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112-685: The capacity of Diyarbakır E-type Prison is 744. However, the prison is sometimes overcrowded. When the Human Rights Commission in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (GNAT) visited the prison in October 1996 it had a capacity of 650 and was accommodating 942 prisoners. Diyarbakır D-type prison , which is provided for political prisoners can hold 688 people. What has been called "the period of barbarity" (tr: vahşet dönemi ) or "the hell of Diyarbakır" (tr: Diyarbakır cehennemi ), refers to

224-485: A Constitutional Court . The 1961 Constitution regulated fundamental rights and freedom, including economic and social rights, over a wide spectrum and adopted the principles of a democratic social state and the rule of law. The 1961 Constitution underwent many comprehensive changes after the military memorandum of 12 March 1971, but continued to be in force until the military coup of 1980. The country underwent another military coup on 12 September 1980 . The Constitution

336-415: A body part with electricity that causes a sufficient current to pass through the person's tissues. Contact with energized wiring or devices is the most common cause. In cases of exposure to high voltages , such as on a power transmission tower , direct contact may not be necessary as the voltage may "jump" the air gap to the electrical device. Following an electrical injury from household current, if

448-399: A boundary. The voltage of the shock may have effects ranging from uncomfortable, to painful or even lethal. Most electric fencing is used today for agricultural fencing and other forms of animal control purposes, though it is frequently used to enhance security of restricted areas, and there exist places where lethal voltages are used. Electric shocks are used as a method of torture , since

560-500: A current over time duration curve based classification. These principles are used to determine the risks from capacitors, electric weapons, electric fences and other short pulsed low- and high-voltage electrical applications outside the medical field. Prevention of electrical injuries is one of the fundamental objectives of national electrical codes for permanently-installed electrical systems in buildings. Shock danger may be reduced by use of an extra-low voltage electrical system that

672-429: A detailed analysis of the electrical system, and appropriate protection worn if the electrical work must be performed with the electricity on. The minimum current a human can feel depends on the current type ( AC or DC ) as well as frequency for AC. A person can sense electric current as low as 1   mA ( rms ) for 60   Hz AC and as low as 5   mA for DC. At around 10   mA, AC current passing through

784-448: A few seconds. A domestic power supply voltage (110 or 230 V), 50 or 60 Hz alternating current (AC) through the chest for a duration longer than one second may induce ventricular fibrillation at currents as low as 30 milliamperes (mA). With direct current (DC), 90 to 130 mA are required at the same duration. If the current has a direct pathway to the heart (e.g., via a cardiac catheter or other kind of electrode ),

896-567: A fixed resistance model. The earliest usage of the term "electrocution" cited by the Oxford English Dictionary was an 1889 newspaper reference to the method of execution then being considered. Shortly thereafter, in 1892, the term was used in Science to refer generically to death or injury caused by electricity. The lethality of an electric shock is dependent on several variables: Other issues affecting lethality are frequency , which

1008-421: A much lower current of less than 1 mA (AC or DC) can cause fibrillation. If not immediately treated by defibrillation , ventricular fibrillation is usually lethal, causing cardiac arrest , because all of the heart muscle fibres move independently instead of in the coordinated action needed for successful cardiac cycle to pump blood and maintain circulation. Short single DC pulses induce VF dependent on

1120-605: A parliamentary group. Currently there are six parliamentary groups at the GNAT: AK Party , which has the highest number of seats, CHP , MHP , Good Party , DEM , and Felicity . These committees are one of auditing tools of the Parliament. The research can begin upon the demand of the Government, political party groups or min 20 MPs. The duty is assigned to a committee whose number of members, duration of work and location of work

1232-666: A person died from electrocution between July 2000 and October 2011. In Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Norway the number of electric deaths per million inhabitants was 0.6, 0.3, 0.3 and 0.2, respectively, in the years 2007–2011. In Nigeria, analysis of Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission data found 126 recorded electrocution deaths and 68 serious injuries in 2020 and the first half of 2021. Most electrocutions are accidental and caused by faulty equipment or poor adherence to regulations. Some distribution companies in Nigeria have higher death rates than others; in 2017, there were 26 deaths on

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1344-402: A person has no symptoms, no underlying heart problems, and is not pregnant further testing is not required. Otherwise an electrocardiogram , blood work to check the heart, and urine testing for signs of muscle breakdown may be performed. Management may involve resuscitation , pain medications, wound management, and heart rhythm monitoring . Electrical injuries affect more than 30,000 people

1456-627: A prison complex maintained by Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional , a part of the Pinochet regime. In the 1970s, during the Dirty War , the parrilla was used in Argentina. Francisco Tenório Júnior (known as Tenorinho), a Brazilian piano player, was subjected to the parrilla during the military dictatorship in Brazil . The Islamic State has used electric shocks to torture and kill captives. Advocates for

1568-465: A result of electrical injury. Electric shock is also used as a medical therapy, under carefully controlled conditions: Mild electric shocks are also used for entertainment, especially as a practical joke for example in such devices as a shocking pen or a shocking gum . However devices such as a joy buzzer and most other machines in amusement parks today only use vibration that feels somewhat like an electric shock to someone not expecting it. It

1680-570: A result of the unsanitary conditions and torture in prisons, 299 people died while incarcerated. Fourteen died during hunger strikes, 16 were shot to death because they were supposedly trying to escape from prison and 43 people committed suicide. On 18 May 1982, four young prisoners, Mahmut Zengin, Eşref Anyık, Ferhat Kurtay and Necmi Öner, rolled up in newspapers and sprayed with paint and holding hands, burned themselves alive in protest and have since become important figures in Kurdish collective memory and in

1792-840: A result of torture. Diyarbakır Prison became one of the most lasting symbols of the coup due to the reports of hundreds of prisoners being subjected to torture and execution. At the time, it was not allowed to speak in another language than Turkish, a rule, which was also upheld during visits, and Kurds were thought to be turkified . Inmates were obliged to memorize the Turkish national anthem and other Turkish nationalist songs. Among Diyarbakır's better-known inmates are Democratic Society Party (DTP) leader Ahmet Turk ; former DTP deputies Nurettin Yılmaz , Celal Paydaş , and Mustafa Çakmak ; former mayor Mehdi Zana ; Kurdish writer and intellectual Orhan Miroğlu ; and Kurdish poet Yılmaz Odabaşı . Bedii Tan,

1904-407: A school. The idea was criticized by Kurdish activists who wanted the prison to become a museum of human rights abuses. Although construction on a larger prison outside of the city has already begun, no decision over what to do with the existing Diyarbakir prison has been made. Kurdish activists and politicians find their plans for a human rights museum, known as the "Museum of Shame," largely ignored by

2016-524: A separate insulation system, distinct from the insulation required for the function of the device, and intended for protection of the user from electrical shock. People and animals can be protected by installing electrical equipment out of reach of passers-by, such as on electrical transmission towers , or by installation in a electrical room only accessible to authorized persons. Stray current leakage or electrical fault current may be diverted by bonding all conductive equipment enclosures together and to

2128-511: A separate ward. Nuran Çamlı Maraşlı is an example for it: " We were 75 women in a ward for 25 prisoners. As women we are not equal to men, but in Diyarbekir dungeon we were equal relating to torture, isolation, military drill etc. For years we did in prison what soldiers do in their barracks ." Many books have been written on Diyarbakır Prison. Testimonies have also been published on the Internet and in

2240-875: A standard ohmmeter do not accurately represent the impedance of human skin over a significant range of conditions. For sinusoidal electrical stimulation less than 10 volts, the skin voltage-current characteristic is quasilinear. Over time, electrical characteristics can become non-linear. The time required varies from seconds to minutes, depending on stimulus, electrode placement, and individual characteristics. Between 10 volts and about 30 volts, skin exhibits non-linear but symmetric electrical characteristics. Above 20 volts, electrical characteristics are both non-linear and symmetric. Skin conductance can increase by several orders of magnitude in milliseconds. This should not be confused with dielectric breakdown , which occurs at hundreds of volts. For these reasons, current flow cannot be accurately calculated by simply applying Ohm's law using

2352-579: A steady current flow (as opposed to a shock from a capacitor or from static electricity ), shocks above 2,700 volts are often fatal, with those above 11,000 volts being usually fatal, though exceptional cases have been noted. According to the Guinness Book of World Records , seventeen-year-old Brian Latasa survived a 230,000 volt shock on the tower of an ultra-high voltage line in Griffith Park , Los Angeles on November 9, 1967. A news report of

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2464-476: A trial against 65 people, 35 of whom are police officers and 30 soldiers. The number of defendants increased to 72 defendants, but did not conclude until 2006. After the case had been transferred to Diyarbakır Criminal Court No. 2 a verdict was reached in the 59th hearing in February 2006. The Court sentenced 62 defendants first to 18 years' imprisonment for responsibility into more than one death. For various reasons

2576-447: A worse prognosis . When the path of electric current proceeds through the head, it appears that, with sufficient current applied, loss of consciousness almost always occurs swiftly. This is borne out by some limited self-experimentation by early designers of the electric chair and by research from the field of animal husbandry , where electric stunning has been extensively studied. If ventricular fibrillation occurs (as above),

2688-459: A year in the United States and result in about 1,000 deaths. Heating due to resistance can cause extensive and deep burns . When applied to the hand, electricity can cause involuntary muscle contraction, preventing the victim from untensing their hand muscles and releasing the wire, increasing the risk for serious burns. Voltage levels of 500 to 1000 volts tend to cause internal burns due to

2800-546: Is a conductive energy device (CED), an electroshock gun popularly known by the brand name " Taser ", which fires projectiles that administer the shock through a thin, flexible wire. Although they are illegal for personal use in many jurisdictions, Tasers have been marketed to the general public. Other electroshock weapons such as stun guns, stun batons ("cattle prods"), and electroshock belts administer an electric shock by direct contact. Electric fences are barriers that use electric shocks to deter animals or people from crossing

2912-420: Is absolutely necessary, workers may be trained to use insulated or non-conductive tools, and personal protective equipment such as gloves, face shields, non-conductive boots, or cover-up mats. With proper training and equipment, live-line maintenance is routinely safely carried out on electrical transmission lines energized at hundreds of thousands of volts . There were 550 reported electrocution deaths in

3024-426: Is also used for sexual stimulation . This is usually done via devices that induces erotic electrostimulation . These devices may include a violet wand , transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation , electrical muscle stimulation , and made-for-play units. Electroshock weapons are incapacitant weapons used for subduing a person by administering electric shock to disrupt superficial muscle functions. One type

3136-406: Is an especially dangerous source of ventricular fibrillation because it usually exceeds the let-go threshold, while not delivering enough initial energy to propel the person away from the source. However, the potential seriousness of the shock depends on paths through the body that the currents take. If the voltage is less than 200 V, then the human skin, more precisely the stratum corneum ,

3248-467: Is an issue in causing cardiac arrest or muscular spasms. Very high frequency electric current causes tissue burning, but do not stimulate the nerves strongly enough to cause cardiac arrest (see electrosurgery ). Also important is the pathway: if the current passes through the chest or head, there is an increased chance of death. From a main circuit or power distribution panel the damage is more likely to be internal, leading to cardiac arrest . Another factor

3360-576: Is damage sustained to the skin or internal organs on direct contact with an electric current . The injury depends on the density of the current , tissue resistance and duration of contact. Very small currents may be imperceptible or only produce a light tingling sensation. However, a shock caused by low and otherwise harmless current could startle an individual and cause injury due to jerking away or falling. A strong electric shock can often cause painful muscle spasms severe enough to dislocate joints or even to break bones . The loss of muscle control

3472-596: Is determined by the proposal of the Parliamentary Speaker and the approval of the General Assembly. These committees are established if any investigation demand re the president, vice president, and ministers occur and approved by the General Assembly through hidden voting. MPs can attend more than one committee if not a member of Petitions Committee or Planning and Budgeting Committee. Members of those committees can not participate in any other committees. On

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3584-443: Is non-linear and depends on many factors such as intensity, duration, history, and frequency of the electrical stimulus. Sweat gland activity, temperature, and individual variation also influence the voltage-current characteristic of skin. In addition to non-linearity, skin impedance exhibits asymmetric and time varying properties. These properties can be modeled with reasonable accuracy. Resistance measurements made at low voltage using

3696-515: Is only of second order importance to fibrillation risk in the case of ultra short contact times with direct currents. But even if the charge itself is harmless, the amount of energy being discharged still can lead to thermal and chemical hazards if its value is high enough. One example of high current electric shock which may be usually harmless is an electrostatic discharge as experienced in everyday life on door handles, car doors etc. These currents can reach values up to 60 A without harmful effects on

3808-404: Is required, interlock devices may be used to ensure that all electrical sources are removed from the equipment before accessing normally energized parts. Administrative procedures such as lockout–tagout are used to protect workers from accidentally re-energizing equipment under repair. Where accidental contact with energized components is still possible, or where adjustment of an energized system

3920-601: Is shown below. The current Parliament Building is the third to house the nation's parliament. The building which first housed the Parliament was converted from the Ankara headquarters of the Committee of Union and Progress . Designed by architect Hasip Bey, it was used until 1924 and is now used as the locale of the Museum of the War of Independence , the second building which housed the Parliament

4032-588: Is sometimes used as an official means of capital punishment in the United States, although its use has become rare from the 1990s onward due to the adoption of lethal injection . Although some original proponents of the electric chair considered it to be a more humane execution method than hanging , shooting , poison gassing , etc., it has now generally been replaced by lethal injections in states that practice capital punishment. Modern reporting has claimed that it sometimes takes several shocks to be lethal, and that

4144-418: Is that cardiac tissue has a chronaxie (response time) of about 3 milliseconds, so electricity at frequencies of higher than about 333 Hz requires more current to cause fibrillation than is required at lower frequencies. The comparison between the dangers of alternating current at typical power transmission frequencies (i.e., 50 or 60 Hz), and direct current has been a subject of debate ever since

4256-427: Is the main contributor to the impedance of the body in the case of a macroshock —the passing of current between two contact points on the skin. The characteristics of the skin are non-linear however. If the voltage is above 450–600 V, then dielectric breakdown of the skin occurs. The protection offered by the skin is lowered by perspiration , and this is accelerated if electricity causes muscles to contract above

4368-422: Is the reason that a person may be unable to release themselves from the electrical source; if this happens at a height as on a power line they can be thrown off. Larger currents can result in tissue damage and may trigger ventricular fibrillation or cardiac arrest . If death results from an electric shock the cause of death is generally referred to as electrocution . Electric injury occurs upon contact of

4480-693: Is unlikely to expose a human to dangerous levels of current. Special isolated power systems may be used in applications such as operating rooms, where electrical equipment must be used in proximity to a person unusually vulnerable to electrical shock. For electrical equipment used outdoors or in wet areas, a residual current device or ground fault circuit interrupter may provide protection from electrical current leakage. Electrical devices have non-conductive insulation preventing contact with energized wires or parts, or may have conductive metal enclosures connected to earth ground so that users will not be exposed to dangerous voltage. Double insulated devices have

4592-409: Is well established and may be multifactorial. As with any traumatic and life-threatening experience, electrical injury may result in post traumatic psychiatric disorders. There exist several non-profit research institutes that coordinate rehabilitation strategies for electrical injury survivors by connecting them with clinicians that specialize in diagnosis and treatment of various traumas that arise as

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4704-595: The Brazilian military dictatorship (1964 - 1985) is detailed in the final report of the National Truth Commission , published December 10, 2014. The parrilla ( Spanish for 'grill') is a method of torture whereby the victim is strapped to a metal frame and subjected to electric shock. It has been used in a number of contexts in South America. The parrilla was commonly used at Villa Grimaldi ,

4816-614: The European Court for Human Rights was turned down. Independent candidates may also run and can be elected without needing a threshold. A new term in the parliament began on 2 June 2023, after the June 2023 General Elections . Devlet Bahçeli from the MHP temporarily served as the speaker, as it is customary for the oldest member of the TBMM to serve as speaker during a hung parliament. Numan Kurtulmuş

4928-608: The Ottoman Empire through constitutional monarchy, as well as establishments of caretaker national assemblies immediately prior to the declaration of the Republic of Turkey in 1923 but after the de facto dissolution of the Ottoman Empire earlier in the decade. There were two periods of parliamentary governance during the Ottoman Empire . The First Constitutional Era lasted for only two years, elections being held only twice. After

5040-605: The Ottoman constitution of 1876 , which had come with the democratic reforms resulting in the First Constitutional Era. The Second Constitutional Era began on 23 July 1908 with the Young Turk Revolution . The constitution that was written for the first parliament included control of the sultan on the public and was removed during 1909, 1912, 1914 and 1916, in a session known as the "declaration of freedom". Most of

5152-940: The Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan , (kr: Partiya Şoreşa Kürdistan (PŞK) or even the PKK. İsmail Kıran (surname sometimes spelled Karak) and Orhan Keskin were alleged members of Devrimci Yol (Revolutionary Path). The prisoners that died in Diyarbakır Prison between 1981 and 1984 are: On 24 September 1996 special team members, gendarmes and prison warders stormed Diyarbakır Prison killing 10 inmates and wounding 46 prisoners The prisoners Erhan Hakan Perişan, Cemal Çam, Hakkı Tekin, Ahmet Çelik, Edip Derikçe, Mehmet Nimet Çakmak, Rıdvan Bulut, Mehmet Kadri Gümüş, Kadri Demir and Mehmet Aslan were killed. There are conflicting reports as to what really happened on that day in Diyarbakır Prison. The press accounts have produced scenarios that accord with

5264-691: The TBMM or Parliament ( Turkish : Meclis or Parlamento ), is the unicameral Turkish legislature . It is the sole body given the legislative prerogatives by the Turkish Constitution . It was founded in Ankara on 23 April 1920 amid the National Campaign . This constitution had founded its pre-government known as 1st Executive Ministers of Turkey (Commitment Deputy Committee) in May 1920. The parliament

5376-774: The Turkish Workers' Party (TİP) . In 1969 he became the leader of the Revolutionary Cultural Eastern Hearths (tr: Devrimci Doğu Kültür Ocakları , DDKO). Later he joined the KDP in Turkey (T-KDP). Remzi Aytürk was affiliated to Rizgarî ( Kurdish for Liberation) also known as Kurdistan Liberation Party (kr: Partiya Rizgariya Kurdistanê ). Yılmaz Demir was on trial for membership of "Freedom Road" (tr: Özgürlük Yolu ) later known as Socialist Party of Kurdistan . PSK (kr: Partiya Sosyaliste Kurdistana ) not to be confused with

5488-518: The martyrdom discourse of the PKK . Like any other militant organization in Turkey the PKK calls all members who lose their lives in armed combat, but also in prison a martyr. Not all prisoners who died in Diyarbakır Prison between 1981 and 1984 belonged to the PKK. Bedii Tan was an employee of a company that had been blackmailed by the PKK. Necmettin Büyükkaya , born in 1943 had started his political career in

5600-714: The mentally ill and some psychiatrists such as Thomas Szasz have asserted that electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is torture when used without a bona fide medical benefit against recalcitrant or non-responsive patients. The Judge Rotenberg Center in Canton , Massachusetts has been condemned for torture by the United Nations special rapporteur on torture for its use of electric shocks as punishment as part of its behavior modification program. Japanese serial killer Futoshi Matsunaga used electric shocks to control his victims. Electric shock delivered by an electric chair

5712-470: The reverse of the Turkish 50,000 lira banknotes of 1989–1999. The building was hit by airstrikes three times during the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt , suffering noticeable damage. It went through a renovation in the summer of 2016. Turkey has had a history of parliamentary government before the establishment of the current national parliament. These include attempts at curbing absolute monarchy during

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5824-430: The war of the currents in the 1880s. Animal experiments conducted during this time suggested that alternating current was about twice as dangerous as direct current per unit of current flow (or per unit of applied voltage). It is sometimes suggested that human lethality is most common with alternating current at 100–250 volts; however, death has occurred below this range, with supplies as low as 42 volts. Assuming

5936-478: The 1982 Constitution greatly resembled the 1961 Constitution. The 1982 Constitution, from the time it was accepted until the present time, has undergone many changes, especially the "integration laws", which have been introduced within the framework of the European Union membership process, and which has led to a fundamental evolution. After the 2017 constitutional referendums , the first general election of

6048-408: The 81 administrative provinces of Turkey (Istanbul and Ankara are divided into three electoral districts whereas İzmir and Bursa are divided into two each because of its large populations). To avoid a hung parliament and its excessive political fragmentation, from 1982 to 2022, a party must have won at least 10% of the national vote to qualify for representation in the parliament, but in 2022 this

6160-793: The Abuja grid, while the Ikeja grid caused only 2 deaths. People who survive electrical trauma may develop a host of injuries including loss of consciousness, seizures, aphasia, visual disturbances, headaches, tinnitus, paresis, and memory disturbances. Even without visible burns, electric shock survivors may be faced with long-term muscular pain and discomfort, exhaustion, headache, problems with peripheral nerve conduction and sensation, inadequate balance and coordination, among other symptoms. Electrical injury can lead to problems with neurocognitive function, affecting speed of mental processing, attention, concentration, and memory. The high frequency of psychological problems

6272-459: The Assembly was under a presidential system , with an executive president who has the power to renew the elections for the Assembly and vice versa. Following the referendum, the number of MPs increased from 550 to 600. Furthermore, due to separation of powers , members of the cabinet can't introduce laws anymore. This task is left to the parliamentarians. In line with this change, the seats for

6384-528: The CNU, representatives designated by two parties of that time ( CHP and Republican Villagers National Party, RVNP ), and representatives of various professional associations. The constitutional text drafted by the Constituent Assembly was presented to the voters in a referendum on 9 July 1961 , and was accepted by 61.17% of the voters. The 1961 Constitution , the first prepared by a Constituent Assembly and

6496-502: The MPs, the Ministers' Board members and the Government representatives. The MPs and the Ministers' Board members can talk in the committees but can not make amendments proposals or vote. Every MP can read the reports of the committees. NGOs can attend the committee meetings upon the invitation of the committee therefore volunteer individual or public participation is not available. Media, but not

6608-406: The Republic and another, Adnan Menderes , Prime Minister . After the a military coup on 27 May 1960 , Prime Minister Adnan Menderes, President Celal Bayar, and all the ministers and members of the Assembly were arrested. The Assembly was closed. The Committee of National Unity , CNU (Milli Birlik Komitesi), assumed all the powers of the Assembly by a provisional constitution and began to run

6720-523: The Turkish nation was to be eliminated under these plans, except for a small region. Nationalist Turkish sentiment rose in the Anatolian peninsula, engendering the establishment of the Turkish national movement . The political developments during this period have made a lasting impact which continues to affect the character of the Turkish nation. During the Turkish War of Independence , Mustafa Kemal put forth

6832-553: The US in 1993, 2.1 deaths per million inhabitants. At that time, the incidence of electrocutions was decreasing. Electrocutions in the workplace make up the majority of these fatalities. From 1980–1992, an average of 411 workers were killed each year by electrocution. Workplace deaths caused by exposure to electricity in the U.S. increased by nearly 24% between 2015 and 2019, from 134 to 166. However, workplace electrical injuries dropped 23% between 2015 and 2019 from 2,480 to 1,900. In 2019,

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6944-480: The amount of charge (in mC ) transferred to the body, which makes the amplitude of the electrical stimulus independent of the exact amount of current flowing through the body for very short pulse durations. DC shocks of short duration are usually better tolerated by the heart even at high currents and rarely induce ventricular fibrillation compared to lower currents with longer duration with both DC or AC. The amount of current can easily reach very high values as amperage

7056-558: The arm of a 68-kilogram (150 lb) human can cause powerful muscle contractions; the victim is unable to voluntarily control muscles and cannot release an electrified object. This is known as the "let go threshold" and is a criterion for shock hazard in electrical regulations. The current may, if it is high enough, cause tissue damage or fibrillation which can cause cardiac arrest; more than 30 mA of AC (rms, 60 Hz) or 300–500 mA of DC at high voltage can cause fibrillation. A sustained electric shock from AC at 120 V , 60 Hz

7168-477: The attack, upon the instruction by Diyarbakır Public Prosecutor İbrahim Akbaş, the prisoners were accused of "damaging the state property and mutiny." In the investigation against the soldiers and police officers on duty the prosecution office gave a decision of non-prosecution under the Law on Prosecution of Civil Servants. The prosecution office alleged that "the soldiers and police officers tried not to inflict suffering on

7280-516: The blood supply to the brain is diminished, which may cause cerebral hypoxia (and its associated neurologic consequences). There are a variety of psychiatric effects that may occur as a result of electrical injuries. Behavioral changes can occur as well, even if the path of electric current did not proceed through the head. Symptoms may include: OSHA found that up to 80 percent of its electrical injuries involve thermal burns due to arcing faults. The arc flash in an electrical fault produces

7392-602: The case again. On 20 May 2010 the European Court of Human Rights passed its verdict in the case of Perisan and Others v. Turkey (application no. 12336/03) The incident is described as: The Court ruled: 37°55′44″N 40°11′49″E  /  37.92889°N 40.19694°E  / 37.92889; 40.19694 Grand National Assembly of Turkey Confidence and supply (52) Opposition (274) Vacant (7) The Grand National Assembly of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi [tyɾcije byjyc milːet medʒlisi] ), usually referred to simply as

7504-449: The country. Executive power was used by ministers appointed by the CNU. The members of the CNU began to work on a new and comprehensive constitution. The Constituent Assembly (Kurucu Meclis), composed of members of the CNU and the members of the House of Representatives, was established to draft a new constitution on 6 January 1961. The House of Representatives consisted of those appointed by

7616-564: The country. The Liberal Party was dissolved on 17 November 1930 and no further attempt at a multiparty democracy was made until 1945. The multi-party period in Turkey was resumed by the founding of the National Development Party ( Milli Kalkınma Partisi ), by Nuri Demirağ , in 1945. The Democrat Party was established the following year, and won the general elections of 1950; one of its leaders, Celal Bayar , becoming President of

7728-520: The current through the body and the duration of the current. Ohm's law states that the current drawn depends on the resistance of the body. The resistance of human skin varies from person to person and fluctuates between different times of day. The NIOSH states "Under dry conditions, the resistance offered by the human body may be as high as 100,000 ohms. Wet or broken skin may drop the body's resistance to 1,000 ohms," adding that "high-voltage electrical energy quickly breaks down human skin, reducing

7840-467: The duration and the amount of current passing through the human body. Frequency plays a role with AC and pulse DC. For example, a high frequency current has a higher ventricular fibrillation threshold than lower frequency. Also, shorter single pulses have higher thresholds than short pulses. Below 10 ms are usually believed to have a primarily charge dependent threshold and shock amplitude. Research shows that for very short electric pulse durations below 100 μs

7952-404: The early and mid-1980s (in particular the years between 1981 and 1984) where the prisoners in the newly built Diyarbakır Military Prison No. 5 were exposed to horrific acts of systematic torture. According to The Times , it is among the "ten most notorious jails in the world." Between 1981 and 1984, 34 prisoners lost their lives. In August, 2009, plans were announced to convert the facility into

8064-507: The earth. Current passing through the earth may also provide a hazard of electrical shock, so a ground grid may be installed around installations such as electrical substations . Lightning protection systems are primarily installed to reduce property damage by lightning strikes, but may not entirely prevent electrical shock hazards. Persons outdoors during a lightning storm may be advised to take precautions to avoid electrical shock. Where installation, or maintenance of electrical equipment

8176-504: The event stated that he was "jolted through the air, and landed across the line", and though rescued by firemen, he sustained burns over 40% of his body and was completely paralyzed except for his eyelids. The shock with the highest voltage reported survived was that of Harry F. McGrew, who came in contact with a 340,000 volt transmission line in Huntington Canyon, Utah. The severity and lethality of electric shocks generally depend on

8288-518: The father of Kurdish writer Altan Tan lost his life in this prison as a result of torture. The prison wards used terms usually employed for acts of diversion and cleanness such as disco, welcome, theatre or bathroom for the different styles of torture they practiced. Among the most common practices were: severe and systematic beating; pulling of hair; being stripped naked; being blindfolded and hosed; solitary confinement; guards' insults; constant and relentless surveillance and intimidation; death threats;

8400-524: The first elections, there were a number of criticisms of the government due to the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878 by the representatives, and the assembly was dissolved and an election called on 28 June 1877. The second assembly was also dissolved by the Sultan Abdul Hamid II on 14 February 1878, the result being the return of absolute monarchy with Abdul Hamid II in power and the suspension of

8512-523: The first members of the new Turkish assembly. This Grand National Assembly , established on national sovereignty, held its inaugural session on 23 April 1920. From this date until the end of the Turkish War of Independence in 1923, the provisional government of Turkey was known as the Government of the Grand National Assembly . The first trial of multi-party politics, during the republican era,

8624-625: The first to be presented to the people in a referendum, included innovations in many subjects. The 1961 Constitution stipulated a typical parliamentarian system. According to the Constitution, Parliament was bicameral. The legislative power was vested in the House of Representatives and the Senate . while the executive authority was vested in the President and the Council of Ministers. The Constitution envisaged

8736-444: The followings happened: The incident was investigated by different groups and the public prosecutor. The Parliamentary Human Rights Commission stressed that "30 soldiers and 38 police officers, who exceeded the limits of their authority, had caused deaths." An investigation was launched against the prisoners who were attacked, beaten and wounded in Diyarbakır Prison. In the investigation launched against 23 prisoners, who were wounded in

8848-540: The government's version of events. Some say that there was an uprising in the prison. Others note that the inmates wanted to visit the women's section of the jail. The delegation concluded " that the authorities in the government had prior knowledge of this incident and in fact some of them took part in its implementation ." According to the Secretary of the Diyarbakır Medical Association, Dr. Necdet İpekyüz,

8960-450: The guards)." Mehdi Zana , the former mayor of Diyarbakır, who spent eleven years in the prison, explains: " When a new prisoner arrived at the prison, Captain Esat met him at the entrance and then turned to a guard and said, 'Prepare him a bath; then take him to the dormitory.' This was a ritual. So almost twenty guards accompanied the prisoner. He received a good welcoming thrashing, and then he

9072-404: The heart and lungs. Electric shock which does not lead to death has been shown to cause neuropathy in some cases at the site where the current entered the body. The neurologic symptoms of electrical injury may occur immediately, which traditionally have a higher likelihood for healing, though they may also be delayed by days to years. The delayed neurologic consequences of electrical injury have

9184-689: The heart as the duration is in the order of only several ns . Another example for dangerous electrostatic discharges even without flowing directly through the body are lightning strikes and high voltage arcs. Mechanism of cardiac arrhythmias induced by electricity is not fully understood, but various biopsies have shown arrhythmogenic foci in patchy myocardial fibrosis which contained increased amount of Na+  and K+   pumps , possibly associated with transient and localized changes in sodium-potassium transport as well as their concentrations, resulting in changes in membrane potential . Electric current can cause interference with nervous control, especially over

9296-460: The human body's resistance to 500 ohms". The International Electrotechnical Commission gives the following values for the total body impedance of a hand to hand circuit for dry skin, large contact areas, 50 Hz AC currents (the columns contain the distribution of the impedance in the population percentile ; for example at 100 V 50% of the population had an impedance of 1875Ω or less): The voltage-current characteristic of human skin

9408-475: The large energy (which is proportional to the duration multiplied by the square of the voltage divided by resistance or the square of the current multiplied by the resistance) available from the source. Damage due to current is through tissue heating and/or electroporation injury. For most cases of high-energy electrical trauma, the Joule heating in the deeper tissues along the extremity will reach damaging temperatures in

9520-446: The let-go threshold for a sustained period of time. If an electrical circuit is established by electrodes introduced in the body, bypassing the skin, then the potential for lethality is much higher if a circuit through the heart is established. This is known as a microshock . Currents of only 10  μ A can be sufficient to cause fibrillation in this case with a probability of 0.2%. The voltage necessary for electrocution depends on

9632-472: The media. After the changes to the 1982 Constitution of Turkey in September 2010 hundreds of people who claim they were tortured at Diyarbakır Prison in the wake of the 1980 military coup have filed a series of criminal complaints at the local prosecutor's office to open a case against their abusers. Following the military coup of 1980 the number of people who died during interrogation or in prison increased. As

9744-590: The members of the cabinet have been removed from the parliament. These seats were originally located on the left side of the Parliament Speaker . In 2022, at the initiative of the ruling AK Party and its main political ally MHP , the national electoral threshold for a party to enter parliament was lowered from 10 to 7 percent. The General Assembly of the Turkish Grand National Assembly hosts foreign dignitaries from time to time. However,

9856-445: The members who would participate in the assembly would be elected and the need to realise elections, at the latest, within 15 days. He also stated that the members of the dispersed Ottoman Chamber of Deputies could also participate in the assembly in Ankara, to increase the representative power of the parliament. These elections were held as planned, in the style of the elections of the preceding Chamber of Deputies, in order to select

9968-459: The modern parliamentary rights that were not granted in the first constitution were granted, such as the abolition of the right of the Sultan to deport citizens that were claimed to have committed harmful activities, the establishment of a free press, a ban on censorship. Freedom to hold meetings and establish political parties was recognized, and the government was held responsible to the assembly, not to

10080-532: The notion that there would be only one way for the liberation of the Turkish people in the aftermath of World War I , namely, through the creation of an independent, sovereign Turkish state. The Sultanate was abolished by the newly founded parliament in 1922, paving the way for the formal proclamation of the republic that was to come on 29 October 1923. Mustafa Kemal , in a speech he made on 19 March 1920 announced that "an Assembly will be gathered in Ankara that will possess extraordinary powers" and communicated how

10192-1069: The obligation to salute Captain Esat Oktay Yıldıran 's dog, a German shepherd called "Jo", which was trained to bite the genitals of naked prisoners; sleep, sensory, water and food deprivation for extensive periods; falaka (beating of the soles of feet), " Palestinian hangings " (hanging by the arms); stress positions or forcing prisoners to stand for long durations; excessive exercise in extreme temperatures; stretching, squeezing or crushing of limbs and genitals; piling of naked prisoners on top of each other; asphyxia and mock execution; electric shocks (specifically electrodes attached to genitals); burning with cigarettes; extraction of nails and healthy teeth; sexual humiliation and assault; rectal examinations; forcing prisoners to beat/sexually humiliate/rape or urinate on each other; rape or threat of rape of prisoners , or relatives of prisoners in their presence by prison guards; violent forcing of truncheon rectally; baths in prison sewers (referred to as "the disco" by

10304-545: The office of a prime minister , as well as that of the speaker of the Senate. The lower chamber of the General Assembly was the Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire , the members of which were elected by the general public . After World War I , the victorious Allied Powers sought the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire through the Treaty of Sèvres . The sovereign existence of

10416-503: The other hand, MPs do not have to work for a committee either. Number of members of each committee is determined by the proposal of the Advisory Council and the approval of the General Assembly. Sub committees are established according to the issue that the committee receives. Only State-owned Enterprises (SOEs) Committee has constant sub committees that are specifically responsible for a group of SOEs. Committee meetings are open to

10528-522: The prisoners." The Parliamentary Human Rights Commission, stating that the prisoners were beaten to death, applied to the Prime Ministry and Ministries of Justice and Interior, demanding that 29 soldiers and 38 police officers be prosecuted. Upon this, Diyarbakır Provincial administrative Board decided on the prosecution of the security officers. Diyarbakır Public Prosecution Office, in January 1997, launched

10640-426: The protocol here may vary depending on the situation. For the foreign guest to make a speech a decision of the General Assembly is required. ________________________________________________________ 39°54′42″N 32°51′04″E  /  39.91167°N 32.85111°E  / 39.91167; 32.85111 Electric shocks An electrical injury , ( electric injury ) or electrical shock ( electric shock )

10752-653: The received voltage and current can be controlled with precision and used to cause pain and fear without always visibly harming the victim's body. Electrical torture has been used in war and by repressive regimes since the 1930s. During the Algerian War electrical torture was used by French military forces. Amnesty International published a statement that Russian military forces in Chechnya tortured local women with electric shocks by attaching wires onto their breasts. The use of electric shocks to torture political prisoners of

10864-435: The referendum was 91.27%. As a result, the 1982 Constitution was passed with 91.37% of the votes. The greatest change brought about by the 1982 Constitution was the unicameral parliamentary system. The number of MPs were 550 members. The executive was empowered and new and more definite limitations were introduced on fundamental rights and freedoms. Also, a 10% electoral threshold was introduced. Except for these aspects,

10976-415: The return of a democratic government in 1984, visits of civilians to prisoners, by family members as well as lawyers of the defense was prohibited. Tens of thousands of men and women were taken into custody. More than 30,000 were jailed in the first four months after the coup. During the following years, Amnesty International received thousands of allegations of torture including reports of over 100 deaths as

11088-419: The same type of light radiation from which electric welders protect themselves using face shields with dark glass, heavy leather gloves, and full-coverage clothing. The heat produced may cause severe burns, especially on unprotected flesh. The arc blast produced by vaporizing metallic components can break bones and damage internal organs. The degree of hazard present at a particular location can be determined by

11200-495: The sentences were reduced to six years' imprisonment and for good conduct to five years and three months' imprisonment. The other defendants were acquitted or dropped because of the statute of limitation . The verdict was quashed by the Court of Cassation ruling that the defendants had to be given the opportunity to plead, on changed charges and had to be heard again. On 30 September 2009 Diyarbakır Heavy Penal Court No. 3 went on hearing

11312-482: The state government. As of now, Diyarbakır is still a functioning prison. In the 19th century, Diyarbakır prison was known throughout the Ottoman Empire as the home of harsh and based sentences given to political prisoners. It was established in the form of a modern prison in 1864. After the military coup of 12 September 1980, the generals abolished parliament, suspended the Constitution and banned all political parties and trade unions, and most other organizations. Until

11424-596: The sultan. During the two constitutional eras of the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman parliament was called the General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire and was bicameral. The upper house was the Senate of the Ottoman Empire , the members of which were selected by the sultan. The role of the Grand Vizier , the centuries-old top ministerial office in the empire, transformed in line with other European states into one identical to

11536-507: The threshold curve converges into a constant charge criterion independent of peak current or RMS values. Even though the for both muscle and nerve stimulation including the heart and the brain. Heating is primarily determined by the amount of energy and is not related to stimulation. These definitions have been included into the IEC standard 60479-2 in opposite to IEC 60479-1 which addresses longer pulse durations above 10 ms for both DC and AC, which use

11648-564: The top 5 states with the most workplace electrical fatalities were: (1) Texas (608); (2) California (451); (3) Florida (306); (4) New York (273); and (5) Georgia (207). A recent study conducted by the National Coroners Information System (NCIS) in Australia has revealed 321 closed case fatalities (and at least 39 case fatalities still under coronial investigation) that had been reported to Australian coroners where

11760-401: The visual media, can attend the meetings. The media representatives are usually the parliamentary staff of the media institutions. The committees can prevent the attendance of the media with a joint decision. The 28th Parliament of Turkey took office on 2 June 2023, following the ratification of the results of the general election held on 14 May 2023 . The composition of the 28th Parliament,

11872-455: Was designed by architect Vedat (Tek) Bey (1873–1942) and used from 1924 to 1960. It is now been converted as the Museum of the Republic . The Grand National Assembly is now housed in a modern and imposing building in the Bakanlıklar neighborhood of Ankara. The monumental building's project was designed by architect and professor Clemens Holzmeister (1886–1993). The building was depicted on

11984-457: Was dragged, unconscious, to the 'bath,' a bathtub full of shit in which they left him for a few hours ." Businessman Selim Dindar said: " Before our detention we thought that torture was applied during interrogation and that the wards in prison were comfortable. But in Diyarbakır Prison we longed for the torture chambers of interrogation ." Among the large numbers of testimonies regarding that time only few have come from female prisoners staying in

12096-448: Was elected after the snap elections on 7 June 2023. The parliament's minutes are translated into the four languages: Arabic , Russian , English and French , but not in the Kurdish language which is the second most spoken native language in Turkey. Though phrases in the Kurdish language can be permitted, whole speeches remain forbidden. Parties who have at least 20 deputies may form

12208-404: Was fundamental in the efforts of Mareşal Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , 1st President of the Republic of Turkey , and his colleagues to found a new state out of the remnants of the Ottoman Empire . There are 600 members of parliament (deputies) who are elected for a five-year term by the D'Hondt method , a party-list proportional representation system, from 87 electoral districts which represent

12320-545: Was made in 1924 by the establishment of the Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası (Progressive Republican Party) at the request of Mustafa Kemal, which was closed after several months. Following a 6-year one-party rule, after the foundation of the Serbest Fırka (Liberal Party) by Ali Fethi Okyar , again at the request of Mustafa Kemal, in 1930, some violent disorders took place, especially in the eastern parts of

12432-406: Was reduced to 7%. As a result of the 10% threshold, only two parties won seats in the legislature after the 2002 elections and three in 2007. The 2002 elections saw every party represented in the previous parliament ejected from the chamber and parties representing 46.3% of the voter turnout were excluded from being represented in parliament. This threshold has been criticized, but a complaint with

12544-568: Was suspended and political parties were dissolved. Many politicians were forbidden from entering politics again. The military power ruling the country established a "Constituent Assembly", as had been done in 1961. The Constituent Assembly was composed of the National Security Council and the Advisory Assembly. Within two years, the new constitution was drafted and was presented to the referendum on 7 November 1982 . Participation in

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