893. Chodský Castle was founded together with the town in the 1260s. Until the early 16th century, it had

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2002-667: The Nazis after 1933 in the hope that Adolf Hitler might be able to unite them with their German-speaking neighbours. Following the Munich Agreement in 1938, Plzeň became a frontier town as the creation of the Sudetenland moved Nazi Germany 's borders closer to the city's outer limits. During the German occupation from 1939 to 1945, the Škoda Works in Pilsen was forced to provide armaments for

2093-612: The Papacy , and European monarchs loyal to the Catholic Church , as well as various Hussite factions. At a late stage of the conflict, the Utraquists changed sides in 1432 to fight alongside Roman Catholics and opposed the Taborites and other Hussite spin-offs. These wars lasted from 1419 to approximately 1434. The unrest began after pre-Protestant Christian reformer Jan Hus was executed by

2184-676: The Polish–Hussite invasion of Prussia : Supporters: In the Holy Land (1095–1291) Later Crusades (1291–1717) Northern (1147–1410) Against Christians (1209–1588) Popular (1096–1320) The Hussite Wars , also called the Bohemian Wars or the Hussite Revolution , were a series of civil wars fought between the Hussites and the combined Catholic forces of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund ,

2275-933: The Vienna University ), who was born next door on 10 December 1805. A popular tourist attraction is the Plzeňský Prazdroj brewery tour where visitors can discover the history of beer. Hussite Wars Bohemia & Moravia : Hussite movement (1419–20) Hussite Bohemia (1420–23) Moravian Hussites Radical Hussite faction (1423–34) Allies: Lithuania Supported by: Poland Polish–Hussite invasion of Prussia (1433) : Poland Pomerania-Stolp Orphans as mercenaries Crusaders and Catholic loyalists: Hungary - Croatia Holy Roman Empire (also German Kingdom ) Teutonic Order Order of Rhodes Papal States England Serbia Poland Allies: Moderate Hussite faction (since 1423) Allies of

2366-529: The end of World War II in Europe , Plzeň was liberated from Nazi Germany by the 16th Armored Division of General George Patton 's 3rd Army . Also participating in the liberation of the city were elements of the 97th and 2nd Infantry Divisions supported by the Polish Holy Cross Mountains Brigade . Other Third Army units liberated major portions of Western Bohemia. The rest of Czechoslovakia

2457-615: The 1470s and 1480s, the city had the first printing press in Bohemia. The first book printed here and therefore the oldest book in Bohemia is Statuta written by Arnošt of Pardubice , which was printed in 1476. Emperor Rudolf II made Plzeň his seat from 1599 to 1600. During the Thirty Years' War the town was taken by Mansfeld in 1618 after the Siege of Plzeň and it was not recaptured by Imperial troops until 1621. Wallenstein made it his winter quarters in 1633. Accused of treason and losing

2548-437: The 14th century it had grown to be the third largest city in Bohemia. The city was besieged three times during the 15th-century Hussite Wars , when it became a centre of resistance against the Hussites. During the Thirty Years' War in the early 17th century the city was temporarily occupied after the Siege of Plzeň . In the 19th century, the city rapidly industrialised and became home to the Škoda Works , which became one of

2639-660: The Austro-Hungarian internal frontier following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 . It was the district capital of the district with the same name, being one of the 94 Bezirkshauptmannschaften (district capitals) in Bohemia . Within the context of the Czech National Revival , Domažlice became a central place during the 19th century. At the time, it was the westernmost ethnic Czech town, very close to

2730-521: The Catholic Church in 1415 for heresy . Because King Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia had plans to be crowned the Holy Roman Emperor (requiring papal coronation ), he suppressed the religion of the Hussites, yet it continued to spread. When King Wenceslaus IV died of natural causes a few years later, the tension stemming from the Hussites grew stronger. In Prague and various other parts of Bohemia,

2821-496: The Catholic Germans living there were forced out. Wenceslaus's brother, Sigismund , who had inherited the throne, was outraged by the spread of Hussitism. He received permission from the pope to launch a crusade against the Hussites, and large numbers of crusaders came from all over Europe to fight. They made early advances, forcing the Hussites back and taking Prague. However, the Hussites reorganized and took back nearly all

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2912-727: The Church of Brethren, the Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia, the Greek Catholic Church, and others. The University of West Bohemia in Plzeň is well known for its Faculty of Law, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Faculty of Applied Science in particular. Martin Luther Elementary School (Základní škola Martina Luthera) is a private Christian school of the Czech Evangelical Lutheran Church in Plzeň. Plzeň

3003-443: The Council that Hus was a heretic. He sent threatening letters to Bohemia declaring that he would shortly drown all Wycliffites and Hussites, greatly incensing the people. Disorder broke out in various parts of Bohemia and drove many Catholic priests from their parishes. Almost from the beginning, the Hussites were divided into two main groups, though many minor divisions also arose among them. Shortly before his death, Hus had accepted

3094-716: The Czech Republic, the Renaissance Town Hall, and the Moorish Revival Great Synagogue , the second largest synagogue in Europe, after the Dohány Street Synagogue in Budapest . There is also a 20 km (12 mi) historic tunnel and cellar network, among the longest in Central Europe. Part of this network is open to the public for tours of about 750 m (2,500 ft) in length and down to

3185-479: The Czechs, Germany was having internal conflicts and could not muster up a sufficient force to battle the Hussites, and the king of Denmark left the Czech border to go back to his home. As the conflicts went on, the Hussites also made raids into German territory. The wars eventually ended in 1434 when the moderate Utraquist faction of the Hussites defeated the radical Taborite faction. The Hussites agreed to submit to

3276-716: The Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren in Plzeň, known as The Western congregation located in the Western part of the city in the borough of Jižní předměstí and The Congregation of the Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren in Chrást located in Chrást in the very east of Plzeň-City District. The seat of Plzeň diocese of the Czechoslovak Hussite Church is located in Plzeň (although the bishop has resided in Mirovice for several years due to

3367-585: The Hussite Wars. From the end of the 17th century, the architecture of Plzeň has been influenced by the Baroque style. The city centre has been under cultural heritage preservation since 1989. In the second half of the 19th century Plzeň, already an important trade centre for Bohemia , near the Bavarian/German border, began to industrialise rapidly. In 1869 Emil Škoda founded the Škoda Works , which became

3458-482: The Hussite breakthrough of Catholic encirclement at Vladař Hill  [ cs ] in November 1421 at the Battle of Žlutice  [ cs ] . The wagons and firearms were used on the move, at this point still only defensively. Žižka avoided the main camp of the enemy and employed the moving wagon forts in order to cover his retreating troops. The first true engagement where firearms played primary role happened

3549-421: The Hussite revolt started in 1419, the Hussite militias heavily depended on converted farm equipment and weapons looted from castle and town armories, including early firearms. Hussite militia comprised mostly commoners without prior military experience and included both men and women. Use of crossbows and firearms became critical as those weapons didn't require extensive training, nor did their effectiveness rely on

3640-462: The Hussite tactical use of wagon forts and firearms was defensive. The wagon's wall was stationary, and firearms were used to break the initial charge of the enemy. After this, firearms played an auxiliary role, supporting mainly cold weapons-based defense at the level of the wagon wall. Counterattacks were done by cold weapons-armed infantry and cavalry charges outside of the wagon forts. The first mobile use of war wagons and firearms took place during

3731-468: The Hussites included hákovnice  [ cs ] , an infantry weapon heavier than píšťala and tarasnice ( fauconneau ). As regards cannons, apart from houfnice, Hussites employed bombarda ( mortar ) and dělo ( cannon ). After the death of his childless brother Wenceslaus, Sigismund inherited a claim on the Bohemian crown, though it was then, and remained until much later, in question whether Bohemia

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3822-534: The Plzeň Region GDP, even though it contains only 29.8% of its population. Based on these figures, the city of Plzeň has a total GDP of approximately $ 7.2 billion, and a per capita GDP of $ 44,000. While part of this is explained by commuters to the city, it is one of the most prosperous cities in the Czech Republic. The Škoda company, established in Plzeň in 1859, has been an important element of Austro-Hungarian, Czechoslovak and Czech engineering, and one of

3913-454: The Pope—were expelled from the Bohemian cities. Wenceslaus's widow Sophia of Bavaria , acting as regent in Bohemia, hurriedly collected a force of mercenaries and tried to gain control of Prague, which led to severe fighting. After a considerable part of the city had been damaged or destroyed, the parties declared a truce on 13 November. The nobles, sympathetic to the Hussite cause, but supporting

4004-441: The ambition of agitators. On 9 March 1422, Jan Želivský was arrested by the town council of Prague and beheaded. There were troubles at Tábor also, where a more radical party opposed Žižka's authority. The Hussites were aided at various times by Poland . Because of this, Jan Žižka arranged for the crown of Bohemia to be offered to King Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland, who, under pressure from his own advisors, refused it. The crown

4095-453: The art of triple decoction mashing . The combination of pale colour from the new malts, Plzeň's remarkably soft water, Saaz noble hops from nearby Žatec ( Saaz in German) and Bavarian-style lagering produced a clear, golden beer which was regarded as a sensation. Improving transport meant that this new beer was soon available throughout Central Europe and Pilsner Brauart -style brewing

4186-594: The authority of the king of Bohemia and the Roman Catholic Church and were allowed to practice their somewhat variant rite. The Hussite community included much of the Czech population of the Kingdom of Bohemia and formed a major spontaneous military power. The Hussite Wars were notable for the extensive use of early handheld firearms such as hand cannons and wagon forts by the Hussites. Starting around 1402, priest and scholar Jan Hus denounced what he judged as

4277-443: The beer right, and it is one of the oldest breweries to survive to modern times. Many breweries were located in the interconnected deep cellars of the city. The officials of Plzeň founded a city-owned brewery in 1839, Bürger Brauerei (Citizens' Brewery, now Plzeňský Prazdroj ), and recruited Bavarian brewer Josef Groll (1813–1887) who produced the first batch of modern Pilsner beer on 5 October 1842. This included mastering

4368-655: The biggest European arms factories. During the Communist era (1948–1989) the company's production had been directed to the needs of the Eastern Bloc . Disarray in the era after the Velvet Revolution , and unsuccessful efforts to gain new Western markets, resulted in sales problems and debts. After a huge restructuring process, the company was divided into several subsidiaries, which were later sold. The most important successors companies are Škoda Transportation and Doosan Škoda Power . Many foreign companies now have manufacturing bases in Plzeň, including Daikin , Hisense and Panasonic . The software provider company ZF Openmatics

4459-471: The border with the Kingdom of Bavaria . In the town, a pilgrimage took place on 13 August 1939, which developed into a large Czech protest demonstration against the German occupation and control of the ethnic Czech Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia . The German population was expelled in 1945 according to the Potsdam Agreement. In 2005 a mass grave was discovered on the outskirts of the town. It contained 54 Germans , who might have been mainly members of

4550-403: The centre of the town square there is the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary. It was first mentioned in 1385. It was baroque rebuilt in 1751–1756, but retained Gothic elements. It is known for its leaning, 56 m (184 ft) high tower. The former Augustinian monastery is a landmark of the western part of the town square. The monastery was founded in 1287. After it was destroyed during

4641-847: The ceremony of the Roman Catholic Church. The ecclesiastical organization of Tabor had a somewhat puritanical character, and the government was established on a thoroughly democratic basis. Four captains of the people ( hejtmané ) were elected, one of whom was Žižka, and a very strict military discipline was instituted. Late 14th and early 15th century saw gradually increasing use of firearms in siege operations both by defenders and attackers. Weight, lack of accuracy and cumbersome use of early types limited their employment to static operations and prevented wider use in open battlefield or by civilian individuals. Nevertheless, lack of guild monopolies and low training requirements led to their relatively low price. This together with high effectiveness against armour led to their popularity for castle and town defenses. When

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4732-430: The city and its surroundings, linked to the city by commuting and migration. It has about 328,000 inhabitants. Plzeň is well known for the Pilsner Urquell (since 1842) and Gambrinus (since 1869) breweries , currently owned by Asahi Group Holdings. Plzeň is an important city in the history of beer, including the development of Pilsner . In 1375, Bohemian King Charles IV endowed the Dobrow Monastery near Plzeň with

4823-418: The city is the D5 highway connecting Prague and Nuremberg . A public domestic and private international airport is located 11 km south-west from Plzeň, at the nearby village of Líně . Since 31 May 1993 Plzeň has been the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Plzeň . The first bishop (current bishop emeritus) was František Radkovský. The current bishop is Tomáš Holub. The diocese covers an area with

4914-502: The city of Plzeň. For residents of the city, a Plzeň Card can be purchased and through a system of "topping up" be used on any public transport with no limitations, as long as it is paid up and valid. Tickets can be purchased in vehicles with a contactless smart card. Plzeň is an important centre of Czech railway transport, with the crossing of five main railway lines: Plzeň main railway station ( Plzeň hlavní nádraží ) serves all five of these lines. The most important transport link in

5005-447: The city, the crusaders retreated somewhat ingloriously on hearing that the Hussite troops were approaching. Sigismund only arrived in Bohemia at the end of 1421. He took possession of the town of Kutná Hora but was decisively defeated by Jan Žižka at the Battle of Německý Brod on 6 January 1422. Bohemia was for a time free from foreign intervention, but internal discord again broke out, caused partly by theological strife and partly by

5096-399: The corruption of the church and the papacy, and he promoted some of the reformist ideas of English theologian John Wycliffe . His preaching was widely heeded in Bohemia, and provoked suppression by the church, which had declared many of Wycliffe's ideas heretical. In 1411, in the course of the Western Schism , " Antipope " John XXIII proclaimed a "crusade" against King Ladislaus of Naples ,

5187-404: The crusaders of the Holy Roman Empire in the Battle of Domažlice . The 15th and 16th centuries saw Domažlice change hands frequently, but its importance diminished following the end of the Thirty Years' War . It was not until 1770 that it recovered, largely due to innovations in the textile industry. Until 1918 the town was part of the Austrian monarchy , finding itself on the Austrian side of

5278-442: The doctrine of Utraquism preached during his absence by his adherents at Prague: the obligation of the faithful to receive communion in both kinds, bread and wine ( sub utraque specie ). This doctrine became the watchword of the moderate Hussites known as the Utraquists or Calixtines, from the Latin calix (the chalice), in Czech Kališníci (from kalich ). The more extreme Hussites became known as Taborites ( Táborité ), after

5369-452: The end of October 1420 the garrison was on the point of capitulating through famine. Sigismund tried to relieve the fortress but was decisively defeated by the Hussites on 1 November near the village of Pankrác . The castles of Vyšehrad and Hradčany now capitulated, and shortly afterwards, almost all Bohemia fell into the hands of the Hussites. Internal troubles prevented the followers of Hus from fully capitalizing on their victory. At Prague,

5460-454: The enemy's cavalry charge. The main weight of the fighting rested on militiamen armed with cold weapons, but firearms shooting from behind the safety of the wagon forts proved to be very effective. Following this experience, Žižka ordered mass manufacturing of war wagons according to a universal template as well as manufacturing of new types of firearms that would be more suitable for use in the open battlefield. Throughout 1420 and most of 1421,

5551-456: The enemy's main camp. The attack was conducted by using a gradually moving wagon wall. Instead of the usual infantry raids beyond the wagons, the attack relied mainly on the use of ranged weapons from the moving wagons. Nighttime use of firearms proved extremely effective, not only practically but also psychologically. The year 1421 marked not only a shift in the importance of firearms, from auxiliary to primary weapons of Hussite militia, but also

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5642-482: The essence of the Hussite doctrine, were rejected by King Sigismund, mainly through the influence of the papal legates , who considered them prejudicial to the authority of the pope. Hostilities therefore continued. However, Sigismund was defeated at the Battle of Vítkov Hill on July 1420. Though Sigismund had retired from Prague, his troops held the castles of Vyšehrad and Hradčany . The citizens of Prague laid siege to Vyšehrad (see Battle of Vyšehrad ), and towards

5733-445: The establishment of the Čáslav diet of formal legal duty for all inhabitants to obey the call to arms of the elected provisional government. For the first time in medieval European history, this was not put in place in order to fulfill duties to a feudal lord or to the church, but in order to participate in the defense of the country. Firearms design underwent fast development during the Hussite Wars, and their civilian possession became

5824-462: The first pitched battle of the Hussite Wars. After Sudoměř, he moved to Ústí, one of the earliest meeting places of the Hussites. Not considering its situation sufficiently strong, he moved to the neighboring new settlement of the Hussites, called by the biblical name of Tábor . Tábor soon became the center of the most militant Hussites, who differed from the Utraquists by recognizing only two sacraments— Baptism and Communion —and by rejecting most of

5915-418: The function of an administrative seat. It became a ruin after two fires in the 16th century. In 1726–1728, a salt storage was built on the site of the castle, designed by Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer . A perimeter wall and a cylindrical tower have been preserved from the original castle. In the second half of the 19th century, it served as the municipal office. During the 20th century, the building gradually became

6006-427: The highest point of Domažlice, the hill Dmout at 603 metres (1,978 ft) above sea level. The first written mention of Domažlice settlement is in a deed of Duke Boleslaus II from 993. Purpose of its existence was related to the Bohemian - Bavarian border and important trade route to Regensburg . Near that settlement, a fortified royal town of Domažlice was founded by King Ottokar II in 1265. The town included

6097-442: The kingdom of Bohemia freely and in an orderly manner by the priests of the Lord. 2. The sacrament of the most Holy Eucharist shall be freely administered in the two kinds, that is bread and wine, to all the faithful in Christ who are not precluded by mortal sin – according to the word and disposition of Our Saviour. 3. The secular power over riches and worldly goods which the clergy possesses in contradiction to Christ's precept, to

6188-443: The land they had lost, resulting in the failure of the crusade. After the reins of the Hussite army were handed over to yeoman Jan Žižka , internal strife followed. Seeing that the Hussites were weakened, the Germans undertook another crusade but were defeated by Žižka at the Battle of Německý Brod . Three more crusades were attempted by the papacy , but none achieved their objectives. The Lithuanians and Poles did not wish to attack

6279-412: The local SA , executed by the Czech resistance at the end of World War II. Domažlice is the terminus and start of the railway lines from/to Plzeň and Klatovy . A local football club, TJ Jiskra Domažlice , plays in the Bohemian Football League (3rd tier of the Czech football league system). The Sněhaři Domažlice ski club was founded in 1912 and restored in 1996. The historical core of Domažlice

6370-413: The most important and influential engineering company in the country and a crucial supplier of arms to the Austro-Hungarian Army . By 1917 the Škoda Works employed over 30,000 workers. After 1898 the second largest employer was the National Railways train workshop, with about 2,000 employees: this was the largest rail repair shop in all Austria-Hungary . Between 1861 and 1877, the Plzeň railway junction

6461-405: The most important engineering companies in Austria-Hungary and later in Czechoslovakia . The city is known worldwide as the home of Pilsner beer, created by Bavarian brewer Josef Groll in the city in 1842; today, the Pilsner Urquell Brewery is the largest brewery in the Czech Republic. Plzeň serves as the main business centre of West Bohemia and the capital of the Plzeň Region . The city

6552-500: The operator's physical strength. Firearms were first used in the field as a provisional last resort together with wagon forts. Significantly outnumbered Hussite militia led by Jan Žižka repulsed surprise assaults by heavy cavalry during the Battle of Nekmíř in December 1419 and the Battle of Sudoměř in March 1420. In these battles, Žižka employed transport carriages as wagon forts to stop

6643-466: The preacher of Koranda parish congregation of the Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren in Plzeň, commonly known as Koranda congregation located in the city centre of Plzeň. The senioral churchwarden is Josef Beneš, the parish churchwarden of the same congregation. There are two other parish congregations of Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren in the Plzeň-City District – The Western congregation of

6734-487: The prejudice of its office and to the detriment of the secular arm, shall be taken and withdrawn from it, and the clergy itself shall be brought back to the evangelical rule and an apostolic life such as that which Christ and his apostles led. 4. All mortal sins, and in particular all public and other disorders, which are contrary to God's law shall in every rank of life be duly and judiciously prohibited and destroyed by those whose office it is. These articles, which contain

6825-514: The protector of rival Pope Gregory XII . To raise money for this, he proclaimed indulgences in Bohemia. Hus bitterly denounced this and explicitly quoted Wycliffe against it, provoking further complaints of heresy but winning much support in Bohemia. In 1414, Sigismund of Hungary convened the Council of Constance to end the Schism and resolve other religious controversies. Hus went to the Council, under

6916-453: The regent, promised to act as mediators with Sigismund, while the citizens of Prague consented to restore to the royal forces the castle of Vyšehrad , which had fallen into their hands. Žižka, who disapproved of this compromise, left Prague and retired to Plzeň . Unable to maintain himself there he marched to southern Bohemia. He defeated the Catholics at the Battle of Sudoměř (25 March 1420),

7007-475: The seat of the Museum of Chodsko Region. The tower is open to the public as a lookout tower. The Church of Saint Lawrence on the hill Veselá hora is a pilgrimage site. It was built in 1685 and rebuilt in 1775. Domažlice is twinned with: Plze%C5%88 Plzeň ( Czech pronunciation: [ˈpl̩zɛɲ] ), also known in English and German as Pilsen ( German: [ˈpɪlzn̩] ),

7098-522: The statue of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk , the first president of Czechoslovakia. The statue has since been re-erected. In 1954, a West German homing pigeon was lost near the Czechoslovak border. It returned two days later, bearing a strong anticommunist message, signed "Unbowed Pilsen." The bird, named Leaping Lena , was taken to the United States, where it was celebrated as a Cold War hero. Plzeň

7189-475: The support of his army, he fled the town on 23 February 1634 to Eger/Cheb where he was assassinated two days later. The town was increasingly threatened by the Swedes in the last years of the war. The city commander Jan van der Croon strengthened the fortifications of Plzeň from 1645 to 1649. Swedish troops passed the town in 1645 and 1648 without attacking it. The town and region have been staunchly Catholic despite

7280-412: The town of Tábor , which became their centre; or Orphans ( Sirotci ), a name they adopted after the death of their leader and general Jan Žižka. Under the influence of Sigismund, Wenceslaus endeavoured to stem the Hussite movement. A number of Hussites led by Mikuláš of Hus left Prague. They held meetings in various parts of Bohemia, particularly at Sezimovo Ústí , near the spot where the town of Tábor

7371-583: The windows into the street (the first " Defenestration of Prague "), where several were killed by the fall, after a rock was allegedly thrown from the town hall and hit Želivský. It has been suggested that Wenceslaus was so stunned by the defenestration that it caused his death on 16 August 1419. Alternatively, it is possible that he may have just died of natural causes. The death of Wenceslaus resulted in renewed troubles in Prague and in almost all parts of Bohemia. Many Catholics, mostly Germans—mostly still faithful to

7462-497: The year ranged from −28.0 °C (−18.4 °F) on 12 February 1985 to 40.1 °C (104.2 °F) on 27 July 1983. The first written mention of Plzeň Castle is from 976. The city of New Plzeň was founded nearby in 1295 by King Wenceslaus II . The old settlement then became known as Starý Plzenec and New Plzeň became known as Plzeň. It quickly became an important city on trade routes leading from Bohemia to Nuremberg and Regensburg . The first written mention about beer brewing

7553-742: Was a European Capital of Culture in 2015, along with Mons in Belgium. The ice hockey club HC Škoda Plzeň plays in the Czech Extraliga . The team plays its home games at Home Monitoring Aréna . The football club FC Viktoria Plzeň plays in the Czech First League and belongs among the most successful clubs in the Czech Republic. Viktoria Plzeň has played in the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League . The team plays its home games at Doosan Arena . Handball club Talent Plzeň plays in

7644-469: Was a hereditary or an elective monarchy, especially since the line through which Sigismund claimed the throne had accepted that the Kingdom of Bohemia was an elective monarchy elected by the nobles, and thus, the regent of the kingdom (Čeněk of Wartenberg) also explicitly stated that Sigismund had not been elected as a reason for Sigismund's claim to not be accepted. A firm adherent of the Church of Rome, Sigismund

7735-454: Was aided by Pope Martin V , who issued a bull on 17 March 1420 proclaiming a crusade "for the destruction of the Wycliffites, Hussites and all other heretics in Bohemia". Sigismund and many German princes arrived before Prague on 30 June at the head of a vast army of crusaders from all parts of Europe, largely consisting of adventurers attracted by the hope of pillage. They immediately began

7826-554: Was completed and in 1899 the first tram line started in the city. This burst of industry had two important effects: the growth of the local Czech population and of the urban poor. After 1868 the first Czech mayor of the city was elected. Following Czechoslovak independence from Austria-Hungary in 1918 the ethnic German minority in the countryside bordering the city of Plzeň hoped to be united with Austria and were unhappy at being included in Czechoslovakia. Many allied themselves to

7917-515: Was founded and is headquartered in this city. There has been much discussion of redeveloping those large areas of the Škoda plant which the company no longer uses. Stock , located in the Božkov district, is the biggest distillery in the Czech Republic. The Plzeň agglomeration was defined as a tool for drawing money from the European Structural and Investment Funds . It is an area that includes

8008-412: Was founded soon afterwards. At these meetings, they violently denounced Sigismund, and the people everywhere prepared for war. In spite of the departure of many prominent Hussites, the troubles at Prague continued. On 30 July 1419, a Hussite procession headed by the priest Jan Želivský attacked New Town Hall in Prague and threw the king's representatives, the burgomaster, and some town councillors from

8099-535: Was liberated from German control by the Soviet Red Army . Elements of the 3rd Army, as well as units from the 1st Army, remained in Plzeň until late November 1945. After the end of the war, the city's ethnic German minority population was expelled and their property was confiscated in accordance to the provisions of the Potsdam Agreement . After the 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état , the government launched

8190-508: Was then offered to Władysław's cousin, Vytautas , the Grand Duke of Lithuania . Vytautas accepted it, with the condition that the Hussites reunite with the Catholic Church. In 1422, Žižka accepted Prince Sigismund Korybut of Lithuania (nephew of Władysław II) as regent of Bohemia for Vytautas. His authority was recognized by the Utraquist nobles, the citizens of Prague, and the more moderate of

8281-647: Was widely imitated. In 1859, "Pilsner Bier" was registered as a brand name at the Chamber of Commerce and Trade in Plzeň. In 1898, the Pilsner Urquell trade mark was created to put emphasis on this being the brewery where the style originated. The Plzeň metropolitan area is largely served by a network of trams, trolleybuses and buses operated by the PMDP. Like other continental European cities, tickets bought from vending machines or small shops are valid for any transport run by

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