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27-518: [REDACTED] Look up dispersal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Dispersal may refer to: Biological dispersal , the movement of organisms away from aggregations of individuals such as movement from their birth site Dispersal vector , forces that carry seeds for plants Oceanic dispersal , the movement of terrestrial organisms from one land mass to another by sea-crossing Seed dispersal ,

54-610: A great size of audiences. This “equal voice” goal should be understood as individual's guaranteed media experience, where they freely express themselves and see themselves and their views are included in public discourse. Dispersed media ownership contributes to equalizing the distribution of media power. Still, other policy measures will be needed because people who have the similar values, experiences, and perspectives tend to control media entities. Government should take care of these demographic commonalities and try to include different demographic groups in public discourse. Similar to

81-540: A local newspaper, a monopolized cable provider and an internet service provider in a single market. He insisted that although FCC had a historic role to protect the diversity of news and information, the recent circumstances surrounding newspaper publishing and television industries forced them to form centralized institutions, for their own survival. C. Edwin Baker , the Nicholas F. Gallicchio Professor of Law and Communication at

108-528: A maximization of dispersed media power, which is ultimately represented by the ownership. Regarding this egalitarian "equal voice" goal, Baker noted three caveats. The democratic distribution value that maximizes dispersal of media power must not overwhelm the competing value of allowing effective speakers to accumulate large audiences. However, Baker notes, this does not mean that a single man can own multiple media outlets and entities. It only suggests that effective speakers are allowed to appeal to and obtain

135-758: A very small number of firms. Such media conglomerates own large numbers of companies in various media domains, such as television, radio, publishing, movies, and the Internet. For example, the Walt Disney Company , the largest media conglomerate in the United States in terms of revenue, owns the ABC television network, cable channels (for example, ESPN , Disney Channels Worldwide, and ABC Family ), and eight television stations. Moreover, they have radio stations such as ESPN Radio , and publishers like Marvel Comics . One of

162-480: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages dispersal [REDACTED] Look up dispersal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Dispersal may refer to: Biological dispersal , the movement of organisms away from aggregations of individuals such as movement from their birth site Dispersal vector , forces that carry seeds for plants Oceanic dispersal ,

189-545: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Dispersal of ownership Media ownership concentration is a state that fewer individuals or organizations control many and various media entities. For decades, this consolidation of media ownership has been progressive and also controversial in the United States . A recent study shows that many media industries in many areas and countries are highly concentrated and dominated by

216-477: Is understandable because these executives in those media giants are most likely to be required to maximize the profit rather than to serve their community by high standard reporting. These executives are rewarded (or fired) on the basis of their ability (or inability) to increase the bottom line. They often take some of identity from their achievements of profit-making. These bottom-line concerns are encouraged by day-to-day interactions, such as business trades, not with

243-465: The United Kingdom that houses Category A prisoners Dispersal index , for volcanic eruptions The dispersal area of an aerodrome , where aeroplanes are parked away from the runway. See also [ edit ] Dispersion (disambiguation) Dispersive (disambiguation) Dispersity , a measure of the heterogeneity of sizes of molecules or particles in a mixture Topics referred to by

270-408: The United Kingdom that houses Category A prisoners Dispersal index , for volcanic eruptions The dispersal area of an aerodrome , where aeroplanes are parked away from the runway. See also [ edit ] Dispersion (disambiguation) Dispersive (disambiguation) Dispersity , a measure of the heterogeneity of sizes of molecules or particles in a mixture Topics referred to by

297-579: The University of Pennsylvania Law School, proposes rationale for the standpoint of media owner dispersal, in challenging this FCC's attempts of deregulating media ownership restrictions. This normative value is based on the egalitarian premise of democracy, the " One man, one vote " requirement. Baker advocates that this premise should be applied to voice in the public sphere, since voice influences and forms public opinion, more than vote does. In other words, voice can form public opinion and it can also provide

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324-481: The claim that media consolidation reduces viewpoint diversity. They argue this “convergence hypothesis” is not empirically proven, but it has been recognized as “empirical bedrock” of FCC's regulation on media concentration. By adopting statistical techniques to previous five merger cases, they discuss that these media mergers, such as the merger of The New York Times and The Boston Globe , did not show any statistical correlation with reduction of viewpoint diversity on

351-520: The dispersed media ownership structure. FCC also explained this aspect of diversified ownership in 1970 as follows: A dispersed media structure increases the number of people who influence over potential corrupters. Media concentration worsens the problems of interest conflicts. Journalism is sometimes distorted by such conflicts of interest. In short, journalism is vulnerable to outside pressure. These journalistic distortions tend to occur with other media companies or multi-industry conglomerates for

378-405: The most prominent critics on this issue, Robert W. McChesney , points out that these media conglomerates can have a strong and harmful impact on media culture. According to him, media giants are most likely to be politically conservative, because they usually take advantage of the current social structure, and “any upheaval in property or social relations, particularly to the extent that it reduces

405-572: The movement of terrestrial organisms from one land mass to another by sea-crossing Seed dispersal , the movement or transport of seeds away from the parent plant Dispersal draft , a system in professional sports for reassigning players whose former team is defunct Dispersal of ownership , breaking up large media companies and media conglomerates to diversify ownership of property rights Dispersal (military) , strategic spreading-out of military personnel and equipment to reduce collateral damage Dispersal prison , one of five secure prisons in

432-467: The movement or transport of seeds away from the parent plant Dispersal draft , a system in professional sports for reassigning players whose former team is defunct Dispersal of ownership , breaking up large media companies and media conglomerates to diversify ownership of property rights Dispersal (military) , strategic spreading-out of military personnel and equipment to reduce collateral damage Dispersal prison , one of five secure prisons in

459-567: The people of a community that they are supposed to serve, but with other stakeholders and other executives who also value higher profits than journalism. Two structural reasons can be suggested to explain why these executives and media owners are not only less inclined, but also less free to make the choice of sacrificing profits for journalism. Contrarily, smaller, local owners who take aspects of identity from their contributions to their community and their journalistic outputs they produce; workers who take professional and journalistic pride in

486-400: The possibility of public deliberation. Consequently, this view leads to discussion that dispersal of media power should be maximized because the media is regarded as the central institution of domestic public sphere. Therefore, according to this value, concentration of media ownership does essentially harm basic principle of democratic society. These are the backbones of the recommendation for

513-542: The power of business, is not in their interest”. He warns possible lack of views that can oppose current societal structure. Other criticism comes from the aspects of mass media as business activities. U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Commissioner, Michael J. Copps criticize concentrating and highly commercializing media ownership by mentioning that “when TV and radio stations are not longer required by law to serve their local communities and are owned by huge national corporations, viewers and listeners have become

540-482: The products that broadcasters sell to advertisers.” In 2003, then FCC Chairman Michael K. Powell pushed to relax the FCC's long-standing rules on media concentration, which regulate the market share of cable networks in a market, the number of television stations owned by national networks, and newspaper-TV cross ownership. Powell planned to allow a single company to own up to three television stations, eight radio stations,

567-487: The promotion of other (commercial, financial, or political) interests. For example: Dispersal of ownership can reduce such conflicts. Media conglomerates' primary focus is placed on the bottom line , sacrificing quality of journalistic reporting. According to Baker, executives of conglomerate, especially private and publicly traded companies, without stable management structure, such as family or in-group ownership, tend to value profits over journalistic values. It

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594-430: The public sphere. Dispersed ownership can prevent such abuse of power --- the " Berlusconi effect.". The existence of the consolidated media power within the public sphere is a real danger. Democratic society cannot accept this risk of power abuse. Many countries have experienced abuse of the concentrated power implicit in conglomerate media ownership. In fact, in past, German media conglomerate allowed and even supported

621-661: The quality of their reports; non-profit organizations whose goals are to serve their community tend to value journalism over financial profits. Therefore, dispersal of ownership enhances quality of media contents. Daniel Ho, an Assistant Professor of Law & Robert E. Paradise Faculty Fellow for Excellence in Teaching and Research at Stanford Law School and Kevin Quinn, an Associate Professor in Department of Government and Institute for Quantitative Science at Harvard University , criticize

648-407: The rise of Hitler. Simply, dispersal media ownership results in putting more people and organizations into being watchdogs of the society. More people and organizations work as a watchdog, broader range of perspectives and more different insights, which can detect possible problems, will be brought to the society. As a result, more malfeasance and incompetence of the powerful can be scrutinized under

675-415: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Dispersal . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dispersal&oldid=1233731057 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

702-415: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Dispersal . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dispersal&oldid=1233731057 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

729-432: The second point above, even legal efforts are also required to assure that different voices are represented in media entities. This view argues that wide dispersed media ownership function work as safeguard for democratic society. Baker suggests four examples on how this dispersed media ownership contributes to sound democratic society. Media conglomerates influence public opinion and may try to control influence over

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