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73-550: The town of Zaghouan is located below on its northern slope. The mountain is the site of a Roman temple known as the Temple des Eaux (Temple of Water), which marks the site of an aqueduct which used to take water to the city of Carthage over 100 km away. (5–8 hours, hard) Follow signs to the ‘Temple des Eaux’ through the town. Continue past the temple on a road winding up the mountain to higher regions. Keep driving along this steep road for just over 10 kilometres until you reach

146-540: A water supply , natural gas and electricity networks, public transport services, and other public infrastructure. Under French rule, a substantial number of Europeans settled (like the Tunisian Italians ); half of the population was European in origin. The city expanded and created new boulevards and neighborhoods. Tunis was quiet during the First World War. After the war, the city faced new transformations as

219-489: A big white building on your left (Sidi Bougabrine). From here you should be able to see the summit fairly clearly to the south-south-east. Leading straight to the summit is a fairly steep ridge. Walk back along the road (from the building) for a kilometre until you are where the road intersects the ridge that is now to the south-east below a small rock face. There is also a parking space here but probably only big enough for 2 cars. From this point, (36°21’54 N; 10°06’13 E) leave

292-433: A brief shower. The highest temperature of 49.0 °C (120.2 °F) was recorded at Tunis-Carthage International Airport on July 24, 2023. In autumn, it begins to rain, often with short thunderstorms, which can sometimes cause flash floods or even flood some parts of the city. The month of November marks a break in the general heat with average temperatures ranging from 11 to 20 °C (52 to 68 °F). Tunis has been

365-449: A good eye out as this is not very visible). Follow this track heading north along the southern flank of the ridge you ascended for over ½ a kilometre. Keep an eye out on the left for a drinking pool for livestock in the valley below. Leave the track and head down towards this. Once there look northwest for another trail; follow it (passing some old mining buildings 500m from the pool: 36°21’30N; 10°06’04) until it starts running parallel to

438-682: A large part of the country was set to the torch, the Zirid capital Kairouan was razed in 1057, and only a few coastal towns, including Tunis and Mahdia , escaped destruction. Exposed to violence from the hostile tribes that settled around the city, the population of Tunis repudiated the authority of the Zirids and swore allegiance to the Hammadid prince El Nacer ibn Alennas , who was based in Béjaïa , in 1059. The governor appointed by Béjaïa, having reestablished order in

511-399: A series of old mining excavations. Some are deep shafts delving into the belly of the mountain. Please proceed with caution as these have not been used for a long time. Past the mine shafts where the shoulder widens out and flattens (dotted with a few trees), head southwest off the end of the shoulder (36°20’58 N; 10°06’11 E) below a buttress of rock and you should find an old mining track (keep

584-454: A significant portion of the city's income. Because of the concentration of political authority (headquarters of the central government, presidency, parliament, ministries, and central government) and culture (festivals and mainstream media), Tunis is the only nationally ranking metropolis. Tunis is the heartland of the Tunisian economy and is the industrial and economic hub of the country, home to

657-416: A similar latitude as the southernmost points of Europe. The city of Tunis is built on a hill slope down to the lake of Tunis. These hills contain places such as Notre-Dame de Tunis, Ras Tabia, La Rabta, La Kasbah, Montfleury, and La Manoubia with altitudes just above 50 metres (160 feet). The city is located at the crossroads of a narrow strip of land between Lake Tunis and Séjoumi. The isthmus between them

730-522: A third of Tunisian companies—including almost all the head offices of companies with more than fifty employees, with the exception of the Compagnie des Phosphates de Gafsa , headquartered in Gafsa —and produces a third of the national gross domestic product. Tunis attracts foreign investors (33% of companies, 26% of investments and 27% of employment), excluding several areas due to economic imbalances. According to

803-564: Is a town in the northern half of Tunisia . Situated on a low ridge of the Dorsale Mountains , the town has a mild climate and presents a green aspect. Cold water from here was taken by the Zaghouan Aqueduct to Carthage . The town is famous for its roses , originally cultivated by Muslim refugees from Spain in the seventeenth century. The town is located around 60 km due south of Tunis and around 50 km inland (west) from

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876-461: Is almost completely absent and the sunlight is at a maximum. The average temperatures in the summer months of June, July, August, and September are very high. Sea breezes may mitigate the heat, but sometimes the sirocco winds reverse the trend. Occasional thunderstorms in the afternoon can develop quickly, especially after the periods of extremely hot weather. They usually do not produce precipitation (see dry thunderstorm ), but may be accompanied by

949-829: Is problematic. Because its culture and records were destroyed by the Romans at the end of the Third Punic War , very few Carthaginian primary historical sources survive. While there are a few ancient translations of Punic texts into Greek and Latin , as well as inscriptions on monuments and buildings discovered in Northwest Africa , the main sources are Greek and Roman historians, including Livy , Polybius , Appian , Cornelius Nepos , Silius Italicus , Plutarch , Dio Cassius , and Herodotus . These writers belonged to peoples in competition, and often in conflict, with Carthage. Greek cities contended with Carthage over Sicily , and

1022-698: Is that it was derived from the Berber verbal root ens which means "to lie down" or "to pass the night". The term Tunis can possibly mean "camp at night", "camp", or "stop", or may have referred to as "the last stop before Carthage" by people who were journeying to Carthage by land. There are also some mentions in ancient Roman sources of such names of nearby towns as Tuniza (now El Kala ), Thunusuda (now Sidi-Meskin ), Thinissut (now Bir Bouregba), and Thunisa (now Ras Jebel ). As all of these Berber villages were situated on Roman roads, they undoubtedly served as rest-stations or stops. The historical study of Carthage

1095-452: Is the subject of a posthumous poem, Temple and Fountain at Zagwhan , by Letitia Elizabeth Landon to illustrate a plate, which appeared in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1841. 36°21′N 10°07′E  /  36.350°N 10.117°E  / 36.350; 10.117 Zaghouan Zaghouan (or Zaghwan ; Arabic : زغوان Zaġwān ; Berber languages : ⵣⴻⵖⵡⴰⵏ / Zeɣwan )

1168-759: Is the third-largest city in the Maghreb region (after Casablanca and Algiers ) and the eleventh-largest in the Arab world . Situated on the Gulf of Tunis , behind the Lake of Tunis and the port of La Goulette (Ḥalq il-Wād), the city extends along the coastal plain and the hills that surround it. At its core lies the Medina , a World Heritage Site . East of the Medina, through the Sea Gate (also known as

1241-707: Is what geologists call the "Tunis dome", which includes hills of limestone and sediments. It forms a natural bridge and since ancient times several major roads linking to Egypt and elsewhere in Tunisia have branched out from it. The roads also connect with Carthage, emphasizing its political and economic importance not only in Tunisia but more widely in North Africa and the Mediterranean Sea in ancient times. The Greater Tunis area has an area of 300,000 hectares (1,200 sq mi; 3,000 km ), 10% of which are urbanized,

1314-576: The Bab el Bhar and the Porte de France ), begins the modern part of the city called "Ville Nouvelle", traversed by the grand Avenue Habib Bourguiba (often referred to by media and travel guides as "the Tunisian Champs-Élysées "), where the colonial-era buildings provide a clear contrast to smaller, older structures. Further east by the sea lie the suburbs of Carthage , La Marsa , and Sidi Bou Said . As

1387-724: The Barbary pirates , then in their golden age. Profits obtained from the trade in Christian slaves allowed the rulers to build sumptuous structures that revived the architectural heritage of the Middle Ages. In April 1655 the English admiral Robert Blake was sent to the Mediterranean to extract compensation from states that had been attacking English shipping. Only the Bey of Tunis refused to comply, with

1460-766: The Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the Spanish under John of Austria succeeded in retaking the city and re-establishing the Hafsid sovereign in October 1573. Following these conflicts, the city finally fell into Ottoman hands in August 1574. Having become an Ottoman province governed by a Pasha who was appointed by the Sultan based in Constantinople , the country attained a degree of autonomy. After 1591,

1533-563: The French protectorate in 1881 was a turning point in Tunis's history, leading to rapid redevelopment of the city in the span of two to three decades. The city quickly spread out of its fortifications: it divided into a traditional Arab-populated old city, and a new city populated by immigrants, with a different structure from that of the traditional medina . Tunis also benefited from the French construction of

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1606-572: The Gulf of Hammamet and has an estimated population of around 20,837 (2014). It is the capital of the Zaghouan Governorate . On the mountain south of the city is the Roman Water Temple Djebel Zaghouan (Temple de Eaux), source of an aqueduct which used to take water to the city of Carthage over 100 km away. The ruins here are illustrated in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1840, as 'Temple and Fountain of Zagwhan',

1679-469: The Mercenary War , it is possible that the town served as a center for the native population of the area, and that its population was mainly composed of peasants, fishermen, and craftsmen. Compared to the ancient ruins of Carthage, the town's ancient ruins are not as large. According to Strabo , it was destroyed by the Romans in 146 BC during the Third Punic War . Both the town and Carthage were destroyed;

1752-496: The Romans fought three wars against Carthage . Not surprisingly, their accounts of Carthage are extremely hostile; while there are a few Greek authors who took a favourable view, these works have been lost. The area was originally a Berber settlement. The existence of settlements in and around the area of Tunis is attested by sources dating from the 4th century BC. Situated on a hill, its location served as an excellent point from which

1825-689: The Sunni population tolerated Shi'ite rule less and less, and carried out massacres against the Shi'ite community. In 1048 the Zirid ruler Al-Muizz ibn Badis rejected his city's obedience to the Fatimids and re-established Sunni rites throughout all of Ifriqiya. This decision infuriated the Fatimid Caliph Al-Mustansir Billah . To punish the Zirids, he unleashed the Banu Hilal Arab tribe on Ifriqiya;

1898-460: The Tunis Governorate into parts of the governorates of Ben Arous , Ariana and Manouba . The municipality of Tunis is divided into 15 municipal districts: These include El Bab Bhar, Bab Souika, Cité El Khadra, Jelloud Jebel El Kabaria, El Menzah, El Ouardia, Ettahrir, Ezzouhour, Hraïria, Medina, El Omrane, El Omrane Higher Séjoumi and Sidi El-Bashir. In the years following independence,

1971-520: The kasbah of Tunis. The Almohad conquest marked the beginning of the dominance of the city in Tunisia. Having previously played a minor role behind Kairouan and Mahdia , Tunis was promoted to the rank of provincial capital. In 1228, Governor Abu Zakariya seized power and, a year later, took the title of Emir and founded the Hafsid dynasty . The city became the capital of a Hafsid kingdom stretching towards Tripoli and Fez . Walls were built to protect

2044-445: The 2004 census, 9.9% of the total population of Tunisia. As in the rest of Tunisia, literacy in the region of Tunis evolved rapidly during the second half of the 20th century and has reached a level slightly higher than the national average. The education level is only exceeded by the neighboring governorate of Ariana which has many institutions of education. Products include textiles, carpets , and olive oil . Tourism also provides

2117-540: The Allies held a victory parade on Avenue Maréchal Galliéni, and Avenue Jules Ferry, to signal the end of fighting in North Africa. Having succeeded in driving the Axis powers out of Tunisia, the Allies used Tunis as a base of operations from which to stage amphibious assaults first against the island of Pantelleria , and then Sicily , and finally the mainland of Italy . After independence in 1956, Tunis consolidated its role as

2190-441: The French become increasingly active in the city and in the economy. Various sources estimate the 19th-century population to have ranged from 90,000 to 110,000 inhabitants. During the later 19th century, Tunis became increasingly populated by Europeans, particularly the French, and immigration dramatically increased the size of the city. This resulted in the first demolition of the old city walls, from 1860, to accommodate growth in

2263-845: The Hafsids maintained Christian mercenaries who lived in a neighbourhood closed off with a gate near the Hafsid palace complex. They worshipped in a church dedicated to Saint Francis of Assisi which visitors described as "very beautiful and great" and which was allowed to ring the bell, a practice forbidden by the so-called Pact of Umar and a privilege not granted to the Genoese and Venetian merchants who maintained chapels in their merchant quarters. When Jean Adorno visited Tunis in 1470, he described these Christians as assimilated culturally and linguistically into Tunisian society, though they remained Christians and would sing in Latin during mass. During this period, one of

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2336-453: The Mercer 2017 Cost of Living Rankings, Tunis has the lowest cost of living for expatriates in the world. The urban unemployment rate of university graduates is increasing and the illiteracy rate remains high among the elderly (27% of women and 12% of men). The number of people living below the poverty line, falling at the national level, remains higher in urban areas. In addition, unemployment

2409-576: The National Assembly is to sit in Tunis (article 51) and that the Presidency is based there (article 73). Following the municipal elections of 6 May 2018, Ennahdha obtained 21 seats out of 60. Nidaa Tounes came second with 17 seats. On 3 July 2018, the head of the Ennahdha list Souad Abderrahim was elected by the council as the new mayor of the capital. Before 2011, unlike other mayors in Tunisia,

2482-450: The Ottoman governors ( Beys ) were relatively independent, and both piracy and trade continued to flourish. Under the rule of deys and beys , the capital sprang into new life. Its population grew by additions from various ethnicities, among which were Moorish refugees from Spain, and economic activities diversified. To traditional industry and trade with distant lands was added the activity of

2555-599: The PLO's headquarters was bombed by Israeli Air Force F-15s, killing approximately 60 people. Many protests took place during the Arab Spring of 2011–12. On 18 March 2015, two gunmen attacked the Bardo National Museum and held hostages. Twenty civilians and one policeman were killed in the attack, while around 50 others were injured. Five Japanese, two Colombians, and visitors from Italy, Poland, and Spain were among

2628-687: The arabization of the population. Because of population pressure and the rate of migration to the capital, the city continued to grow, even with the creation of new districts in the suburbs. Old buildings have gradually been renovated and upgraded. New buildings have come to influence the urban landscape. At the same time, an active policy of industrialization is developing the municipal economy. The Arab League represents 22 Arab nations. It transferred its headquarters to Tunis in 1979 because of Egypt's peace with Israel. The Arab League returned to Egypt in 1990. The Palestine Liberation Organization also had its headquarters in Tunis, from 1982 to 2003. In 1985,

2701-525: The caliphate, and was briefly the national capital from the end of the reign of Ibrahim II , from 902 until 909, when control over Ifriqiya was handed to the newly founded Fatimid Caliphate . Local opposition to the authorities began to intensify in September 945, when Kharijite insurgents occupied Tunis, resulting in general pillaging. With the rise of the Fatimid-viceregal Zirid dynasty

2774-750: The capital of Tunisia since 1159. Under Articles 43 and 24 of the Constitution of 1959 , Tunis and its suburbs host the national institutions: the Presidential Palace, which is known as Carthage Palace , residence of the President of Tunisia , the Chamber of Deputies and the Chamber of Advisors and parliament, the Constitutional Council and the main judicial institutions and public bodies. The revised Tunisian Constitution of 2014 similarly provides that

2847-514: The capital of the country, Tunis is the focus of Tunisian political and administrative life and also the center of the country's commercial and cultural activities. Tunis is the transcription of the Arabic name تونس which can be pronounced as "Tūnus", "Tūnas", or "Tūnis". All three variations were mentioned by the 12th-century Arab geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi in his Mu'jam al-Bûldan ( Dictionary of Countries ). Different explanations exist for

2920-643: The capital, first with the establishment of a constitution stating that the Chamber of Deputies and the Presidency of the Republic must have their headquarters in Tunis and its suburbs. In a very short time, the colonial city transformed rapidly. As the city has grown and native Tunisians gradually began to replace the extensive European population, the conflict between the Arab city and the European city has gradually decreased with

2993-566: The city and its buildings. During this period, the city prospered as a center of commerce. Taking advantage of divisions within the ruling house, Algerians captured Tunis in 1756 and put the country under supervision. Hammouda Bey faced bombardment by the Venetian fleet, and the city experienced a rebellion in 1811. Under the reign of Hussein Bey II , naval defeats by the British (1826) and French (1827) saw

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3066-419: The comings and goings of naval and caravan traffic to and from Carthage could be observed. It was one of the first towns in the region to fall under Carthaginian control, and in the centuries that followed the settlement was mentioned in the military histories associated with Carthage . Thus, during Agathocles' expedition, which landed at Cape Bon in 310 BC, the town changed hands on various occasions. During

3139-552: The country, did not hesitate to free himself from the Hammadids to found the Khurasanid dynasty with Tunis as its capital. This small independent kingdom picked up the threads of trade and commerce with other nations and brought the region back to peace and prosperity. In 1159, the Almohad ' Abd al-Mu'min took Tunis, overthrew the last Khurasanid leader, and installed a new government in

3212-409: The country. The population of the city of Tunis exceeds 2,000,000 inhabitants. After independence, the Tunisian government implemented a plan to cope with the population growth of the city and country, a system of family planning, to attempt to lower the rate of population growth. However, between 1994 and 2004, the population of the governorate of Tunis grew more than 1.03% per annum. It represents, in

3285-416: The dead. Both gunmen were killed by Tunisian police. The incident has been treated as a terrorist attack . Tunis is located in north-eastern Tunisia on the Lake of Tunis , and is connected to the Mediterranean sea's Gulf of Tunis by a canal which terminates at the port of La Goulette / Halq al Wadi . The ancient city of Carthage is located just north of Tunis along the coastal part. The city lies on

3358-415: The emerging principal town of the kingdom, surrounding the medina, the kasbah, and the new suburbs of Tunis. In 1270 the city was taken briefly by Louis IX of France , who was hoping to convert the Hafsid sovereign to Christianity. King Louis easily captured Carthage , but his army soon fell victim to an outbreak of dysentery. Louis himself died before the walls of the capital and his army were forced out. At

3431-400: The expenditure side, provision is made for the consolidation of hygiene and cleanliness, the state of the environment and urban design, infrastructure maintenance, rehabilitation and renovation of facilities, and strengthening the logistics and means of work and transport. The city of Tunis, whose size has increased significantly during the second half of the 20th century, now extends beyond

3504-401: The famous travelers to Tunis was Ibn Battuta . In his travel account, when Ibn Battuta and his group arrived in Tunis, the population of the city came out to meet him and the other members of his party. They all greeted them and were very curious, many were asking questions, however, no one in Tunis personally greeted Ibn Battuta, greatly upsetting him. He felt very lonely and could not hold back

3577-520: The former, however, was rebuilt first under the rule of Augustus and became an important town under Roman control and the center of a booming agricultural industry. The township is mentioned as Thuni in the Tabula Peutingeriana . In the system of Roman roads for the Roman province of Africa , the town had the title of mutatio ("way station, resting place"). The borough, increasingly Romanized,

3650-568: The founding of the city by order of Caliph Abd al-Malik . From the beginning of the 8th century, Tunis was the chef-lieu of the area: it became the Umayyad, and later the Abbasids ' naval base in the western Mediterranean Sea , and took on considerable military importance. Under the Aghlabids , the city gained significance and benefited from economic improvements and became one of the most important in

3723-414: The latitude of the city, the moderating influence of the Mediterranean sea, and the terrain of the hills. Winter is the wettest season of the year, when more than a third of the annual rainfall falls during this period, raining on average every two or three days. The sun may still increase the temperature from 7 °C (45 °F) in the morning to 16 °C (61 °F) in the afternoon on average during

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3796-516: The mayor of Tunis was appointed by decree of the President of the Republic from among the members of the City Council. The 2008 budget adopted by the City Council is structured as follows: 61.61 million dinars for operations and 32,516 million dinars for investment. It reflects the improved financial situation of the municipality, the year 2007 was a year registering a surplus in resources that allowed

3869-415: The modern portion grew in importance and extended its network of boulevards and streets in all directions. In addition, a series of satellite cities emerged on the urban rim and encroached on the municipality of Tunis proper. In the economic sphere, commercial activities expanded and diversified as modern industries continued to grow, while traditional industry continued to decline. During World War II, Tunis

3942-612: The oldest section of the city, dates from this period, during which the region was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate . The city had the natural advantage of coastal access, via the Mediterranean , to the major ports of southern Europe. Early on, Tunis played a military role; the Umayyads recognized the strategic importance of its proximity to the Strait of Sicily , with a dockyard built upon

4015-466: The origin of the name Tunis . Some scholars relate it to the Carthaginian goddess Tanith ('Tanit or Tanut), as many ancient cities were named after patron deities. Some scholars claim that it originated from Tynes , which was mentioned by Diodorus Siculus and Polybius in the course of descriptions of a location resembling present-day Al-Kasbah, Tunis's old Berber village. Another possibility

4088-413: The outskirts of Tunis. These form a large percentage of the population of the Tunis metropolitan area. It grew from 27% of the total population in 1956, to 37% in 1975 and 50% in 2006. Tunis has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification Csa ), characterized by hot and dry, prolonged summers and mild winters with moderate rainfall. The local climate is also affected somewhat by

4161-406: The painting being by Sir Greenville Temple with a poetical illustration by Letitia Elizabeth Landon . Zagwan is the presumed site of the Ancient city of Zica (or Ziqva). The city was among the many of sufficient importance in the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis to become a suffragan diocese of the Metropolitan of Carthage , in the papal sway, yet was to fade completely, probably at

4234-495: The performance, the people returned to their homes. The Ottoman Empire took nominal control of Tunis in 1534 when Hayreddin Barbarossa captured it from the Hafsid Sultan Mulai Hassan , who fled to the court of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. Charles, suffering losses from the corsairs operating out of Djerba , Tunis, and Algiers , agreed to reinstate Mulai Hassan in exchange for his acceptance of Spanish suzerainty. A naval expedition led by Charles himself

4307-453: The population of the metropolitan area continued to grow: by 21.1% from 1956 to 1966 and by 28.5% from 1966 to 1975 (55.6% between 1956 and 1975). This steady growth was accompanied by changes that affected the nature of the settlement of the capital. Decolonization led to the exodus of some European minorities whose numbers dwindled every year. The gaps created by their departure were filled by Tunisians who emigrated to Tunis from other parts of

4380-411: The rest being shared between bodies of water (20,000 hectares (77 sq mi; 200 km ) of lakes or lagoons) and agricultural or natural land (250,000 hectares (970 sq mi; 2,500 km )). However, urban growth, which is estimated to be increasing by 500 hectares per year, is gradually changing the landscape with urban sprawl . After World War II, suburbs began to rapidly spring up on

4453-446: The result that Blake's fifteen ships attacked the Bey's arsenal at Porto Farina (Ghar el Melh), destroying nine Algerian ships and two shore batteries, the first time in naval warfare that shore batteries had been eliminated without landing men ashore. At the beginning of the 18th century, Tunisia entered into a new period in its history with the advent of the Husainid dynasty . Successive Husainid rulers made great progress in developing

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4526-420: The road and head up south-east onto the ridge. There is no path and pushing through undergrowth may be tricky. Some scrambling will also be involved. Once having gained the ridge, it is a fairly straightforward scramble to the top. Just continue along the top of the ridge until you run out of mountain! The route is arduous, and the terrain is very rocky or overgrown. Expect some tricky scrambling and exposure near

4599-419: The road. Drop off the track onto the road or follow it further and pop out a few minutes later. From Tunis 1- Head south along the Trans-African Highway 2- Take the exit onto the C 36 following signs to Zaghouan 3- After 40 kilometers, entering the town of Zaghouan, turn left onto the C 28 4- After over a kilometer, turn right onto avenue 7 Novembre. 5- Follow signs to the Temple des Eaux The temple

4672-400: The same time, driven by the reconquest of Spain, the first Andalusian Muslims and Jews arrived in Tunis and would become of importance to the economic prosperity of the Hafsid capital and the development of its intellectual life. During the Almohad and Hafsid periods, Tunis was one of the richest and grandest cities in the Islamic world , with a population of about 100,000. Like the Almohads,

4745-402: The settlement of debts of the municipality and the strengthening of its credibility with respect its suppliers and public and private partners. Revenues are generated by the proceeds of taxes on buildings and vacant lots, fees for the rental of municipal property, income from the operation of the public, advertising, and that the fact that the municipality has capital shares in some companies. On

4818-418: The seventh century advent of Islam. Its historically documented bishops were : This Tunisia location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tunis Tunis ( Arabic : تونس Tūnis ) is the capital and largest city of Tunisia . The greater metropolitan area of Tunis, often referred to as " Grand Tunis ", has about 2,700,000 inhabitants. As of 2020 , it

4891-459: The suburbs. The city spilled outside the area of the earlier town and the banks of the lake, and the new districts were modernized with running water (1860), lighting gas (1872), roads, waste collection (1873), and communication with adjacent suburbs and the city center. The crafts and traditional trades declined somewhat, as the newcomers increased trade with Europe, introducing the first modern industries and new forms of urban life. The creation of

4964-558: The summit. When you reach the top (under 3 hours for a group of fit people), you will see that there are actually two peaks, the further one is barely higher than the first, but is the true summit. Drop southwest off the summit, following a large gulley, but staying on the western shoulder. This descent is particularly steep and frustrating, as the rocks are too large to scree glissade, while small enough to easily twist an ankle. Keep going southwest down this shoulder until it starts flattening out, (36°21’03 N; 10°06’22 E) you then come across

5037-515: The tears coming from his eyes. This went on for a while until one of the pilgrims realized he was upset, he went up and greeted and talked to Ibn Battuta until he entered the city. At the time, the Sultan of Tunis was Abu Yahya and during Ibn Battuta's stay, the Festival of the Breaking of the Fast was taking place. The people in the city assembled in large numbers to celebrate the festival, in extravagant and most luxurious outfits. Abu Yahya arrived on horseback, where all of his relatives joined him. After

5110-514: The winter. Frosts are rare. The lowest temperature of −2.0 °C (28.4 °F) was recorded on 18 January 1979. In spring, rainfall declines by half. The sunshine becomes dominant in May when it reaches 10 hours a day on average. In March temperatures may vary between 8 and 18 °C (46 and 64 °F), and between 13 and 24 °C (55 and 75 °F) in May. However, it is common for temperatures to soar even as early as April with record temperatures reaching 40 °C (104 °F). In summer, rain

5183-422: Was also eventually Christianized and became the seat of a bishop . However, it remained modestly sized compared to Carthage during this time. In the late 7th century, the Arab Muslims conquered the region, and in 698 a commune and a mosque were established at the outskirts of the ancient ruins, founded by Hassan ibn al-Nu'man , which would become the city of Tunis and the Zaytuna Mosque . The Medina of Tunis ,

5256-496: Was dispatched in 1535, and the city was recaptured. The victory against the corsairs is recorded in a tapestry at the Royal Palace of Madrid . The Spanish governor of La Goulette , Luys Peres Varga, fortified the island of Chikly in the lake of Tunis to strengthen the city's defenses between 1546 and 1550. The Ottoman Uluç Ali Reis , at the head of an army of janissaries and Kabyles , retook Tunis in 1569. However, following

5329-529: Was held by Axis forces from November 1942 to May 1943. It was their last base in Africa, as they retreated towards Sicily after being surrounded by Allied forces from Algeria to the west and from Libya to the east. On 7 May 1943, at about 15:30 in the afternoon, Tunis fell to troops of British 1st Army and the U.S. 1st Army , which had defeated the German 5th Panzer Army guarding the city. At midday on 20 May 1943,

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