85-695: Aaron Mitchell Dismuke (born October 13, 1992) is an American voice actor, ADR director and script writer. He is known for his role as Alphonse Elric in the English dub of the first Fullmetal Alchemist television series, whom he voiced when he was 12 years old. He is also known for his directorial work for the English dubs of Nanbaka , Shomin Sample , Tsugumomo , Cheer Boys , Kaguya-sama: Love Is War , Black Clover , Dr. Stone and Luck and Logic . He has since voiced many characters for anime , mostly dubbed by Funimation . Dismuke made his start as
170-490: A production sound mixer records dialogue during filming. During post-production, a supervising sound editor , or ADR supervisor, reviews all of the dialogue in the film and decides which lines must be re-recorded. ADR is recorded during an ADR session, which takes place in a specialized sound studio . Multiple takes are recorded, and the most suitable take becomes the final version, or portions of various takes may be edited together. The ADR process does not always take place in
255-459: A closed-circuit system as an analog signal. Broadcast or studio cameras use a single or dual coaxial cable system using serial digital interface (SDI). See List of video connectors for information about physical connectors and related signal standards. Video may be transported over networks and other shared digital communications links using, for instance, MPEG transport stream , SMPTE 2022 and SMPTE 2110 . Digital television broadcasts use
340-499: A dubbed version. Hong Kong live-action films have a long tradition of being dubbed into Mandarin, while more famous films offer a Cantonese version. In Georgia , original soundtracks are kept in films and TV series, but with voice-over translation. There are exceptions, such as some children's cartoons. In India , where "foreign films" are synonymous with " Hollywood films ", dubbing is done mostly in Hindi , Tamil and Telugu . Dubbing
425-598: A few minutes, and then work on the segments one-by-one. In addition to the correct meaning in translation, they make tremendous effort to match the lips of the actors to the dialogue. As a result, the dubbing in these films generally is not readily detected. The cast of dubbers is acknowledged at the end of a dubbed film. Several dubbing actors and actresses of the Shanghai Film Dubbing Studio have become well-known celebrities, such as Qiu Yuefeng, Bi Ke, Li Zi, and Liu Guangning. In recent years, however, especially in
510-564: A few months or years later, those movies appear on TV either dubbed in Indonesian or subtitled. Kids shows are mostly dubbed, though even in cartoon series, songs typically are not dubbed, but in big movies such as Disney movies, both speaking and singing voice are cast for the Indonesian dub. Adult films are mostly subtitled but sometimes they can be dubbed as well, and because there are not many Indonesian voice actors, multiple characters might have
595-646: A long tradition of dubbing foreign films into Mandarin Chinese , starting in the 1930s. While during the Republic of China era Western motion pictures may have been imported and dubbed into Chinese, since 1950 Soviet movies became the main import, sometimes even surpassing the local production. In Communist China, most European movies were dubbed in Shanghai, whereas Asian and Soviet films were usually dubbed in Changchun . During
680-460: A more precise guide for the actors, directors , and technicians, and can be used to complement the traditional ADR method. The "band" is actually a clear 35 mm film leader on which the dialogue is hand-written in India ink , together with numerous additional indications for the actor—including laughs, cries, length of syllables, mouth sounds, breaths, and mouth openings and closings. The rythmo band
765-433: A natively progressive broadcast or recorded signal, the result is the optimum spatial resolution of both the stationary and moving parts of the image. Interlacing was invented as a way to reduce flicker in early mechanical and CRT video displays without increasing the number of complete frames per second . Interlacing retains detail while requiring lower bandwidth compared to progressive scanning. In interlaced video,
850-442: A number is available. Analog video is a video signal represented by one or more analog signals . Analog color video signals include luminance (Y) and chrominance (C). When combined into one channel, as is the case among others with NTSC , PAL , and SECAM , it is called composite video . Analog video may be carried in separate channels, as in two-channel S-Video (YC) and multi-channel component video formats. Analog video
935-438: A particular refresh rate, display resolution , and color space . Many analog and digital recording formats are in use, and digital video clips can also be stored on a computer file system as files, which have their own formats. In addition to the physical format used by the data storage device or transmission medium, the stream of ones and zeros that is sent must be in a particular digital video coding format , for which
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#17328907300731020-431: A post-production studio. The process may be recorded on location with mobile equipment. ADR can also be recorded without showing the actor the image they must match, but by having them listen to the performance, since some actors believe that watching themselves act can degrade subsequent performances. The director may be present during ADR; alternatively, they may leave it up to a trusted sound editor, an ADR specialist, and
1105-498: A projector one by one. For each scene, the loop would be played repeatedly while the voice actor performed the lines, trying to synchronize them to the filmed performance. This was known as "looping" or a "looping session". Loading and reloading the film loops while the talent and recording crew stood by was tedious. Later, videotape and then digital technology replaced the film loops, and the process became known as automated dialogue replacement (ADR). In conventional film production,
1190-507: A ratio between width and height. The ratio of width to height for a traditional television screen is 4:3, or about 1.33:1. High-definition televisions use an aspect ratio of 16:9, or about 1.78:1. The aspect ratio of a full 35 mm film frame with soundtrack (also known as the Academy ratio ) is 1.375:1. Pixels on computer monitors are usually square, but pixels used in digital video often have non-square aspect ratios, such as those used in
1275-773: A result of the boycott by the British actors' union Equity , which banned the sale of most British television programs, the puppet series The Adventures of Rupert Bear was dubbed into South African English , as the original voices had been recorded by Equity voice artists. This practice has declined as a result of the reduction of airtime for the language on SABC TV, and the increase of locally produced material in Afrikaans on other channels like KykNet . Similarly, many programs, such as The Jeffersons , were dubbed into Zulu , but this has also declined as local drama production has increased. However, some animated films, such as Maya
1360-404: A sequence of miniature photographic images visible to the eye when the film is physically examined. Video, by contrast, encodes images electronically, turning the images into analog or digital electronic signals for transmission or recording. Video technology was first developed for mechanical television systems, which were quickly replaced by cathode-ray tube (CRT) television systems. Video
1445-583: A variety of media, including radio broadcasts , magnetic tape , optical discs , computer files , and network streaming . The word video comes from the Latin video (I see). Video developed from facsimile systems developed in the mid-19th century. Early mechanical video scanners, such as the Nipkow disk , were patented as early as 1884, however, it took several decades before practical video systems could be developed, many decades after film . Film records using
1530-572: A young child. His cousin, voice actor and director Justin Cook , helped to gain him his first role. He started voice acting at nine years old, where he voiced Hiro Sohma and the young Akito Sohma in Fruits Basket (2001). When he was twelve years old, he was given his first lead role as Alphonse Elric in Fullmetal Alchemist . In Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood , his role of Alphonse Elric
1615-509: Is a post-production process used in filmmaking and video production where supplementary recordings (known as doubles ) are lip-synced and "mixed" with original production audio to create the final product. Often this process is performed on films by replacing the original language to offer voiced-over translations. After sound editors edit and prepare all the necessary tracks—dialogue, automated dialogue replacement (ADR), effects, Foley , and music—the dubbing mixers proceed to balance all of
1700-456: Is in rough chronological order. All formats listed were sold to and used by broadcasters, video producers, or consumers; or were important historically. Digital video tape recorders offered improved quality compared to analog recorders. Optical storage mediums offered an alternative, especially in consumer applications, to bulky tape formats. A video codec is software or hardware that compresses and decompresses digital video . In
1785-455: Is less sensitive to details in color than brightness, the luminance data for all pixels is maintained, while the chrominance data is averaged for a number of pixels in a block, and the same value is used for all of them. For example, this results in a 50% reduction in chrominance data using 2-pixel blocks (4:2:2) or 75% using 4-pixel blocks (4:2:0). This process does not reduce the number of possible color values that can be displayed, but it reduces
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#17328907300731870-532: Is low), often with the English-language originals released in the metropolitan areas. In all other states, the English originals are released along with the dubbed versions, where often the dubbed version collections are more outstanding than the originals. Spider-Man 3 was also done in the Bhojpuri language , a language popular in eastern India in addition to Hindi, Tamil and Telugu. A Good Day to Die Hard ,
1955-517: Is often described as 576i50 , where 576 indicates the total number of horizontal scan lines, i indicates interlacing, and 50 indicates 50 fields (half-frames) per second. When displaying a natively interlaced signal on a progressive scan device, the overall spatial resolution is degraded by simple line doubling —artifacts, such as flickering or "comb" effects in moving parts of the image that appear unless special signal processing eliminates them. A procedure known as deinterlacing can optimize
2040-401: Is one that feels like the original character is speaking the target language. Therefore, in the localization process, the position of the dialogue writing or song writing is extremely important. Localization is the practice of adapting a film or television series from one region of the world for another. In contrast to pure translation, localization encompasses adapting the content to suit
2125-568: Is performed in the Levant countries with a strong tradition of dubbing (mainly Syria , Lebanon and Jordan ). Egypt was the first Arab country in charge of dubbing Disney movies in 1975 and used to do it exclusively in Egyptian Arabic rather than Modern Standard Arabic until 2011, and since then many other companies started dubbing their productions in this dialect. Beginning with Encanto , Disney movies are now dubbed in both dialects. In
2210-402: Is projected in the studio and scrolls in perfect synchronization with the picture. Studio time is used more efficiently, since with the aid of scrolling text, picture, and audio cues, actors can read more lines per hour than with ADR alone (only picture and audio). With ADR, actors can average 10–12 lines per hour, while rythmo band can facilitate the reading of 35-50 lines per hour. However,
2295-464: Is rarely done with the other major Indian languages, namely Bengali , Gujarati , Kannada , Malayalam , Marathi , and Odia , due to lack of significant market size. Despite this, some Kannada and Malayalam dubs of children television programs can be seen on the Sun TV channel. The dubbed versions are released into the towns and lower tier settlements of the respective states (where English penetration
2380-527: Is reduced by registering differences between parts of a single frame; this task is known as intraframe compression and is closely related to image compression . Likewise, temporal redundancy can be reduced by registering differences between frames; this task is known as interframe compression , including motion compensation and other techniques. The most common modern compression standards are MPEG-2 , used for DVD , Blu-ray, and satellite television , and MPEG-4 , used for AVCHD , mobile phones (3GP), and
2465-422: Is shot at a slower frame rate of 24 frames per second, which slightly complicates the process of transferring a cinematic motion picture to video. The minimum frame rate to achieve a comfortable illusion of a moving image is about sixteen frames per second. Video can be interlaced or progressive . In progressive scan systems, each refresh period updates all scan lines in each frame in sequence. When displaying
2550-502: Is used in NTSC television, YUV is used in PAL television, YDbDr is used by SECAM television, and YCbCr is used for digital video. The number of distinct colors a pixel can represent depends on the color depth expressed in the number of bits per pixel. A common way to reduce the amount of data required in digital video is by chroma subsampling (e.g., 4:4:4, 4:2:2, etc.). Because the human eye
2635-440: Is used in both consumer and professional television production applications. Digital video signal formats have been adopted, including serial digital interface (SDI), Digital Visual Interface (DVI), High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) and DisplayPort Interface. Video can be transmitted or transported in a variety of ways including wireless terrestrial television as an analog or digital signal, coaxial cable in
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2720-575: The Luganda translation and comments, provided by an Ugandan "video jockey" (VJ). VJ's interpreting and narration may be available in a recorded form or live. In Azerbaijan , foreign movies are released in their original language with Azerbaijani subtitles in cinemas. Additionally, some theaters offer Russian and Turkish versions. According to the law, films intended for theatrical release must either be dubbed or subtitled. All television channels are required to broadcast movies and TV shows with dubbed audio. In
2805-499: The MPEG-2 and other video coding formats and include: Analog television broadcast standards include: An analog video format consists of more information than the visible content of the frame. Preceding and following the image are lines and pixels containing metadata and synchronization information. This surrounding margin is known as a blanking interval or blanking region ; the horizontal and vertical front porch and back porch are
2890-573: The UK , it is also called "post-synchronization" or "post-sync". The insertion of voice actor performances for animation , such as computer generated imagery or animated cartoons , is often referred to as ADR although it generally does not replace existing dialogue. The ADR process may be used to: Other examples include: An alternative method to dubbing, called "rythmo band" (or " lip-sync band"), has historically been used in Canada and France . It provides
2975-547: The consumer market . Digital video is capable of higher quality and, eventually, a much lower cost than earlier analog technology. After the commercial introduction of the DVD in 1997 and later the Blu-ray Disc in 2006, sales of videotape and recording equipment plummeted. Advances in computer technology allow even inexpensive personal computers and smartphones to capture, store, edit, and transmit digital video, further reducing
3060-601: The 1960s and 1970s with the inflow of American, European and Hindi movies. Video Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying , playback, broadcasting , and display of moving visual media . Video was first developed for mechanical television systems, which were quickly replaced by cathode-ray tube (CRT) systems, which, in turn, were replaced by flat-panel displays of several types. Video systems vary in display resolution , aspect ratio , refresh rate , color capabilities, and other qualities. Analog and digital variants exist and can be carried on
3145-1005: The 1960s. In the early decades, it would dub 25 to 30 movies each year, the number rising to 60–75 by the early 2010s. Motion pictures are dubbed for China's Mongol- and Uyghur-speaking markets as well. Chinese television dramas are often dubbed in Standard Mandarin by professional voice actors to remove accents, improve poor performances, or change lines to comply with local censorship laws. In Hong Kong , foreign television programs, except for English-language and Mandarin television programs, are dubbed in Cantonese . English-language and Mandarin programs are generally shown in their original with subtitles. Foreign films, such as most live-action and animated films (such as anime and Disney), are usually dubbed in Cantonese. However most cinemas also offer subtitled versions of English-language films. For
3230-623: The 2000s, the dubbing practice has differed depending on the nature and origin of the program. Animations, children's shows and some educational programs on PTS are mostly dubbed. English live-action movies and shows are not dubbed in theaters or on television. Japanese TV dramas are no longer dubbed, while Korean dramas, Hong Kong dramas and dramas from other Asian countries are still often dubbed. Korean variety shows are not dubbed. Japanese and Korean films on Asian movie channels are still dubbed. In theaters, most foreign films are not dubbed, while animated films and some films meant for children offer
3315-728: The Arabic-speaking countries, children's shows (mainly cartoons and kids sitcoms) are dubbed in Arabic, or Arabic subtitles are used. The only exception was telenovelas dubbed in Standard Arabic, or dialects, but also Turkish series, most notably Gümüş , in Syrian Arabic. An example of Arabic voice actors that dub for certain performers is Safi Mohammed for Elijah Wood . In Tunisia , the Tunisia National Television (TNT),
3400-508: The Bee , have been dubbed in both Afrikaans and Zulu by local artists. In 2018, eExtra began showing the Turkish drama series Paramparça dubbed in Afrikaans as Gebroke Harte or "Broken Hearts", the first foreign drama to be dubbed in the language for twenty years. Uganda's own film industry is fairly small, and foreign movies are commonly watched. The English soundtrack is often accompanied by
3485-606: The Cultural Revolution, North Korean, Romanian and Albanian films became popular. Beginning in the late 1970s, in addition to films, popular TV series from the United States, Japan, Brazil, and Mexico were also dubbed. The Shanghai Film Dubbing Studio has been the most well-known studio in the film dubbing industry in China. In order to generate high-quality products, they divide each film into short segments, each one lasting only
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3570-463: The Internet. Stereoscopic video for 3D film and other applications can be displayed using several different methods: Different layers of video transmission and storage each provide their own set of formats to choose from. For transmission, there is a physical connector and signal protocol (see List of video connectors ). A given physical link can carry certain display standards that specify
3655-489: The PAL and NTSC variants of the CCIR 601 digital video standard and the corresponding anamorphic widescreen formats. The 720 by 480 pixel raster uses thin pixels on a 4:3 aspect ratio display and fat pixels on a 16:9 display. The popularity of viewing video on mobile phones has led to the growth of vertical video . Mary Meeker , a partner at Silicon Valley venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers , highlighted
3740-487: The United States, many of these voice artists may employ pseudonyms or go uncredited due to Screen Actors Guild regulations or the desire to dissociate themselves from the role. In Algeria , Morocco , and Tunisia, most foreign movies (especially Hollywood productions) are shown dubbed in French. These movies are usually imported directly from French film distributors. The choice of movies dubbed into French can be explained by
3825-532: The advent of movies and cinemas in the country. Since then, foreign movies have always been dubbed for the cinema and TV foreign films and television programs are subtitled in Persian . Using various voice actors and adding local hints and witticisms to the original contents, dubbing played a major role in attracting people to the cinemas and developing an interest in other cultures. The dubbing art in Iran reached its apex during
3910-450: The building blocks of the blanking interval. Computer display standards specify a combination of aspect ratio, display size, display resolution, color depth, and refresh rate. A list of common resolutions is available. Early television was almost exclusively a live medium, with some programs recorded to film for historical purposes using Kinescope . The analog video tape recorder was commercially introduced in 1951. The following list
3995-438: The context of video compression, codec is a portmanteau of encoder and decoder , while a device that only compresses is typically called an encoder , and one that only decompresses is a decoder . The compressed data format usually conforms to a standard video coding format . The compression is typically lossy , meaning that the compressed video lacks some information present in the original video. A consequence of this
4080-417: The cost of video production and allowing programmers and broadcasters to move to tapeless production . The advent of digital broadcasting and the subsequent digital television transition are in the process of relegating analog video to the status of a legacy technology in most parts of the world. The development of high-resolution video cameras with improved dynamic range and color gamuts , along with
4165-509: The display of an interlaced video signal from an analog, DVD, or satellite source on a progressive scan device such as an LCD television , digital video projector , or plasma panel. Deinterlacing cannot, however, produce video quality that is equivalent to true progressive scan source material. Aspect ratio describes the proportional relationship between the width and height of video screens and video picture elements. All popular video formats are rectangular , and this can be described by
4250-509: The dubbed versions. The same situation is encountered in films. Sometimes foreign programs and films receive more than one dub, such as for example, Jumanji , Dragonheart and Van Helsing having two Hindi dubs. Information for the Hindi, Tamil and Telugu voice actors who have done the voices for specific actors and for their roles on foreign films and television programs are published in local Indian data magazines, for those that are involved in
4335-481: The dubbing cast or staff. The DVD releases, however, do have credits for the dubbing staff, if they are released multilingual. As of recently, information for the dubbing staff of foreign productions have been expanding due to high demands of people wanting to know the voice actors behind characters in foreign works. Unlike movie theaters in most Asian countries, those in Indonesia show foreign movies with subtitles. Then
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#17328907300734420-517: The dubbing industry in India. But on a few occasions, there are some foreign productions that do credit the dubbing cast, such as animated films like the Barbie films, and some Disney films. Disney Channel original series released on DVD with their Hindi dubs show a list of the artists in the Hindi dub credits, after the original ending credits. Theatrical releases and VCD releases of foreign films do not credit
4505-411: The elements and record the finished soundtrack . While dubbing and ADR are similar processes that focus on enhancing and replacing dialogue audio, ADR is a process in which the original actors re-record and synchronize audio segments. This allows filmmakers to replace unclear dialogue if there was issues with the script, background noise, or the original recording. The term "dubbing" commonly refers to
4590-560: The exact same voice. When it comes to reality shows, whether the show is dubbed or not differs. For example, the Japanese competition show TV Champion Japan are fully dubbed, while other reality shows are aired with Indonesian subtitles. All Malay language TV shows, including animated ones, are subtitled instead, likely due to the language's mutual intelligibility with Indonesian. In Iran , International foreign films and television programs are dubbed in Persian . Dubbing began in 1946 with
4675-445: The fields one at a time, rather than dividing up a complete frame after it is captured, the frame rate for motion is effectively doubled as well, resulting in smoother, more lifelike reproduction of rapidly moving parts of the image when viewed on an interlaced CRT display. NTSC, PAL, and SECAM are interlaced formats. Abbreviated video resolution specifications often include an i to indicate interlacing. For example, PAL video format
4760-418: The film. Automated dialogue replacement ( ADR ) is the process of re-recording dialogue by the original actor (or a replacement actor) after the filming process to improve audio quality or make changes to the initially scripted dialog. In the early days of talkies , a loop of film would be cut and spliced together for each of the scenes that needed to be rerecorded, and then the loops would be loaded onto
4845-481: The final dub product is significantly different from the original. Some fans frown on any extensive localization, while others expect it, and to varying degrees, appreciate it. The new voice track is usually spoken by a voice actor . In many countries, actors who regularly perform this duty remain little-known, with the exception of particular circles (such as anime fandom ) or when their voices have become synonymous with roles or actors whose voices they usually dub. In
4930-414: The first practical video tape recorders (VTR). In 1951, the first VTR captured live images from television cameras by writing the camera's electrical signal onto magnetic videotape . Video recorders were sold for $ 50,000 in 1956, and videotapes cost US$ 300 per one-hour reel. However, prices gradually dropped over the years; in 1971, Sony began selling videocassette recorder (VCR) decks and tapes into
5015-466: The growth of vertical video viewing in her 2015 Internet Trends Report – growing from 5% of video viewing in 2010 to 29% in 2015. Vertical video ads like Snapchat 's are watched in their entirety nine times more frequently than landscape video ads. The color model uses the video color representation and maps encoded color values to visible colors reproduced by the system. There are several such representations in common use: typically, YIQ
5100-432: The horizontal scan lines of each complete frame are treated as if numbered consecutively and captured as two fields : an odd field (upper field) consisting of the odd-numbered lines and an even field (lower field) consisting of the even-numbered lines. Analog display devices reproduce each frame, effectively doubling the frame rate as far as perceptible overall flicker is concerned. When the image capture device acquires
5185-749: The introduction of high-dynamic-range digital intermediate data formats with improved color depth , has caused digital video technology to converge with film technology. Since 2013, the use of digital cameras in Hollywood has surpassed the use of film cameras. Frame rate , the number of still pictures per unit of time of video, ranges from six or eight frames per second ( frame/s ) for old mechanical cameras to 120 or more frames per second for new professional cameras. PAL standards (Europe, Asia, Australia, etc.) and SECAM (France, Russia, parts of Africa, etc.) specify 25 frame/s, while NTSC standards (United States, Canada, Japan, etc.) specify 29.97 frame/s. Film
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#17328907300735270-635: The language rule. In South Africa , many television programs were dubbed in Afrikaans , with the original soundtrack (usually in English, but sometimes Dutch or German ) " simulcast " in FM stereo on Radio 2000 . These included US series such as The Six Million Dollar Man (Steve Austin: Die Man van Staal) , Miami Vice (Misdaad in Miami) , Beverly Hills 90210 , and the German detective series Derrick . As
5355-613: The larger cities on the east and south coasts, it has become increasingly common for movie theaters to show subtitled versions with the original soundtracks intact. Motion pictures are also dubbed into the languages of some of China's autonomous regions . Notably, the Translation Department of the Tibetan Autonomous Region Movie Company (西藏自治区电影公司译制科) has been dubbing movies into the Tibetan language since
5440-507: The most part, foreign films and TV programs, both live-action and animated, are generally dubbed in both Mandarin and Cantonese. For example, in The Lord of the Rings film series, Elijah Wood's character Frodo Baggins was dubbed into Mandarin by Jiang Guangtao for China and Taiwan. For the Cantonese localization, there were actually two dubs for Hong Kong and Macau . In the first Cantonese dub, he
5525-540: The most recent installment in the Die Hard franchise, was the first ever Hollywood film to receive a Punjabi language dub as well. Most TV channels mention neither the Indian-language dubbing credits, nor its staff, at the end of the original ending credits, since changing the credits casting for the original actors or voice actors involves a huge budget for modifying, making it somewhat difficult to find information for
5610-471: The nation and its leaders and promoting standardized national languages at the expense of local dialects and minority languages. In post-Nazi Germany , dubbing was used to downplay events in the country's recent past, as in the case of the dub of Alfred Hitchcock 's Notorious , where the Nazi organization upon which the film's plot centers was changed to a drug smuggling enterprise. The first post- WWII movie dub
5695-622: The number of distinct points at which the color changes. Video quality can be measured with formal metrics like peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) or through subjective video quality assessment using expert observation. Many subjective video quality methods are described in the ITU-T recommendation BT.500 . One of the standardized methods is the Double Stimulus Impairment Scale (DSIS). In DSIS, each expert views an unimpaired reference video, followed by an impaired version of
5780-532: The official voice. Films, videos , and sometimes video games are dubbed into the local language of a foreign market. In foreign distribution, dubbing is common in theatrically released films, television films , television series , cartoons , anime and telenovelas . In many countries, dubbing was adopted, at least in part, for political reasons. In authoritarian states such as Fascist Italy and Francoist Spain , dubbing could be used to enforce particular ideological agendas, excising negative references to
5865-402: The original language, the dubbing process includes the following tasks: Sometimes the translator performs all five tasks. In other cases, the translator just submits a rough translation and a dialogue writer does the rest. However, the language expertise of translator and dialog writing is different; translators must be proficient in the source language, while dialog writers must be proficient in
5950-541: The past, voice-over was commonly used, but in the last decade, channels have improved the quality by adopting full dubbing. DVD releases are typically imported from Russia or Turkey. The absence of detailed laws, limited regulations, monitoring, and industry interest contribute to ongoing debates on how movies and series should be released. However, certain series and movies (The Kingdom of Solomon, Mokhtarnameh, and Prophet Joseph etc.), have been fully dubbed and released, including availability in home media formats. China has
6035-469: The peaks of the dialog, and automatically time-fit the new dubbed performance to the original to create perfect synchronization. Sometimes, an actor other than the original actor is used during ADR. One example is the Star Wars character Darth Vader , portrayed by David Prowse ; in post-production, James Earl Jones dubbed the voice of Vader. In India , the process is simply known as "dubbing", while in
6120-421: The performers. As of 2020, the automated process includes sophisticated techniques, including automatically displaying lines on-screen for the talent, automated cues, shifting the audio track for accurate synchronization, and time-fitting algorithms for stretching or compressing portions of a spoken line. There is software that can sort out spoken words from ambient sounds in the original filmed soundtrack, detect
6205-417: The preparation of a rythmo band is a time-consuming process involving a series of specialists organized in a production line. This has prevented the technique from being more widely adopted, but software emulations of rythmo band technology overcome the disadvantages of the traditional rythmo band process and significantly reduce the time needed to prepare a dubbing session. For dubs into a language other than
6290-457: The public broadcaster of Tunisia, is not allowed to show any content in any language other than Arabic, which forces it to broadcast only dubbed content (this restriction was recently removed for commercials). During the 1970s and 1980s, TNT (known as ERTT at the time) started dubbing famous cartoons in Tunisian and Standard Arabic. However, in the private sector, television channels are not subject to
6375-453: The recording setting with the actors or the voice talents, to ensure that the dialogue is being spoken in the way that it was written to be, and to avoid any ambiguity in the way the dialogue is to be read (focusing on emphasis, intonation, pronunciation, articulation, pronouncing foreign words correctly, etc.). The overall goal is to make sure the script creates the illusion of authenticity of the spoken language. A successful localization product
6460-440: The replacement of actors' voices with those of different performers who recite their dialogue for international audiences, typically in a different language from the original dialogue. When a voice is created from scratch for animations, the term "original voice" is used, since these media are often partially finished before the voice is implemented. The voice work would still be part of the creation process, thus being considered
6545-436: The same video. The expert then rates the impaired video using a scale ranging from "impairments are imperceptible" to "impairments are very annoying." Uncompressed video delivers maximum quality, but at a very high data rate . A variety of methods are used to compress video streams, with the most effective ones using a group of pictures (GOP) to reduce spatial and temporal redundancy . Broadly speaking, spatial redundancy
6630-453: The target audience. For example, culture-specific references may be replaced and footage may be removed or added. Dub localization is a contentious issue in cinephilia among aficionados of foreign filmmaking and television programs , particularly anime fans. While some localization is virtually inevitable in translation, the controversy surrounding how much localization is "too much" is often discussed in such communities, especially when
6715-424: The target language. The dialogue writer's role is to make the translation sound natural in the target language, and to make the translation sound like a credible dialogue instead of merely a translated text. Another task of dialogue writers is to check whether a translation matches an on-screen character's mouth movements or not, by reading aloud simultaneously with the character. The dialogue writer often stays in
6800-524: The widespread use of the French language. Another important factor is that local theaters and private media companies do not dub in local languages in order to avoid high costs, but also because of the lack of both expertise and demand. Beginning in the 1980s, dubbed series and movies for children in Modern Standard Arabic became a popular choice among most TV channels, cinemas and VHS/DVD stores. However, dubbed films are still imported, and dubbing
6885-681: Was Konstantin Zaslonov (1949) dubbed from Russian into the Czech language . In Western Europe after World War II , dubbing was attractive to many film producers as it helped to enable co-production between companies in different countries, in turn allowing them to pool resources and benefit from financial support from multiple governments. The use of dubbing meant that multi-national casts could be assembled and were able to use their preferred language for their performances, with appropriate post-production dubs being carried out before distributing versions of
6970-615: Was cast in his first role in cartoons as Oscar Pine in the Rooster Teeth animated series RWBY . In 2017, he was cast as Yukiya Naruse from Code Geass: Akito the Exiled . In 2018, he was cast as Tamaki Amajiki from My Hero Academia . In 2019, he was cast in his second role in cartoons as Beetle in a Cartoon Network series Beetle + Bean . [REDACTED] Media related to Aaron Dismuke at Wikimedia Commons Post-synchronization Dubbing (also known as re-recording and mixing )
7055-407: Was originally exclusively live technology. Live video cameras used an electron beam, which would scan a photoconductive plate with the desired image and produce a voltage signal proportional to the brightness in each part of the image. The signal could then be sent to televisions, where another beam would receive and display the image. Charles Ginsburg led an Ampex research team to develop one of
7140-956: Was replaced by Maxey Whitehead due to puberty, but returns to reprise his role in the live-action movie on Netflix. He also voiced the young Van Hohenheim , the Elric brothers' father in Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood . He is also the voice of many characters such as Chihiro Furuya from Sankarea , Lucifer from The Devil is a Part-Timer! , Arslan from The Heroic Legend of Arslan , Twelve from Terror in Resonance , Shun Asanaga from Endride , Hayashi from Recovery of an MMO Junkie , Leonardo Watch from Blood Blockade Battlefront , Van Fanel from The Vision of Escaflowne , Senku Ishigami from Dr. Stone and Miyuki Shirogane in Kaguya-sama: Love Is War . In 2016, he
7225-577: Was voiced by Leung Wai Tak, while in the second Cantonese dub, he was voiced by Bosco Tang. Taiwan dubs some foreign films and TV series in Mandarin Chinese. Until the mid-1990s, the major national terrestrial channels both dubbed and subtitled all foreign programs and films and, for some popular programs, the original voices were offered in second audio program . Gradually, however, both terrestrial and cable channels stopped dubbing for prime time U.S. shows and films, while subtitling continued. In
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