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59-541: Desjardins re-worked several old songs by the Flesh Eaters, notably "Poison Arrow", and exercised his literary side by namechecking Chester Himes , Jim Thompson , Donald Goines , James Ellroy , Harry Crews , Ambrose Bierce and James Joyce amongst others on the track "What Is Red" from the Snake Handler LP. Other band members included Julie Christensen (Chris' then-wife), Matt Lee and Peter Andrus , as well as

118-560: A black college , and his mother, prior to getting married, was a teacher at Scotia Seminary . Chester Himes grew up in a middle-class home in Missouri. When he was about 12 years old, his father took a teaching job in the Arkansas Delta at Branch Normal College (now University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff ), and soon a tragedy took place that would profoundly shape Himes's view of race relations. He had misbehaved and his mother made him sit out

177-405: A Pistol ; all written between 1957 and 1969. The final entry in the series was to be Plan B , published posthumously in 1983. Cotton Comes to Harlem was made into a movie in 1970, which was set in that time period, rather than the earlier period of the original book. A sequel, Come Back, Charleston Blue , based upon The Heat's On , was released in 1972. For Love of Imabelle was made into

236-724: A film under the title A Rage in Harlem in 1991. In the 1980s, British publisher Allison and Busby reprinted several of the Harlem detective novels in editions that featured paintings by Edward Burra on the covers. In May 2011, and again in 2020 Penguin Modern Classics in London republished five of Himes's detective novels from the Harlem Cycle. The literary estate is overseen by Chester and Lesley's "niece" Sarah Pirozek (daughter of Lesley's best and oldest friend). A useful companion to

295-488: A gunpowder demonstration that he and his brother, Joseph Jr., were supposed to conduct during a school assembly. Working alone, Joseph mixed the chemicals; they exploded in his face. Rushed to the nearest hospital, the blinded boy was refused treatment because of Jim Crow laws . "That one moment in my life hurt me as much as all the others put together", Himes wrote in his autobiography The Quality of Hurt . I loved my brother. I had never been separated from him and that moment

354-524: A handkerchief; I hoped it was for a pistol. The family later settled in Cleveland , Ohio. His parents' marriage was unhappy and eventually ended in divorce. In 1925, Himes's family left Pine Bluff and relocated to Cleveland, Ohio, where he attended East High School . He attended The Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio , where he became a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, but was expelled for playing

413-526: A maximum penalty of life imprisonment . If the accused uses a restricted or prohibited firearm to commit robbery, there is a mandatory minimum sentence of five years for the first offence, and seven years for subsequent offences. Robbery is a statutory offence in the Republic of Ireland . It is created by section 14(1) of the Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) Act 2001 , which provides: A person

472-409: A mordant emotional timbre and a fatalistic approach to street situations. Funeral homes are often part of the story, and funeral director H. Exodus Clay is a recurring character in these books. The titles of the series include A Rage in Harlem , The Real Cool Killers , The Crazy Kill , All Shot Up , The Big Gold Dream , The Heat's On , Cotton Comes to Harlem , and Blind Man with

531-563: A more "hard-boiled" style. Yesterday Will Make You Cry (1993), published after Himes's death, restored the original manuscript. The restored 1998 edition includes a 1997 introduction by filmmaker and writer Melvin Van Peebles . Himes also wrote a series of Harlem Detective novels featuring Coffin Ed Johnson and Gravedigger Jones , New York City police detectives in Harlem . The novels feature

590-557: A more deeply detailed biography of Himes called Chester Himes: A Life (2000). A detailed examination of Himes's writing and writings about him can be found in Chester Himes: An Annotated Primary and Secondary Bibliography compiled by Michel Fabre, Robert E. Skinner, and Lester Sullivan ( Greenwood Press , 1992). In 2017, Lawrence P. Jackson published a significant biography of Himes, more than 600 pages in length, titled Chester B. Himes: A Biography . Reviewing

649-419: A number of offences of robbery and aggravated robbery. If a robbery is foiled before it can be completed, an alternative offence (with the same penalty, given by section 8(2) of the 1968 Act) is assault; any act which intentionally or recklessly causes another to fear the immediate and unlawful use of force, with an intent to rob, will suffice. The following cases are relevant: Assault with intent to rob

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708-608: A period of travels by boarding a ship to France. By the 1950s, he had decided to settle permanently in France, a country he liked in part due to his popularity in literary circles. In Paris , Himes was friends with his contemporaries; the political cartoonist Oliver Harrington and fellow expatriate writers Richard Wright , James Baldwin and William Gardner Smith . It was in Paris in the late 1950s that Chester met his second wife, Lesley Himes (née Packard), when she went to interview him. She

767-710: A prank. In late 1928, he was arrested and sentenced to jail and hard labor for 20 to 25 years for armed robbery and sent to Ohio Penitentiary . In prison, he wrote short stories and had them published in national magazines. He stated that writing in prison and being published was a way to earn respect from guards and fellow inmates, as well as to avoid violence. His first stories appeared in 1931 in The Bronzeman and, starting in 1934, in Esquire . His story "To What Red Hell" (published in Esquire in 1934) as well as to his novel Cast

826-419: A robbery will constitute an offence of handling . Robbery is an indictable-only offence . Under current sentencing guidelines, the punishment for robbery is affected by a variety of aggravating and mitigating factors. Particularly important is how much harm was caused to the victim and how much culpability the offender had (e.g. carrying a weapon or leading a group effort implies high culpability). Robbery

885-414: A trespassory taking and carrying away of the personal property of another with the intent to steal from the person or presence of the victim by force or threat of force. The first six elements are the same as common law larceny. It is the last two elements that aggravate the crime to common law robbery. from the person or presence of the victim – robbery requires that the property be taken directly from

944-471: A year, exceeding the National Crime Survey reported estimate. Robberies have been depicted, sometimes graphically, in various forms of media, and several robbers have become pop icons , such as Bonnie and Clyde and John Dillinger . Examples of media works focused on robberies include: Video games Payday: The Heist , Payday 2 and Payday 3 are games by Overkill Software where one of

1003-482: Is imprisonment for life . It is also subject to the mandatory sentencing regime under the Criminal Justice Act 2003 . Current sentencing guidelines advise that the sentence should be no longer than 20 years, for a high-harm, high-culpability robbery with other aggravating factors. The "starting point" sentences are: An offender may also serve a longer sentence if they are convicted of other offences alongside

1062-465: Is a longer work that examines some of the same issues. Cast the First Stone (1952) is based on Himes's experiences in prison. It was Himes's first novel but was not published until about ten years after it was written. One reason may have been Himes's unusually candid treatment – for that time – of a homosexual relationship. Originally written in the third person, it was rewritten in the first person in

1121-714: Is an indictable-only offence . It is punishable with imprisonment for life or for any shorter term. Assault with intent to rob is also subject to the mandatory sentencing regime under the Criminal Justice Act 2003 . Robbery is a statutory offence in Northern Ireland . It is created by section 8 of the Theft Act (Northern Ireland) 1969 . In the United States, robbery is generally treated as an aggravated form of common law larceny. Specific elements and definitions differ from state to state. The common elements of robbery are:

1180-409: Is an ordinary English word and its meaning should be left to the jury. This approach was confirmed in R v Clouden (1985) and Corcoran v Anderton (1980), both handbag-snatching cases. Stealing may involve a young child who is not aware that taking other persons' property is not in order. The victim must be placed in apprehension or fear that force would be used immediately before or at the time of

1239-575: Is differentiated from other forms of theft (such as burglary , shoplifting , pickpocketing , or car theft ) by its inherently violent nature (a violent crime ); whereas many lesser forms of theft are punished as misdemeanors , robbery is always a felony in jurisdictions that distinguish between the two. Under English law, most forms of theft are triable either way , whereas robbery is triable only on indictment . The word "rob" came via French from Late Latin words (e.g., deraubare ) of Germanic origin, from Common Germanic raub "theft". Among

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1298-414: Is divided into three categories which are, in increasing order of seriousness: street or less sophisticated commercial; dwelling; and professionally planned commercial. Robbery generally results in a custodial sentence. Only a low-harm, low-culpability robbery with other mitigating factors would result in an alternative punishment, in the form of a high level community order . The maximum legal punishment

1357-566: Is guilty of robbery if he or she steals, and immediately before or at the time of doing so, and in order to do so, uses force on any person or puts or seeks to put any person in fear of being then and there subjected to force. Robbery is a statutory offence created by section 8(1) of the Theft Act 1968 which reads: A person is guilty of robbery if he steals, and immediately before or at the time of doing so, and in order to do so, he uses force on any person or puts or seeks to put any person in fear of being then and there subjected to force. Robbery

1416-419: Is in a person's presence when it is within the area of their immediate control. The property has to be close enough to the victim's person that the victim could have prevented its taking if he/she had not been placed in fear or intimidation. by force or threat of force – the use of force or threat of force is the defining element of robbery. For there to be robbery there must be "force or fear" in perpetrating

1475-430: Is the crime of taking or attempting to take anything of value by force, threat of force, or by use of fear. According to common law , robbery is defined as taking the property of another, with the intent to permanently deprive the person of that property, by means of force or fear; that is, it is a larceny or theft accomplished by an assault . Precise definitions of the offence may vary between jurisdictions. Robbery

1534-493: Is the only offence of aggravated theft. There are no offences of aggravated robbery. This requires evidence to show a theft as set out in section 1(1) of the Theft Act 1968. In R v Robinson the defendant threatened the victim with a knife in order to recover money which he was actually owed. His conviction for robbery was quashed on the basis that Robinson had an honest, although unreasonable, belief (under Section 2(1)(a) of

1593-540: The Harlem Detective series of novels for which he is best known, set in the 1950s and early 1960s and featuring two black policemen called Grave Digger Jones and Coffin Ed Johnson. In 1958, Himes won France's Grand Prix de Littérature Policière . Chester Himes was born in Jefferson City , Missouri , on July 29, 1909, to Joseph Sandy Himes and Estelle Bomar Himes; his father was a professor of industrial trades at

1652-733: The Theft Act 1968 . See sections 40 to 43 of the Larceny Act 1861 . Section 23 of the Larceny Act 1916 read: 23.-(1) Every person who - shall be guilty of felony and on conviction thereof liable to penal servitude for life, and, in addition, if a male, to be once privately whipped. (2) Every person who robs any person shall be guilty of felony and on conviction thereof liable to penal servitude for any term not exceeding fourteen years. (3) Every person who assaults any person with intent to rob shall be guilty of felony and on conviction thereof liable to penal servitude for any term not exceeding five years. This section provided maximum penalties for

1711-682: The Zoot Suit Riots for The Crisis , the magazine of the NAACP . Mike Davis in City of Quartz: Excavating the Future of Los Angeles , describing the prevalence of racism in Hollywood in the 1940s and '50s, cites Himes' brief career as a screenwriter for Warner Brothers , terminated when Jack L. Warner heard about him and said: "I don't want no niggers on this lot." Himes later wrote in his autobiography: Up to

1770-610: The "Black experience" and skepticism regarding the American Dream . Cosby also opined that Himes' works influenced future writers and cited his Harlem cycle as being among his favorite work. In 1996, Himes's widow Lesley Himes went to New York to work with Ed Margolies on the first biographical treatment of Himes's life, entitled The Several Lives of Chester Himes , by long-time Himes scholars Edward Margolies and Michel Fabre, published in 1997 by University Press of Mississippi . Later, novelist and Himes scholar James Sallis published

1829-456: The Act) in his legal right to the money. See also R v Skivington [1968] 1 QB 166, [1967] 2 WLR 655, 131 JP 265, 111 SJ 72, [1967] 1 All ER 483, 51 Cr App R 167, CA. In R v Hale (1978) the application of force and the stealing took place in many different locations, and it was not possible to establish the timing; it was held that the appropriation necessary to prove theft was a continuing act, and

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1888-541: The First Stone – only much later republished unabridged as Yesterday Will Make You Cry (1998) – dealt with the catastrophic prison fire Himes witnessed at Ohio Penitentiary in 1930. In 1934, Himes was transferred to London Prison Farm and in April 1936 was released on parole into his mother's custody. Following his release, he worked at part-time jobs while continuing to write. During this period, he came into contact with Langston Hughes , who facilitated Himes's entree into

1947-504: The Flesh Eaters stalwart Robyn Jameson . They were joined at times by members of L.A. punk bands like Kid Congo Powers of The Gun Club and the Cramps and Jeffrey Lee Pierce of The Gun Club . Divine Horsemen broke up in 1988. However, more than three decades later, the band reformed. A new album called Hot Rise of an Ice Cream Phoenix was released in 2021. Bitter End of a Sweet Night followed in 2023. The information below provides

2006-533: The age of thirty-one I had been hurt emotionally, spiritually and physically as much as thirty-one years can bear. I had lived in the South , I had fallen down an elevator shaft, I had been kicked out of college, I had served seven and one half years in prison, I had survived the humiliating last five years of Depression in Cleveland; and still I was entire, complete, functional; my mind was sharp, my reflexes were good, and I

2065-413: The biography for Johns Hopkins Magazine , Bret McCabe noted it makes the case that while "[Himes's] debut, If He Hollers Let Him Go (1945), is as admired today as it was in its time[...] its follow-up, Lonely Crusade (1947), is overlooked and underappreciated, and positions it as a key text in reckoning both Himes's subsequent career and later works." Himes's novels encompassed many genres including

2124-541: The crime novel/mystery and political polemics, exploring racism in the United States. Chester Himes wrote about African Americans in general, especially in two books that are concerned with labor relations and African-American workplace issues. If He Hollers Let Him Go —which contains many autobiographical elements—is about a black shipyard worker in Los Angeles during World War II struggling against racism, as well as his own violent reactions to racism. Lonely Crusade

2183-407: The jury could correctly convict of robbery. This approach was followed in R v Lockley (1995) when the force was applied to a shopkeeper after property had been taken. It was argued that the theft should be regarded as complete by this time, and R v Gomez (1993), should apply; the court disagreed, preferring to follow R v Hale . The threat or use of force must take place immediately before or at

2242-482: The latter included as a segment in the 1994 anthology television film Cosmic Slop . Himes was Catholic , but professed to be "not a good one". At the time of his death in Moraira, he was married to Lesley Himes (née Packard), his partner, confidant, and informal editor, since 1959. Armed robbery Robbery (from Old French rober ("to steal, ransack, etc."), from Proto-West Germanic *rauba ("booty"))

2301-447: The legal definitions of offences in countries, or the different methods of offence counting and recording". Also not every single crime is reported, meaning two things; (1) robbery rates are going to appear lower than they actually are and; (2) the percentage of crime that is not reported is going to be higher in some countries then others, for example – in one country 86% of the robberies were reported, whereas in another country only 67% of

2360-502: The literary equal of Dashiell Hammett and Raymond Chandler . Ishmael Reed says: "[Himes] taught me the difference between a black detective and Sherlock Holmes " and it would be more than 30 years until another black mystery writer, Walter Mosley and his Easy Rawlins and Mouse series, had even a similar effect. S. A. Cosby in The New York Times also positively compared Himes to Chandler and Hammett, enjoying his writing of

2419-457: The main character of his 1967 novel The Man Who Cried I Am on Himes. Bohemian life in Paris would in turn lead Lesley and Chester to the South of France and finally on to Spain, where they lived until Chester's death in 1984. In 1969, Himes moved to Moraira , Spain, where he died in 1984 from Parkinson's disease , at the age of 75. He is buried at Benissa cemetery. Some regard Chester Himes as

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2478-508: The offer to not do something illegal, in the event that goods are not given, primarily using words instead of actions. Criminal slang for robbery includes "blagging" (armed robbery, usually of a bank) or "stick-up" (derived from the verbal command to robbery targets to raise their hands in the air), and " steaming " (organized robbery on underground train systems). In Canada, the Criminal Code makes robbery an indictable offence , subject to

2537-403: The person of the victim or from their presence. This is different from larceny which simply requires that property be taken from the victim's possession, actual or constructive. Property is "on the victim's person" if the victim is actually holding the property, or the property is contained within clothing the victim is wearing or is attached to a victim's body such as a watch or earrings. Property

2596-428: The record label at the time the album was released. Most of these labels are now defunct or no longer include these albums in their catalog. They have currently been relicensed and reissued by Atavistic Records. Chester Himes Chester Bomar Himes (July 29, 1909 – November 12, 1984) was an American writer. His works, some of which have been filmed, include If He Hollers Let Him Go , published in 1945, and

2655-681: The rest of his life, and worked with him as his informal editor, proofreader, confidante and, as the director Melvin Van Peebles dubbed her, "his watchdog". After a long engagement, they were married in 1978, as Chester Himes was still legally married to his first wife, Jean, and only able to gain a divorce that year. Lesley and Chester faced adversities as a mixed-race couple but they prevailed. Their circle of political colleagues and creative friends included towering figures Langston Hughes , Richard Wright , Malcolm X , Carl Van Vechten , Picasso , Jean Miotte , Ollie Harrington , Nikki Giovanni , Ishmael Reed and John A. Williams . Williams based

2714-501: The robberies were reported. The last thing to note is that crime will vary by certain neighborhoods or areas in each country, so, just because a nationwide rate is a specified rate, does not mean that everywhere in that country retains the same amount of danger or safety. A 1983 study by the Department of Justice estimated that the amount of robberies in the US at schools alone may reach one million

2773-485: The robbery, such as assault and grievous bodily harm . Robbery was an offence under the common law of England. Matthew Hale provided the following definition: Robbery is the felonious and violent taking of any money or goods from the person of another, putting him in fear, be the value thereof above or under one shilling. The common law offence of robbery was abolished for all purposes not relating to offences committed before 1 January 1969 by section 32(1)(a) of

2832-403: The taking of the property. A threat is not immediate if the wrongdoer threatens to use force of violence some future time. Robbery occurs if an aggressor forcibly snatched a mobile phone or if they used a knife to make an implied threat of violence to the holder and then took the phone. The person being threatened does not need to be the owner of the property. It is not necessary that the victim

2891-500: The theft. Questions concerning the degree of force necessary for robbery have been the subject of much litigation. Merely snatching the property from the victim's person is not sufficient force unless the victim resists or one of the items is attached or carried in such a way that a significant amount of force must be used to free the item from the victim's person. For robbery the victim must be placed in "fear" of immediate harm by threat or intimidation. The threat need not be directed at

2950-442: The time of the theft . Force used after the theft is complete will not turn the theft into a robbery. The words "or immediately after" that appeared in section 23(1)(b) of the Larceny Act 1916 were deliberately omitted from section 8(1). The book Archbold said that the facts in R v Harman , which did not amount to robbery in 1620, would not amount to robbery now. It was held in R v Dawson and James (1978) that "force"

3009-421: The time of the theft. Force used after the theft will turn the theft into a robbery unless the theft is complete. The theft is considered completed when the perpetrator reaches a place of temporary safety with the property. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime notes "that when using the figures, any cross-national comparisons should be conducted with caution because of the differences that exist between

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3068-678: The two volumes of autobiography is Conversations with Chester Himes , edited by Michel Fabre and Robert E. Skinner, published by University Press of Mississippi in 1995. Four Chester Himes novels were made into feature films: If He Hollers, Let Him Go! (1968) [uncredited], directed by Charles Martin; Cotton Comes to Harlem , directed by Ossie Davis in 1970; Come Back, Charleston Blue ( The Heat's On ) (1972), directed by Mark Warren, and A Rage in Harlem (starring Gregory Hines and Danny Glover ), directed by Bill Duke in 1991. Two Himes short stories "The Assassin of Saint Nicholas Avenue" and "Tang" have also been filmed as short subjects,

3127-434: The types of robbery are armed robbery , which involves the use of a weapon , and aggravated robbery , when someone brings with them a deadly weapon or something that appears to be a deadly weapon. Highway robbery or mugging takes place outside or in a public place such as a sidewalk, street, or parking lot. Carjacking is the act of stealing a car from a victim by force. Extortion is the threat to do something illegal, or

3186-481: The victim personally. Threats to third parties are sufficient. The threat must be one of present rather than future personal harm. Fear does not mean "fright", it means apprehension – an awareness of the danger of immediate bodily harm. The maximum sentence for robbery in California is 9 years, according to Penal Code section 213(a)(1)(A). The threat or use of force does not have to take place immediately before or at

3245-531: The world of literature and publishing. In 1937, Himes married Jean Johnson. In the 1940s, Himes spent time in Los Angeles , working as a screenwriter but also producing two novels, If He Hollers Let Him Go (1945) and Lonely Crusade (1947), which charted the experiences of the great migration , drawn by the city's defense industries, and their dealings with the established black community, fellow workers, unions and management. He also provided an analysis of

3304-464: Was a journalist at the Herald Tribune , where she wrote a fashion column, "Monica". He described her as "Irish-English with blue-gray eyes and very good looking"; he also saw her courage and resilience, Chester said to Lesley: "You're the only true color-blind person I've ever met in my life." After he suffered a stroke, in 1959, Lesley quit her job and nursed him back to health. She cared for him for

3363-416: Was actually frightened, but the defendant must have put or sought to put the victim or some other person in fear of immediate force. The force or threat may be directed against a third party, for example a customer in a jeweller's shop. Theft accompanied by a threat to damage property will not constitute robbery, but it may disclose an offence of blackmail . Dishonestly dealing with property stolen during

3422-551: Was not bitter. But under the mental corrosion of race prejudice in Los Angeles I became bitter and saturated with hate. Back on the East Coast Himes received a scholarship at the Yaddo artists' community, where he stayed and worked in May and June 1948, in a room just across from where Patricia Highsmith resided. Himes separated from his wife Jean in 1952, and the following year he began

3481-418: Was shocking, shattering, and terrifying....We pulled into the emergency entrance of a white people's hospital. White clad doctors and attendants appeared. I remember sitting in the back seat with Joe watching the pantomime being enacted in the car's bright lights. A white man was refusing; my father was pleading. Dejectedly my father turned away; he was crying like a baby. My mother was fumbling in her handbag for

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