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53-686: After the Uniformity Act 1662 , for about two centuries, it was difficult for any but practising members of the Church of England to gain degrees from Cambridge and Oxford, the ancient English universities. The University of Oxford , in particular, required – until the Oxford University Act 1854 – a religious test on admission that was comparable to that for joining the Church. At the University of Cambridge

106-682: A classical training , including the demanding and lengthy training period required for learning to read Greek and Latin texts. The founders of the King's Head Society resolved to found an academy with a six years' course, where young men, without a general classical education, would receive it during the first two years and could then proceed to the usual classical-theological course. These academies were funded partly by fees for tuition and lodging, as many of them were run in large houses as boarding establishments. They were also funded by philanthropic Dissenters such as William Coward (1647–1738), whose "will set up

159-468: A trust fund 'for the education and training up of young men ... to qualify them for the ministry of the gospel among the Protestant Dissenters', thus continuing the financial support he had given to such students in his lifetime". Sometimes this funding was organised along the lines of subscribers. The Coward Trust from 1743 funded Daventry Academy and a London academy under David Jennings , but

212-532: A four-sided structure surrounding a central courtyard where merchants and tradesmen could do business. The internal works, designed by Edward I'Anson in 1837, made use of concrete —an early example of this modern construction method. It features pediment sculptures by Richard Westmacott (the younger) , and ornamental cast ironwork by Henry Grissell 's Regent's Canal Ironworks. It was opened by Queen Victoria on 28 October 1844, though trading did not commence until 1 January 1845. Paul Julius Reuter established

265-578: A short period (1714 to 1719) the Schism Act 1714 was in force, and aimed precisely to do that; but the troubles of the academies were mostly before this legislation. Proceedings in ecclesiastical courts were quite common in the seventeenth century, for example in the case of the tutor Benjamin Robinson . The degree of religious toleration in the later half of the seventeenth century varied considerably according to laws passed by Parliament, and also in line with

318-420: A statutory test was required to take a bachelor's degree. English Dissenters in this context were Nonconformist Protestants who could not in good conscience subscribe (i.e. conform) to the beliefs of the Church of England . As they were debarred from taking degrees in the only two English universities, many of them attended the dissenting academies. If they could afford it, they completed their education at

371-524: A young minister in Warrington, established the academy. Among the tutors were Joseph Priestley (1761–1767) and Johann Reinhold Forster , a German scholar and naturalist. Forster went with Captain Cook in his second voyage round the world. Rathmell Academy , which had half a dozen homes, was set up by Richard Frankland in 1670. The school moved to Attercliffe , a suburb of Sheffield , Yorkshire , leaving it at

424-621: Is also the hour bell, and bears the following inscription Cast for the Royal Exchange in the year of grace 1844; Richard Lambert Jones, Chairman of the Gresham College Committee; Daniel Watney, Master of the Mercers' Company; Ebenezer Trottman, Assistant; William Tite, Architect; Charles and George Mears, founders. The others only bear the words Royal Exchange, 1844 .” From 1892, twenty-four scenes from London's history were painted on

477-457: Is the Lord's, and the fulness thereof". The Latin inscription on the frieze states: Anno XIII. Elizabethae R. Conditvm; Anno VIII. Victoriae R. Restavratvm. or "founded in the thirteenth year of Queen Elizabeth, and restored in the eighth of Queen Victoria". Two statues stand in niches in the central courtyard. Charles II (a copy of 1792 by John Spiller after Grinling Gibbons ' statue in

530-650: The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography judges Morton's "probably the most impressive of the dissenting academies [prior to 1685], enrolling as many as fifty pupils at a time". The ODNB goes on to describe its advanced and varied curriculum (religion, classics, history, geography, mathematics, natural science, politics, and modern languages) and a well-equipped laboratory, and even "a bowling green for recreation". Lectures were given in English, not Latin, and Daniel Defoe , one of Morton's students, praised its attention to

583-701: The Corporation Acts excluded all nonconformists from holding civil or military office, and prevented them from being awarded degrees by the universities of Cambridge and Oxford . Another Act, the Quaker Act 1662 , required subjects to swear an oath of allegiance to the king, which Quakers did not do out of religious conviction. It set out specific penalties for first (a fine of up to £5, or three months' imprisonment with hard labour), second (a fine of up to £10, or six months imprisonment with hard labour), and third (transportation) offence. It also allowed that should

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636-562: The Faneuil Hall in Boston , Massachusetts was made by Shem Drowne in 1742 and was inspired by the London example. The tower contains a chime of 15 bells all cast by Charles and George Mears of Whitechapel in 1844, with a mechanism that can play God Save the King , The Roast Beef of Old England , Rule Britannia! and Psalm 104 . The combined weight of them is 131 cwt. I qr. The original plan

689-561: The Parliament of England . (It was formerly cited as 13 & 14 Cha. 2 . c. 4, by reference to the regnal year when it was passed on 19 May 1662.) It prescribed the form of public prayers , administration of sacraments , and other rites of the Established Church of England , according to the rites and ceremonies prescribed in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer . Adherence to this was required in order to hold any office in government or

742-725: The Puritans had abolished many features of the Church during the Civil War . The act did not explicitly encompass the Isle of Man . A few sections of this Act were still in force in the United Kingdom at the end of 2010. As an immediate result of this Act, over 2,000 clergymen refused to take the oath and were expelled from the Church of England in what became known as the Great Ejection of 1662. Although there had already been ministers outside

795-670: The Reuters news agency at No. 1, Royal Exchange Buildings (opposite and to the east of the Royal Exchange) in 1851. It later moved to Fleet Street . The western end of the building consists of a portico of eight Corinthian columns topped by a pediment containing a tympanum with relief sculpture by Richard Westmacott (the younger) of seventeen figures representing London merchants and foreign traders. The central allegorical figure represents Commerce, above an inscription chosen by Albert, Prince Consort from Psalm 24 : "The Earth

848-503: The 1690s. There were also cases of actions against dissenting grammar schools , for example the proceedings against Isaac Gilling in the 1710s. In 1723 the regium donum , initially a grant to support Irish Presbyterians, became a national subsidy, and subsequently dissenting academies were more generally accepted. Several early academies became associated with particular theological positions. Richard Frankland of Rathmell Academy and Timothy Jollie of Attercliffe , founders of two of

901-601: The Act of Uniformity 1662 were modified and partly revoked by the Act of Uniformity Amendment Act 1872 . This has been repealed by the General Synod. Royal Exchange, London The Royal Exchange in London was founded in the 16th century by the merchant Sir Thomas Gresham on the suggestion of his factor Richard Clough to act as a centre of commerce for the City of London . The site

954-519: The Church of England after the passing of the Uniformity Act , and many of whom had English university degrees. After that generation, some tutors did not have those academic credentials to support their reputations, although in many cases other universities, particularly the Scottish institutions that were sympathetic to their Presbyterian views, awarded them honorary doctorates . There were several sources of funding. Some of these funds gave their trustees

1007-459: The centre of the 17th century courtyard) and Queen Elizabeth I by Musgrave Watson , 1844. The Charles II statue survived the fire of 1838 that destroyed the previous Exchange. The Elizabeth I statue was commissioned as she was the monarch who had conferred the status "Royal" on the Exchange. In front of the portico of the Royal Exchange is a statue of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington ,

1060-508: The church, although the new version of the Book of Common Prayer prescribed by the Act was so new that most people had never even seen a copy. The Act also required that the Book of Common Prayer "be truly and exactly Translated into the British or Welsh Tongue". It also explicitly required episcopal ordination for all ministers, i.e. deacons, priests and bishops, which had to be reintroduced since

1113-496: The city. It lies in the Ward of Cornhill . The exchange building has twice been destroyed by fire and subsequently rebuilt. The present building was designed by Sir William Tite in the 1840s. The site was notably occupied by the Lloyd's insurance market for nearly 150 years. Today, the Royal Exchange contains restaurants and luxury shops. Traditionally, the steps of the Royal Exchange are

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1166-577: The dead of military units associated with the City and County of London during the First World War . Designed by Sir Aston Webb , the monument is flanked by two bronze statues of soldiers and surmounted by a lion, all sculpted by Alfred Drury . It was unveiled on 12 November 1920 in the presence of the Duke of York , later King George VI . The golden Gresham Grasshopper is the Royal Exchange's weathervane and

1219-646: The defendant subsequently agree to swear oaths and not attend unlawful assemblies (as defined by the Act) then all penalties would be cancelled. The Book of Common Prayer introduced by Charles II was substantially the same as Elizabeth's version of 1559, itself based on Thomas Cranmer's earlier version of 1552 . Apart from minor changes this remains the official and permanent legal version of prayer authorised by Parliament and Church. The Toleration Act 1688 allowed certain dissenters places and freedom to worship, provided they accept to subscribe to an oath. The provisions of

1272-399: The end of July 1689, in consequence of the death of his favourite son, and returning to Rathmell. His pupil Timothy Jollie , independent minister at Sheffield, began Attercliffe Academy , on a more restricted principle than Frankland's, apparently excluding mathematics "as tending to scepticism". Uniformity Act 1662 The Act of Uniformity 1662 ( 14 Cha. 2 . c. 4) is an Act of

1325-505: The established church, this created the concept of non-conformity , with a substantial section of English society excluded from public affairs for a century and a half. The Act of Uniformity itself is one of four crucial pieces of legislation, known as the Clarendon Code , named after Edward Hyde , Earl of Clarendon, Charles II 's Lord Chancellor. They are: Combined with the Test Act ,

1378-521: The exchange in 1562, and its original design was inspired by the Antwerp bourse , the world's first purpose-built bourse , with which Thomas Gresham, the representative of the English crown in Antwerp, was familiar, and on which the designs of the bourses of Amsterdam (1611) and Rotterdam would also be based. It was Britain's first specialist commercial building , and Clough oversaw the importing of some of

1431-606: The first-floor walls by artists including Sir Frederic Leighton , Sir Frank Brangwyn and Stanhope Forbes . The murals run as a sequence: With the outbreak of the Second World War , trading at the Royal Exchange virtually ended. At war's end, the building had survived the Blitz , albeit with some near misses. In 1982 the Royal Exchange was in disrepair – in particular, the glass roof was in danger of collapse. The newly formed London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE)

1484-621: The last work of Sir Francis Leggatt Chantrey . The bronze used to cast it was donated by the government and sourced from French cannons captured during the Napoleonic Wars . It was unveiled on 18 June 1844, the anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo , in the presence of the King of Saxony . Between the Wellington statue and the exchange steps is the London Troops Memorial commemorating

1537-643: The locations of Frankland's migratory academy) from the 1690s onwards. In 1730, the King's Head Society was founded by laymen in London who were dissatisfied with the management of the Congregational Fund Board. (It took its name from the pub behind the Royal Exchange at which they met). The chief point of objection was the Fund Academies' rule which limited students to those who had already passed through

1590-490: The materials from Antwerp: stone, slate, wainscot and glass, for which he paid thousands of pounds himself. The Royal Exchange was officially opened on 23 January 1571 by Queen Elizabeth I , who awarded the building its royal title and a licence to sell alcohol and valuable goods. Only the exchange of goods took place until the 17th century. Stockbrokers were not allowed into the Royal Exchange because of their rude manners, hence they had to operate from other establishments in

1643-684: The ministry; its successor, the Presbyterian Fund Board, continued into the middle of the nineteenth century. An education at a dissenting academy was not the only option for the Fund Board, since a candidate could also be sponsored at a Scottish university, or elsewhere. A gap opened up between the Presbyterians and Congregationalists, as the Independents started to be called, for reasons of doctrine. The Independent or Congregational Fund Board

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1696-564: The most celebrated early academies, opposed any departure from Calvinist theology . It was rumoured that Jollie even forbade mathematics "as tending to scepticism and infidelity", although several of his students later became extremely proficient in the mathematics. Some academies were more broadminded in their teaching methodology, and in their attitudes towards possible methods of church governance. Indeed, several students at dissenting academies later became Anglicans. The dissenters themselves argued that their academies had stricter discipline than

1749-416: The mother tongue. Samuel Wesley the elder , a contemporary of Defoe's, described his teacher "as universal in his learning", although he also attacked the academy on uncertain grounds for promoting king-killing doctrines. James Burgh , author of The Dignity of Human Nature and Thoughts on Education , opened his dissenting academy there in 1750. (His widow helped Mary Wollstonecraft establish her school in

1802-486: The nineteenth century the academies' original purpose to provide a higher education was largely superseded by the founding of the University of London and the provincial universities, which were open to dissenters, and by reform of Oxford and Cambridge. Newington Green , in those days a village north of London, had several academies. Charles Morton (1626–1698), the educator and minister who ended his career as vice-president of Harvard College , ran an influential academy;

1855-525: The option of sending young men either to dissenting academies, or to universities abroad. An academy, to attract such students, had to offer a course of instruction approved of by the Board for its purposes. Funding might be central or local, and there could be doctrinal as well as practical reasons why a given academy was sent students with financial support. The Common Fund Board, founded in 1689, gave scholarships to Presbyterian and Congregational candidates for

1908-564: The place where certain royal proclamations (such as the dissolution of parliament) are read out by either a herald or a crier . Following the death or abdication of a monarch and the confirmation of the next monarch's accession to the throne by the Accession Council , the Royal Exchange Building is one of the locations where a herald proclaims the new monarch's reign to the public. Richard Clough initially suggested building

1961-486: The political change in 1660 , the founder of Rathmell Academy was Richard Frankland , who may have been involved in the Durham College project. Almost as soon as dissenting academies began to appear, Frankland was backed by those who wished to see an independent university-standard education available in the north of England. Tutors in the academies were initially drawn from the ejected ministers of 1662 , who had left

2014-481: The public mood. Some academies, such as that of John Shuttlewood, operated in remote areas of the countryside, and some tutors were required to leave towns where they had previously performed their ministry, for example under the Five Mile Act . The Toleration Act 1688 under the reign of William III and Mary II did not mention the dissenters' academies, and proceedings continued against dissenting tutors throughout

2067-488: The roof above the courtyard. In a lane by the eastern entrance to the Royal Exchange, stand two statues: one of Paul Julius Reuter who founded his news agency there, and one of George Peabody who founded the Peabody Trust and a business which became J.P. Morgan & Co. In 2013 a lease of Royal Exchange was sold by Anglo Irish Bank to Oxford Properties , a Canadian property company. It had been announced that

2120-732: The same religion, and give the name of infidel to none but bankrupts. There the Presbyterian confides in the Anabaptist, and the Churchman depends on the Quaker's word. A second complex was built on the site, designed by Edward Jarman and opened in 1669. It featured a tall wooden tower over the south entrance in Corn Hill; this eventually fell into disrepair and, in 1821, was replaced by a new stone tower and cupola designed by George Smith . The second Exchange

2173-522: The universities of Leyden , Utrecht , Glasgow or Edinburgh , the last, particularly, those who were studying medicine or law. Many students attending Utrecht were supported by the Presbyterian Fund . While the religious reasons mattered most, the geography of university education also was a factor. The plans for a Durham College of Oliver Cromwell provided an attempt to break the educational monopoly of Oxbridge , and while it failed because of

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2226-414: The universities, and were perceived by many to have promoted a more contemporary curriculum based on the practical sciences and modern history. In some of the larger academies French and High Dutch (German) were taught. The tutors and the students of the dissenting academies contributed in fundamental ways to the development of ideas, notably in the fields of theology, philosophy, literature, and science. In

2279-611: The vicinity, such as Jonathan's Coffee-House . Gresham's original building was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666. Take a view of the Royal Exchange in London, a place more venerable than many courts of justice, where the representatives of all nations meet for the benefit of mankind. There the Jew, the Mahometan [Muslim], and the Christian transact together, as though they all professed

2332-700: The village.) Anna Laetitia Barbauld , so closely associated with other leading dissenting academies, chose to spend the latter third of her life in Newington Green. Homerton College, Cambridge started life as the dissenting academy Independent College, Homerton , then another village north of London. The Tewkesbury Academy , set up by Samuel Jones , had as its students both dissenters such as Samuel Chandler and those who became significant establishment figures such as Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Secker and Joseph Butler . Sheriffhales Academy, Shropshire (1663–1697) under John Woodhouse. Philip Doddridge

2385-428: Was also burned down on 10 January 1838 in a fire caused by an overheated stove; the blaze was visible from Windsor , 24 miles (39 km) away. It had been used by the Lloyd's insurance market , which was forced to move temporarily to South Sea House following the 1838 fire. The third Royal Exchange building, which still stands today, was designed by Sir William Tite and adheres to the original layout–consisting of

2438-440: Was chosen in 1723 to conduct the academy being newly established at Market Harborough . It moved many times, and was known as Northampton Academy, Doddridge died in 1751 and the academy continued. and is probably best known as Daventry Academy , which Joseph Priestley attended. The academy ended up in London under the name of Coward College , as it was largely supported by the bequest of William Coward who died 1738. The college

2491-411: Was distinct from the ordinary Congregational funding. The letter of the law could make the running of a dissenting academy difficult or impossible. In the general framework according to which schools must be licensed by the bishop, and ministers (who made up most of the teaching staff) could be in legal trouble for the activities that held together their congregations, some academies simply shut down. For

2544-546: Was established in 1695 to assist poor ministers, and to give young men who had already received a classical education , the theological and other training preparatory to the Christian ministry. An early sign of the division between Presbyterians and Independents was the fate of the Rathmell Academy after the death of Frankland in 1698: it migrated to Manchester under John Chorlton , while another academy under Timothy Jollie , an Independent, operated at Attercliffe (one of

2597-430: Was one of three that amalgamated in 1850 into New College London . Hugh Farmer was educated at this college in its earlier days. Shrewsbury Academy was started by James Owen in 1702. Owen died 1706 and his place was filled by Samuel Benion. The academy continued until Benion's death in 1708. Warrington Academy led eventually, via Manchester and York , to Harris Manchester College, Oxford . In 1757, John Seddon ,

2650-463: Was provided by the City of London Corporation and the Worshipful Company of Mercers , who still jointly own the freehold. The original foundation was ceremonially opened by Queen Elizabeth I who granted it its "royal" title. The current neoclassical building has a trapezoidal floor plan and is flanked by Cornhill and Threadneedle Street , which converge at Bank junction in the heart of

2703-467: Was the crest of the founder, Sir Thomas Gresham . According to legend, a grasshopper's chirps once led to the discovery of a foundling, who became the first of the house of Gresham and the ancestor of Sir Thomas Gresham. The Grasshopper weathervane was rescued from the 1838 fire and is 11 feet (3.4 m) long. It stands 177 feet (54 m) above street level on a clock tower which has a clock by Edward John Dent . A similar grasshopper weathervane on

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2756-428: Was the main tenant, using the courtyard for the trading floor, all done without touching the framework of the original building. Liffe moved to Cannon Bridge in 1991. In 2001 the Royal Exchange (interiors and courtyard) was once again extensively remodelled, this time by architects Aukett Fitzroy Robinson . The works involved the restoration of the fabric of the building, a two floor office extension and replacement of

2809-440: Was to have the same number of bells as before the fire (nine) but was increased to 15 at the suggestion of Edward John Dent , who, having visited Brussels to obtain information as to the arrangement of carillons, was convinced to recommend that the number so that a greater range of tunes could be played. Professor Taylor advised the committee to increase them to fifteen, which would then allow of playing in three octaves. The largest

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