47-713: The Distance Education Bureau ( DEB ) is a bureau of the UGC based in New Delhi , India , in charge of regulating distance education in India. It was established in 2012, replacing the DEAC , an organisation that was responsible for open learning and distance education since 1985. Distance education in India started in 1962 with a pilot project correspondence courses, which led to the birth of University of Delhi 's School of Correspondence Courses and Continuing Education (now DU-SOL ). The success of
94-627: A Telugu Hindu family of Sarvepalli Veeraswami and Sithamma. He was the fourth born of six siblings (five brothers and one sister), in Tiruttani of North Arcot district in the erstwhile Madras Presidency (now in Tiruvallur district of Tamil Nadu ). His family hails from Sarvepalli village in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh . His early years were spent in Thiruttani and Tirupati . His father
141-535: A knighthood in 1931, the Bharat Ratna , the highest civilian award in India, in 1954, and honorary membership of the British Royal Order of Merit in 1963. He was also one of the founders of Helpage India, a non profit organisation for elderly underprivileged in India . Radhakrishnan believed that "teachers should be the best minds in the country". Radhakrishnan was born as Sarvepalli Radhakrishnayya in
188-465: A contemporary understanding. He defended Hinduism against what he called "uninformed Western criticism ", contributing to the formation of contemporary Hindu identity . He has been influential in shaping the understanding of Hinduism, in both India and the west, and earned a reputation as a bridge-builder between India and the West. Radhakrishnan was awarded several high awards during his life, including
235-887: A degree from an educational institution in Pakistan “shall not be eligible for seeking employment or higher studies in India”. The notification also stated that this will not be applicable to migrants who have been granted Indian citizenship and have obtained security clearance from MHA. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Shaivism/Tantra/Nath New movements Kashmir Shaivism Gaudapada Adi Shankara Advaita-Yoga Nath Kashmir Shaivism Neo-Vedanta Inchegeri Sampradaya Contemporary Shaivism/Tantra/Nath Neo-Advaita Hinduism Buddhism Modern Advaita Vedanta Neo-Vedanta Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan ( pronunciation ; 5 September 1888 – 17 April 1975; natively Radhakrishna )
282-465: A lifelong defence of Hinduism against "uninformed Western criticism". At the same time, Radhakrishnan commended Professor Hogg as 'My distinguished teacher,' and as "one of the greatest Christian thinkers we had in India.' Besides, Professor William Skinner, who was acting Principal of the College, gave a testimonial saying "he is one of the best men we have had in the recent years", which enabled him to get
329-638: A new body, the Higher Education Commission of India (HECI). This form of the bill was ultimately dropped in the face of strong political opposition, and was reworked in 2019 in order to gain political consensus. As of mid-2020 the UGC continues to remain in existence. Ministry of Human Resource Development, MHRD, was renamed as 'Ministry of Education'. On 13 April 2022 the University Grants Commission of India (UGC India) announced to allow
376-546: A wide range of careers in academia, public policy, medicine, law, banking, business, publishing and other fields across the world. Former India cricketer & NCA director VVS Laxman is his great-grandnephew. Sivakamu died on 26 November 1956. They were married for about 53 years. In April 1909, Radhakrishnan was appointed to the Department of Philosophy at the Madras Presidency College . Thereafter, in 1918, he
423-495: Is charged with coordination, determination and maintenance of standards of higher education in India. It provides recognition to universities in India, and disbursements of funds to such recognized universities and colleges . The UGC headquarters are in New Delhi , and it has six regional centres in Pune , Bhopal , Kolkata , Hyderabad , Guwahati and Bangalore . A proposal to replace it with another new regulatory body called HECI
470-598: Is considered one of the most influential and distinguished 20th century scholars of comparative religion and philosophy , he held the King George V Chair of Mental and Moral Science at the University of Calcutta from 1921 to 1932 and Spalding Chair of Eastern Religion and Ethics at University of Oxford from 1936 to 1952. Radhakrishnan's philosophy was grounded in Advaita Vedanta , reinterpreting this tradition for
517-550: Is observed as Teachers' Day. His birthday has since been celebrated as Teacher's Day in India. Along with G. D. Birla and some other social workers in the pre-independence era, Radhakrishnan formed the Krishnarpan Charity Trust. He was against State institutions imparting denominational religious instruction as it was against the secular vision of the Indian State. Along with Albert Einstein , Radhakrishnan,
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#1733084753972564-624: Is the University Grants Commission (UGC), the responsibility for promotion and coordination of open and distance learning (ODL) was bestowed on IGNOU under the Indira Gandhi National Open University Act (1985) . The Distance Education Council (DEC) was set up by IGNOU in 1991 and became operational in 1992. with the Vice Chancellor of IGNOU acting as the ex officio chairperson of DEC. In August 2010,
611-548: Is under consideration by the Government of India . The UGC provides doctoral scholarships to all those who clear JRF in the National Eligibility Test . On an average, each year ₹ 725 crore (US$ 87 million) is spent on doctoral and post-doctoral fellowships by the commission. The UGC was first formed in 1945 to oversee the work of the three Central Universities of Aligarh , Banaras and Delhi . Its responsibility
658-446: Is where he introduces "The Spirit of Abheda". He quotes, "In morals, the individual is enjoined to cultivate a Spirit of Abheda , or non-difference." Thus he mentions how this "naturally leads to the ethics of love and brotherhood". "Every other individual is to be regarded as your co-equal, and treated as an end, not a means." "The Vedanta requires us to respect human dignity and demands the recognition of man as man." Radhakrishnan
705-604: The Madras Christian College (affiliated to the University of Madras ) at the age of 16. He graduated from there in 1907, and also finished his Masters from the same college. Radhakrishnan studied philosophy by chance rather than choice. He had wished to study mathematics. Being a financially constrained student, when a cousin who graduated from the same college passed on his philosophy textbooks to Radhakrishnan, it automatically decided his academics course. Sarvepalli wrote his bachelor's degree thesis on "The Ethics of
752-701: The Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) constituted a committee for investigating distance education standards in India. The committee recommended the creation of a new regulatory body, the Distance Education Council of India (DECI). It also recommended that until such body is established, the DEC may be shifted to UGC. On 29 December 2012, the MHRD published an Order transferring the regulatory authority of distance education from IGNOU to UGC. In May 2013 IGNOU dissolved
799-497: The 1960s. In 1939 Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya invited him to succeed him as the Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University (BHU). He served as its Vice-Chancellor till January 1948. Radhakrishnan started his political career "rather late in life", after his successful academic career. His international authority preceded his political career. He was one of those stalwarts who attended Andhra Mahasabha in 1928 where he seconded
846-545: The Andhras, are fortunately situated in some respects. I firmly believe that if any part of India is capable of developing an effective sense of unity it is in Andhra. The hold of conservatism is not strong. Our generosity of spirit and openness of mind are well -known. Our social instinct and suggestibility are still active. Our moral sense and sympathetic imagination are not much warped by dogma. Our women are relatively more free. Love of
893-520: The DEC and the UGC took over the entire assets and manpower, establishing the Distance Education Bureau. University Grants Commission (India) University Grants Commission ( UGC; ISO : Viśvavidyālaya Anudāna Āyōga ) is a statutory body under Department of Higher Education , Ministry of Education , Government of India . It was set up in accordance to the UGC Act 1956 and
940-423: The Department of Electrical Engineering at IIT Delhi and former VC of JNU , was appointed as the chairman of the UGC. The types of universities regulated by the UGC include: As of 25 August 2022 , The University Grants Commission (UGC) has also released the list of 21 fake universities operating in India. UGC has said that these 21 self-styled, unrecognized institutions functioning in contravention of
987-635: The Higher Education and Research (HE&R) Bill, 2011, intends to replace the UGC with a National Commission for Higher Education & Research (NCHER) "for determination, coordination, maintenance and continued enhancement of standards of higher education and research". The bill proposes absorbing the UGC and other academic agencies into this new organisation. Those agencies involved in medicine and law would be exempt from this merger "to set minimum standards for medical and legal education leading to professional practice". The bill has received opposition from
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#17330847539721034-1010: The Indian spirit". His second book, The Reign of Religion in Contemporary Philosophy was published in 1920. In 1921 he was appointed as a professor in philosophy to occupy the King George V Chair of Mental and Moral Science at the University of Calcutta . He represented the University of Calcutta at the Congress of the Universities of the British Empire in June 1926 and the International Congress of Philosophy at Harvard University in September 1926. Another important academic event during this period
1081-630: The UGC Act have been declared as fake and are not entitled to confer any degree. The UGC has also issued warning to Deemed to be Universities to not use the word Deemed University as per their recent changes and guidelines. UGC, along with CSIR currently conducts NET for appointments of teachers in colleges and universities. It has made NET qualification mandatory for teaching at graduation level and at post-graduation level since July 2009. However, those with PhD are given five percent relaxation. Accreditation for higher learning over universities under
1128-509: The UGC is located at Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg in New Delhi, with two additional bureaus operating from 35, Feroze Shah Road and the South Campus of University of Delhi as well. In December 2015, the government of India set a National Institutional of Ranking Framework under UGC which will rank all educational institutes by April 2016. In February 2022, M. Jagadesh Kumar , a professor in
1175-547: The Vedanta and its Metaphysical Presuppositions". It "was intended to be a reply to the charge that the Vedanta system had no room for ethics." Two of his professors, William Meston and Alfred George Hogg, commended Radhakrishnan's dissertation. Radhakrishnan's thesis was published when he was only twenty. According to Radhakrishnan himself, the criticism of Hogg and other Christian teachers of Indian culture "disturbed my faith and shook
1222-489: The aegis of University Grants Commission is overseen by following fifteen autonomous statutory institutions: In 2009, the Union Minister of Human Resource Development, Kapil Sibal made known the government of India's plans to consider the closing down of the UGC and the related body All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), in favour of a higher regulatory body with more sweeping powers. This goal, proposed by
1269-515: The coordination, determination and maintenance of standards of teaching, examination and research in university education. In November 1956, the UGC became a statutory body upon the passing of the " University Grants Commission Act, 1956 " by the Indian Parliament . In 1994 and 1995, the UGC decentralized its operations by setting up six regional centres at Pune , Hyderabad , Kolkata , Bhopal , Guwahati and Bangalore . The head office of
1316-575: The defence of Hinduism against "uninformed Western criticism". According to the historian Donald Mackenzie Brown, He had always defended Hindu culture against uninformed Western criticism and had symbolized the pride of Indians in their own intellectual traditions. When Radhakrishnan became the President of India, some of his students and friends requested him to allow them to celebrate his birthday, on 5 September. He replied, Instead of celebrating my birthday, it would be my proud privilege if September 5th
1363-767: The first job in Presidency College. In reciprocation, Radhakrishnan dedicated one of his early books to William Skinner. The Spirit of Abheda Radhakrishnan expresses his anguish, against the British critics, in The Ethics of the Vedanta. Here he wrote, "it has become philosophic fashion of the present day to consider the Vedanta system a non-ethical one." He quotes a German -born philologist and Orientalist , who lived and studied in Britain for most of his life, Max Muller as stating, "The Vedanta philosophy has not neglected
1410-559: The government decided that all grants to universities and higher learning institutions should be handled by the UGC. Subsequently, an inauguration was held on 28 December 1953 by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , the Minister of Education, Natural Resources and Scientific Research. The University Grants Commission (UGC) came into existence on 28 December 1953 and became a statutory Organization of the Government of India by an Act of Parliament in 1956, for
1457-552: The idea of renaming Ceded Districts division of Madras Presidency as Rayalaseema . In 1931 he was nominated to the League of Nations Committee for Intellectual Cooperation , where after "in Western eyes he was the recognized Hindu authority on Indian ideas and a persuasive interpreter of the role of Eastern institutions in contemporary society." When India became independent in 1947, Radhakrishnan represented India at UNESCO (1946–52) and
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1504-458: The important sphere of ethics; but on the contrary, we find ethics in the beginning, ethics in the middle, and ethics in the end, to say nothing of the fact that minds, so engrossed with divine things as Vedanta philosophers, are not likely to fall victims to the ordinary temptations of the world, the flesh, and other powers." Radhakrishnan then explains how this philosophy requires us (people) to look upon all creations as one. As non-different. This
1551-495: The local governments of the Indian states of Bihar , Kerala , Punjab , Tamil Nadu and West Bengal , but has received general support. On 27 June 2018, the Ministry of Human Resource Development announced its plans to repeal the UGC Act, 1956. A bill was expected to be introduced in the 2018 monsoon session of the Parliament, which if passed would have led to the dissolution of the UGC. The bill also stipulated formation of
1598-540: The mother-tongue binds us all. In 1936 Radhakrishnan was named Spalding Professor of Eastern Religion and Ethics at the University of Oxford , and was elected a Fellow of All Souls College . That same year, and again in 1937, he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature, although this nomination process, as for all laureates, was not public at the time. Further nominations for the awards continued steadily throughout
1645-443: The project led to introduction of correspondence course institutes (later renamed as directorates or centres of distance education) in more universities. In 1982 Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University was established, the first open university in India. This was followed by the establishment of Indira Gandhi National Open University at the national level in 1985. Although the statutory authority for regulating higher education in India
1692-522: The second president of India and the first vice president of India, was one of the sponsors of the Peoples' World Convention (PWC), also known as Peoples' World Constituent Assembly (PWCA), which took place in 1950-51 at Palais Electoral, Geneva , Switzerland. Radhakrishnan tried to bridge eastern and western thought, defending Hinduism against "uninformed Western criticism", but also incorporating Western philosophical and religious thought. Radhakrishnan
1739-589: The students to complete two academic programmes simultaneously keeping in view the proposals outlined in the National Education Policy - NEP 2020 which emphasizes the need to enable multiple pathways to learning involving both formal and non-formal education modes. In a joint notification with All India Council for Technical Education ( AICTE ), University Grants Commission advised Indian nationals & overseas citizens of India against pursuing higher education in Pakistan stating that any such student with
1786-470: The traditional props on which I leaned." Radhakrishnan himself describes how, as a student, The challenge of Christian critics impelled me to make a study of Hinduism and find out what is living and what is dead in it. My pride as a Hindu, roused by the enterprise and eloquence of Swami Vivekananda , was deeply hurt by the treatment accorded to Hinduism in missionary institutions . This led him to his critical study of Indian philosophy and religion and
1833-607: Was knighted by George V in the June 1931 Birthday Honours , and formally invested with his honour by the Governor-General of India , the Earl of Willingdon , in April 1932. However, he ceased to use the title after Indian independence, preferring instead his academic title of 'Doctor'. He was the vice-chancellor of Andhra University from 1931 to 1936. During his first convocation address, he spoke about his native Andhra as, We,
1880-673: Was a subordinate revenue official in the service of a local Zamindar (local landlord). His primary education was at K. V. High School at Thiruttani. In 1896 he moved to the Hermansburg Evangelical Lutheran Mission School in Tirupati and Government High Secondary School, Walajapet . Radhakrishnan was awarded scholarships throughout his academic life. He joined Voorhees College in Vellore for his high school education. After his F.A. (First of Arts) class, he joined
1927-507: Was an Indian politician , philosopher and statesman who served as the second president of India from 1962 to 1967. He previously served as the first vice president of India from 1952 to 1962. He was the second ambassador of India to the Soviet Union from 1949 to 1952. He was also the fourth vice-chancellor of Banaras Hindu University from 1939 to 1948 and the second vice-chancellor of Andhra University from 1931 to 1936. Radhakrishnan
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1974-639: Was extended in 1947 to cover all Indian universities. In August 1949 a recommendation was made to reconstitute the UGC along similar lines to the University Grants Committee of the United Kingdom. This recommendation was made by the University Education Commission of 1948–1949 which was set up under the chairmanship of S. Radhakrishnan "to report on Indian university education and suggest improvements and extensions". In 1952
2021-640: Was later Ambassador of India to the Soviet Union , from 1949 to 1952. He was also elected to the Constituent Assembly of India . Radhakrishnan was elected as the first Vice President of India in 1952, and elected as the second President of India (1962–1967). Radhakrishnan did not have a background in the Congress Party, nor was he active in the Indian independence movement . He was the politician in shadow . His motivation lay in his pride of Hindu culture , and
2068-504: Was married to Sivakamu (1893–1956) in May 1903, a distant cousin, at the age of 14, when she was aged 10. As per tradition the marriage was arranged by the family. The couple had five daughters named Padmavati, Rukmini, Sushila, Sundari and Shakuntala. They also had a son named Sarvepalli Gopal who went on to a notable career as a historian. Many of Radhakrishnan's family members including his grandchildren and great-grandchildren have pursued
2115-424: Was one of the most prominent spokesmen of Neo-Vedanta . His metaphysics was grounded in Advaita Vedanta , but he reinterpreted Advaita Vedanta for a contemporary understanding. He acknowledged the reality and diversity of the world of experience, which he saw as grounded in and supported by the absolute or Brahman. Radhakrishnan also reinterpreted Shankara 's notion of maya . According to Radhakrishnan, maya
2162-484: Was selected as Professor of Philosophy by the University of Mysore , where he taught at its Maharaja's College, Mysore . By that time he had written many articles for journals of repute like The Quest , Journal of Philosophy and the International Journal of Ethics . He also completed his first book, The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore . He believed Tagore 's philosophy to be the "genuine manifestation of
2209-582: Was the invitation to deliver the Hibbert Lecture on the ideals of life which he delivered at Manchester College, Oxford in 1929 and which was subsequently published in book form as An Idealist View of Life . In 1929 Radhakrishnan was invited to take the post vacated by Principal J. Estlin Carpenter at Manchester College. This gave him the opportunity to lecture to the students of the University of Oxford on Comparative Religion. For his services to education he
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