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47-712: The capital of the region was Craiova , and its territory comprised what is today Dolj County . In 1952 it merged with Gorj Region to form the Craiova Region . Dolj Region had as neighbours: Dolj Region comprised the following raions : Craiova, Cujmir, Plenița, Calfat, Băilești, Segarcea, Gura Jiului, Corabia, Caracal, Balș. This Romanian location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Craiova Craiova ( / k r ə ˈ j oʊ v ə / , also US : / k r aɪ ˈ oʊ v ə , k r ɑː ˈ j ɔː v ɑː , k r ɑː ˈ j oʊ v ɑː / , Romanian: [kraˈjova] )

94-433: A Tsar (as traditionally), but as a gospodin of Tarnovo , and in foreign sources was styled herzog or merely called an "infidel bey ". This was possibly to indicate vassalage to Bayezid I or the yielding of the imperial title to Ivan Sratsimir . In Bosnia and Serbia all male persons of noble status were referred to as gospodin regardless of their hereditary title, even monarchs. The Ruthenian population of

141-469: A 30 km (18.64 mi) network. Craiova was the first city in the country powered by electricity based on internal combustion engines. In 1900, Craiova held 43.1% of the industrial units in Oltenia, having 924 industrial firms (of which 20 establishments belonged to heavy industry, using 1078 workers). In 1925, the number of heavy industry establishments had increased to 49, and in 1930 the number of workers

188-757: A feminine, and " gazdinstvo " as a household and/or property. "Gazda" form is also common in Hungary . In Slovene , Macedonian , Serbo-Croatian and Bulgarian , " gospodar " ( господар ) means a "master", "lord", or "sovereign lord". Other derivatives of the word include " gospodarstvo ", which means ownership, household and property, and economy, gospodin (господин), which translates as " Sir ", " gentleman " and/or " Mister " (in Bulgarian, Russian , Macedonian, and Serbo-Croatian), and " gospodstvo " (in Serbo-Croatian). Meanwhile, " Gospod " and " Gospodin " refers to God and

235-613: A team, FC Craiova , that won the unofficial war championship. Later, another team from the city, Universitatea Craiova , became the first Romanian football team to reach the semi-finals of a European tournament, during the UEFA Cup in 1982-83 . Public transportation in Craiova started in September 1948 with only 2 buses, received from Bucharest . The buses connected the Craiova railway station with

282-471: Is a derivative of gospod / gospodin , transl.  (L)ord / gentleman or Sir , or when spelled with a capital G ( Gospod / Gospodin ) it translates as Lord for God . The etymology of the word can be traced back to the connotation of the Indo-European patron-client and guest-host relationship. Rich patrons sponsored feasts as a way for them to promote and secure a political hierarchy built on

329-658: Is also notable in its relation to the word and is a later loanword in Hungarian. The pronunciation " hospodar " of a word written as " господар " in some Slavic languages, which retains the Cyrillic script , could be due to the influence of either Ukrainian , where the first letter is pronounced as [ɦ] , or that of the Church Slavonic , where it is pronounced as [ɣ] . In the Slavic language family, compound " gospodar " / " hospodar "

376-548: Is identical to Russian gospod` (господь, " the Lord " ) and gosudar' (" sovereign "). In Slovene gospod ("Mister", "gentleman"), the Polish gospodarz ("host", "owner", "presenter") usually used to describe a peasant/farmer (formal name for a peasant/farmer is "rolnik," and common is "chłop" which also means "guy"), and the Czech hospodář (archaic term for "master"). All forms stem from

423-577: Is rare as a Slavic lexeme. It might have arisen as an additional calque of the Greek ' despótēs' (-πότης), yet the presence of *potis in Iranic languages e.g Avestani dəng paitiš “master of the house”, might indicate an older and universal usage of the compound. The word *batь (attested in Bulgarian and Ukrainian and meaning bigger brother and later additionally transforming into ' bashta ' or father in Bulgarian)

470-446: Is served by Craiova Airport , which has recently been modernised. [REDACTED] Media related to Craiova at Wikimedia Commons Hospodar Gospodar or hospodar , also gospodin for short version, is a term of Slavic origin, meaning " lord " or " master ". The compound ( Belarusian : гаспадар , Bulgarian : господар , Macedonian : господар , Serbo-Croatian : gospodar , господар , Ukrainian : господар )

517-464: Is shared among Uralic, Turkic and Iranic languages, with the p- > b- transformation likely indicating a transition through a Turkic language of an originally Indo-European word. Another view is that it is a baby-talk modification of *bratrъ (“brother”), since it morphologically resembles kin terms ending in *-tь , including *zętь (“son-in-law”), *tьstь (“father-in-law”), *netь(jь) (“nephew”). The Proto-Slavic word *pǫdurъ (“watchman, guard”)

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564-530: Is the largest city in southwestern Romania, the seventh largest city in the country and the capital of Dolj County , situated near the east bank of the river Jiu in central Oltenia . It is a longstanding political center, and is located at approximately equal distances from the Southern Carpathians (north) and the River Danube (south). Craiova is the chief commercial city west of Bucharest and

611-489: Is usually applied to the master/owner of a house/household or other property and also the head of a family or clan. In some languages the hospodar s house or household is called " hospóda ", however, in other, such as in South Slavic, "( g)ospoda " translates as " gentry " as just a plural derived from " gospodin " and/or " gospodar ". There is also an alternative form for the head of the household, " gazda ", " gazdarica " as

658-451: The Danube to Brăila , established in 1846. Around 1860 in Craiova there were 4633 buildings, of which 3220 were houses, 26 churches, 11 schools, and 60 factories or workshops. There were also approximately 90 establishments with an industrial character, of which 12 were wind mills , 3 beer factories, 2 gas and oil factories, 4 tanneries, and 2 were printing houses. Statistics show that Craiova

705-509: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania used the term to style Grand Duke of Lithuania ; in that sense it is also used in official documents (e.g. Statutes of Lithuania ), given that Chancery Slavonic was an official language in the eastern parts of the Grand Duchy. As a term denoting authority the word gospodar has also been the subject of ironic derision. A good example is the song "Gospodar" from

752-573: The Köppen climate classification , Craiova has a humid continental climate ( Dfa ), bordering on a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cfa ). This results in a combination of occasional cold winters, but too mild of a climate to contain permanent snow cover, along with long and hot summers. Annually, Craiova experiences 64 days with fog , more frequently in winter than other seasons. The city also experiences 34 days per year with thunder, and 1 day with hail . As of 2021 , 234,140 inhabitants live within

799-528: The Nicolae Romanescu Park . The tram was first introduced in 1987, on an 18.4 km (11.43 mi) double-track line, as a result of the state's intention of keeping energy consumption low. The public transport in Craiova today consists of 3 tram lines and 17 bus lines. It is operated by the RAT Craiova  [ ro ] , a corporation run by City Hall. There are 190 buses and 35 trams serving

846-513: The Proto-Slavic word gospodü (господъ). In Slovak and Czech , the word Hospodin (capitalized) is an older and rare address of God. Related to it is hospodár , in a stricter sense an owner or manager of a farm or similar establishment ( poľnohospodárstvo ) or agriculture is composed of "field" and hospodár . In a broader sense, a manager of any resource. The verb hospodáriť is translated as "to manage", esp. money and property. In Czech ,

893-498: The Tsarist take-over (1828–1834), Craiova experienced significant economic growth. In 1832, there were 595 shops, of which "187 [were] of wood and 398 of stone wall". The city was the commercial centre of Oltenia . It exported cereal, skins, wax, animals, tallow and services to Austria and Turkey . As a consequence of the permanent high demand for exports, Craiova was the site of the first Romanian society for shares in cereal shipping on

940-516: The bans relocated to Bucharest, leaving behind kaymakams to represent them in Craiova. Under Prince Emanuel Giani Ruset , Wallachia's seat was moved to Craiova (1770–1771), viewed as a place of refuge during the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 . A large part of the city was burned down by the rebel pasha Osman Pazvantoğlu in 1800. During the Wallachian uprising of 1821 , inhabitants of

987-430: The "Scrisul Românesc" ("The Romanian Writing") publishing house, the "Concordia" macaroni factory, the "Barbu Druga" bread and macaroni factory, the "Semănătoarea" factory and the "Traiul" bread factory. The only branch of industry at the same level of development as other centers of the country was graphic art. The two printing houses "Ramuri" and "Scrisul Românesc" were well-known all over Romania and abroad. Starting in

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1034-442: The 1960s the city became a powerful industrial center; it developed industry in machinery, tools, aircraft, chemicals, food, light industry, construction materials, electronics, extraction, and energy. The Romanian Revolution of 1989 led to important changes in the economy, with the introduction of a free market and decentralization of the management of all national economic sectors. In industry, an overall drop in production capacity

1081-460: The city also housed about 90 industrial establishments, of which 12 were mills, 3 breweries, 2 gas and oil factories, 4 tanning yards and 2 printing presses ; 57% of the total number of craftsmen of Dolj County lived in Craiova (1,088 craftsmen , 687 journeymen and 485 apprentices ). The period following the Independence War was a time of economic and cultural progress. As a result, at

1128-495: The city limits, a decrease from the figure recorded in 2011, making it the 7th most populous city in Romania. Ethnic composition (2011): Ethnic composition (2021): In the first two decades of the 19th century, Craiova was characterized by economic growth and the increased presence of trade, commerce, and public services. Similarly to other large urban areas, Craiova became a commercial, administrative and cultural centre. During

1175-481: The city today. Craiova is also a major railway centre and is connected to all other major Romanian cities, as well as local destinations, through the national Căile Ferate Române network. There are daily trains with service from Craiova to: Bucharest (3 hours), Brașov (6 – 8 hours - via connecting service), Cluj-Napoca (8 – 10 hours - connecting service), Sibiu (4 – 7 hours), Sighișoara (8 – 11 hours - connecting service), Timișoara ( 5 hours) The city

1222-424: The city. There are two possible etymologies for Craiova: Old Slavonic kral ("king"), which has been borrowed in Romania as crai and Slavonic krajina ("border" or "edge"). Since no source prior to 1475 mentions the city, it is impossible to tell which of the two words is the real etymology. The name is probably of Serbian origin, due to historical autochthonous minorities in the area. In Hungarian,

1269-458: The country to be supplied with electric power by internal combustion engines . In 1900, Craiova had 43.1% of the industrial units of Oltenia ; these numbered 924 industrial companies (including 20 large industrial establishments, employing 1,078 workers). The number of large industrial establishments rose to 40 by 1925. Banking also developed at the beginning of the 20th century (when 6 banks and 2 bureaux de change were already operating). In

1316-605: The early 1980s by the Slovene punk rock band Pankrti . The rulers of Wallachia and Moldavia were styled hospodars in Slavic writings from the 14th century to 1866; the English equivalent of this title is Lord (with the meaning of autonomous ruler). Hospodar was used in addition to the title voivod . When writing in Romanian , the term Domn (from the Latin dominus ) was used. At

1363-617: The end of the 16th century was about 100 villages (182 financial goods). This power gave them a statute of political autonomy so big, that the hospodars ruling at that time were not able to keep in power without an alliance with this powerful dynasty. From the Craiovești family there were chosen a lot of hospodars to rule the country: Neagoe Basarab , Radu de la Afumați , Radu Șerban (1602–1611), Matei Basarab , Constantin Șerban , Șerban Cantacuzino , Constantin Brâncoveanu . In 1395 Craiova

1410-414: The end of the 19th century, the city of Craiova, with its 40,000 inhabitants, had developed small factories (producing chemicals, farming utilities, and construction materials) and textile factories. On October 26, 1896, the Craiova power station entered service (with AEG equipment working at 310 CP, supplying 365 streetlights on 39 streets, forming a 30 km-long network); Craiova was the first city in

1457-530: The end of this period, as the title had been held by many vassals of the Ottoman Sultan , its retention was considered inconsistent with the independence of the United Principalities ' (formalized from Romania only in 1878 — replacing the tributary status). The term made its way into the Romanian language after many centuries, but under a different meaning gospodar (female: gospodină ) means

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1504-596: The first in 1967–1968, followed by Siloz-Valea Roșie in the same years. Later on in the 1980s the Craiovița Nouă, Rovine, 1 Mai, Sărari and Lăpuș-Argeș housing estates are built. After the 1989 Revolution brought the re-establishment of a free market and decentralisation in overall management, several industries became subject to privatisation , while the market opened itself to private initiatives. Industry, although affected by economic changes, remains an important branch, representing circa 70% of Craiova's output. Under

1551-464: The interwar period, Craiova, as the centre of an agricultural region, experienced little further industrialization ; the number of industrial workers remained comparatively small. In 1939, Craiova had 7 industrial units with over 100 workers: the clothing industry companies Oltenia and Scrisul Românesc were well-known all over the country and abroad. The Treaty of Craiova was signed here on 7 September 1940; under its terms, Romania ceded to Bulgaria

1598-427: The most important city of Oltenia. The city prospered as a regional trading centre despite an earthquake in 1790, a plague in 1795, and a Turkish assault in 1802 during which it was burned. Eight villages are administered by the city: Făcăi, Mofleni, Popoveni, Șimnicu de Jos, Cernele, Cernelele de Sus, Izvoru Rece, and Rovine. The last four were a separate commune called Cernele until 1996, when they were merged into

1645-517: The present-day Dolj County joined Tudor Vladimirescu 's Pandurs in great numbers, contributing to the expedition on Bucharest. During the first two decades of the 19th century, Craiova witnessed economic prosperity, centered on handicraft trades and public services. During Imperial Russian occupation and the early stages of Organic Statute rules (1828–1834), the city increased its economic output; in 1832 there were 595 shops, 197 of which were made barracks and 398 were houses built of brick. At

1692-510: The site of the Dacian and Roman city Pelendava , was formerly the capital of Oltenia. Its ancient bans , the highest ranking boyars of the Wallachian state, were initially those of the Craiovești family. The bans had the right of minting coins stamped with their own effigies – the origin of the Romanian word ban as used for coins. The economic power of the Craiovești family at

1739-423: The term * ghós-ti -, whose original meaning must have been "table companion", could either mean a host or a guest. The connotation of an obligatory reciprocity between both guests and hosts has persisted in descendant cognates , such as Latin hospēs ("foreigner, guest; host"), Old English ġiest ("stranger, guest"), or Old Church Slavonic gostĭ ("guest") and gospodĭ ("master"). The *potis compound

1786-545: The territory of Southern Dobruja , which Romania had gained after the 1913 Second Balkan War . In the early 1960s, under the Communist regime , the city became a centre for the automotive and engine building industries, as well as for aerospace manufacturing , chemical industry , food industry , construction , electrical engineering , mining and the electrical power industry . The construction of housing estates also begins at this time, with Brazda lui Novac being one of

1833-724: The time, Craiova exported wheat, furs, leather, live animals and other products into the Austrian and Ottoman Empires . Costache Romanescu, a citizen of Craiova, was among the leaders of the Provisional Government during the 1848 Wallachian revolution . Wallachia's last two rulers, Gheorghe Bibescu and Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei , came from an important boyar family residing in Craiova – the Bibescu family. Around 1860, there were 4,633 buildings in Craiova, which were 3,220 houses, 26 churches, 11 schools and 60 factories and workshops. In all,

1880-543: The town is either referred to as Királyi , a remnant of the city's Hungarian rule during the Árpád dynasty , or as Krajova . The German name of the city is Krajowa . [REDACTED]   Wallachia 1475–1718 [REDACTED]   Habsburg Monarchy 1718–1739 [REDACTED]   Wallachia 1739–1859 [REDACTED] United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia 1859–1862 [REDACTED] Romanian United Principalities 1862–1866 [REDACTED]   Romania 1866–present Craiova, which occupied

1927-482: The unequal mobilization of labor and resources, by displaying their generosity towards the rest of the community. Rivals competed publicly through the size and complexity of their feasts, and alliances were confirmed by gift-giving and promises made during those public gatherings. The host of the feast was called the * ghosti-potis , the 'lord of the guests', who honored the immortal gods and his mortal guests with gifts of food, drink, and poetry. In Proto-Indo-European ,

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1974-472: The word Hospodin (capitalized) is another address to God. Related to it is hospodář referring to a person, that manages some property (e.g. steward, major-domo, bailiff, manciple or bursar), especially in agriculture (e.g. husbandman, farmer, landowner). The title was used briefly towards the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire . In 1394–95, Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria referred to himself not as

2021-473: Was 5530. The banking industry was also present; at the beginning of the 20th century, there were 6 banks and 2 bureaux de change. In the inter-war period , the city, situated in an eminently agricultural area, was considered to be industrialising too slowly in comparison with other urban areas of Romania. In 1939, there were only 7 industrial units with over 100 workers in Craiova: the "Oltenia" clothing factory,

2068-700: Was founded on 24 April 2015 in Craiova by Romania, Bulgaria and Serbia . Greece later joined to the organization in 2017. The first school in Craiova was founded in 1759 by Constantin Obedeanu. In the spring of 1826 Obedeanu's school took the name Școala Naţională de Limba Română which means National School of Romanian Language . This was the second Romanian high school after Saint Sava high school in Bucharest (founded in 1818). Universities: The first football teams in Craiova appeared in 1921, Craiovan Craiova and Rovine Griviţa Craiova. They merged in 1940, forming

2115-508: Was home to 57.7% of the total number of craftsmen in Dolj County (1088 craftsmen, 687 journeymen and 485 apprentices). Towards the end of the 19th century, the city of Craiova had small factories and workshops with chemical products, agricultural machines, graphic design, tanneries, textiles, construction materials, among others. On 26 October 1896, Craiova's power plant (using AEG equipment) began operations, supplying 365 lamps on 39 streets in

2162-473: Was noted, caused by an inability to anticipate the impact of change and the economic shocks that followed the change of system. Nevertheless, industry continues to represent the largest sector of the city's economy (70%). The Craiova Municipal Council, chosen at the 2020 local election , is made up of 27 councillors, with the following party composition: The Craiova Group , inspired by the Visegrád Group ,

2209-776: Was probably the scene of a victory won by the Wallachian Prince Mircea I of Wallachia over Bayezid I , Sultan of the Ottomans ( see Battle of Rovine ). Frequently referred to as "a city" after the first half of the 16th century, the Craiova area was always regarded as an important economic region of Wallachia and Romania at large. During the 1718–1739 Habsburg occupation of Oltenia (see Banat of Craiova ), Craiova's status declined due to economic pressures and increased centralism , partly leading to an increase in hajduk actions, in parallel with protests of Craiovan boyars . In 1761, under Prince Constantine Mavrocordatos ,

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