Disklavier / ˈ d ɪ s k l ə v ɪər / is a brand of reproducing pianos manufactured by Yamaha Corporation . The first Disklavier was introduced in the United States in 1987.
84-500: The typical Disklavier is a real acoustic piano outfitted with electronic sensors for recording and electromechanical solenoids for player piano -style playback. Sensors record the movements of the keys, hammers, and pedals during a performance, and the system saves the performance data as a Standard MIDI File (SMF). On playback, the solenoids move the keys and pedals and thus reproduce the original performance. Modern Disklaviers typically include an array of electronic features, such as
168-458: A "silent system" that does not require special installation or instrument modification is added to allow for headphone connectivity and access to the instrument's digital sounds, which include a special binaurally captured CFX Concert Grand sample. Because piano components and solenoids can be affected by environmental changes, a patented DSP servo drive system that monitors and controls key and pedal movement to ensure accurate performance reproduction
252-473: A Java application that runs on a personal computer, and apps that run on iOS -based portable devices. Disklaviers have been manufactured in the form of upright, baby grand, and grand piano styles (including a nine-foot concert grand). Reproducing systems have ranged from relatively simple, playback-only models to the PRO models which record performance data at resolutions that exceed the limits of normal MIDI data. From
336-502: A Yamaha-proprietary file format called E-SEQ, a forerunner of the subsequent industry-standard file format known as Standard MIDI Files . All of these instruments featured ports for MIDI input and output. Technical innovations found on these early model instruments included hammer sensors for recording (MX100A, MX100B, and Wagon Grand), recording and playback of incremental pedal data (Wagon Grand), and moving pedals during playback (all models). The next generation of Disklaviers began with
420-452: A built-in tone generator for playing back MIDI accompaniment tracks, speakers, MIDI connectivity that supports communication with computing devices and external MIDI instruments, additional ports for audio and SMPTE I/O, and Internet connectivity. Historically, a variety of devices have been used to control or operate the instrument, including buttons on a control box mounted on the piano, infrared handheld controllers, handheld wi-fi controllers,
504-525: A clear split lid, and a built-in Windows computer with a touch-screen monitor. Internally, this 7-foot-6-inch (2.29 m) piano with a AAA–c ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ (88 keys) compass was based on the Mark III PRO Disklavier system. The instrument offered a glimpse into the future of Disklavier and piano manufacturing. This was the first Disklavier to support playback of video-synchronized recordings. There
588-468: A controlled magnetic field . The coil can produce a uniform magnetic field in a volume of space when an electric current is passed through it. André-Marie Ampère coined the term solenoid in 1823, having conceived of the device in 1820. The French term originally created by Ampère is solénoïde , which is a French transliteration of the Greek word σωληνοειδὴς which means tubular . The helical coil of
672-456: A curtain of felt between the hammers and the strings thus significantly reducing the volume of the acoustic piano. This feature could also be used whilst the disklavier system was being used however this feature was a very rare option for pianos with a silent system fitted. The Mark III system followed in 2000. The Mark III included a variety of underlying technical improvements to the record and playback system. An especially noteworthy improvement
756-529: A local area network. There was also an embedded Java application known as the Virtual PRC which could be accessed and run on Mac and Windows computers that were on the same network as the piano. In January 2011, Yamaha expanded the control features of the instrument by offering a free iOS application that was able to control the instrument over the local network. Other features of the instrument included an 80-gigabyte hard drive, an unobtrusive console, located under
840-415: A mirror game or perform unplayable tremolo. His performances are accompanied by abstract visualization programs, evoking the algorithmic principles used in his performances. The Disklavier has been used extensively in music education, including colleges, universities, conservatories, community music schools, K-12 institutions, and private studios. Applications include: In recognition of its contributions to
924-547: A new technology called MidLive RS that developed this concept further, incorporating MIDI data into the RealSystem G2 video/audio SDK provided by RealNetworks. This technology enabled a Disklavier performance in one part of the world to be accurately reproduced in near real time on a similar instrument elsewhere in the world. Although those early efforts did not directly result in a commercial product, Yamaha continued to explore real-time transmission of Disklavier performances over
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#17330846601471008-572: A piano performance. The ENSPIRE is available in 14 models ranging from 48-inch (1,200 mm) upright pianos to a 9-foot (2.7 m) concert grand and is offered in three system variations – CL, ST and PRO. The CL introduces a "playback only" model omitting the recording and "silent system" functionality that are offered in ST and PRO models. Currently, the CL type ENSPIRE is only offered in Yamaha's entry-level grand piano,
1092-569: A record-and-playback system, floppy disk storage of performance data, and the ability to playback multi-track performance files that included instrumental tracks whose sound was reproduced by a tone generator. There was also an upright model sold in Japan in 1985 known as the MX100R. The first model introduced in the United States was the studio model upright MX100A in 1987 (easiest way to identify this model
1176-469: A semitone. This allows him to compose on 243 piano notes instead of 88, controlling the three pianos via MIDI protocol. In 2018, pianist Dan Tepfer released Natural Machines , a video album posted on YouTube. Dan Tepfer processes MIDI data in real time as he plays the Disklavier, creating a duet between pianist and machine. In the manner of Jean-Claude Risset, what he plays can for example be repeated as in
1260-632: A set of pieces for piano, where the notes played by the pianist are processed by an algorithm before being sent back to the Disklavier in real time. With his team, including doctor and pianist Simon Bolzinger, he developed DKompose, a library for interactive composition with DiskKlavier in the Max/MSP environment. The library includes elementary operations used in Risset's pieces such as note symmetry, note delay, and arpeggiation. In his 2015 album Music For Choking Disklavier , musician and composer Hans Tammen focuses on
1344-407: A software program called Internet MIDI that was developed by TimeWarp Technologies. Internet MIDI will connect Disklaviers with other Disklaviers as well as with other MIDI keyboard instruments. Solenoid A solenoid ( / ˈ s oʊ l ə n ɔɪ d / ) is a type of electromagnet formed by a helical coil of wire whose length is substantially greater than its diameter, which generates
1428-456: A solenoid does not necessarily need to revolve around a straight-line axis; for example, William Sturgeon 's electromagnet of 1824 consisted of a solenoid bent into a horseshoe shape (similarly to an arc spring ). Solenoids provide magnetic focusing of electrons in vacuums, notably in television camera tubes such as vidicons and image orthicons. Electrons take helical paths within the magnetic field. These solenoids, focus coils, surround nearly
1512-641: Is active during playback. This DSP system provides feedback to the instrument's processor effectively making the system a "closed-loop". If the system detects any physical movement that does not correlate with the provided performance data, it will automatically adjust itself to correct any deviation in real-time. PRO models are high-resolution systems equipped with non-contact optical sensors as well, but also incorporate continuous grayscale shutters on each hammer to measure their speed and distance. The addition of continuous grayscale shutters for each hammer allows for even greater recording and performance accuracy allowing
1596-462: Is also multiplatform, and has provided features that are not available on the proprietary interfaces provided by Yamaha, such as wildcard searching. The software running on the Disklavier Mark IV and Mark IV PRO onboard Linux control computer continues to undergo development and the manufacturer makes firmware updates available to users. As with other MIDI instruments, one potential benefit of
1680-405: Is independent of current. Similar analysis applies to a solenoid with a magnetic core, but only if the length of the coil is much greater than the product of the relative permeability of the magnetic core and the diameter. That limits the simple analysis to low-permeability cores, or extremely long thin solenoids. The presence of a core can be taken into account in the above equations by replacing
1764-425: Is just air (which behaves much like free space). In that scenario, the full effect of the high permeability material is not seen, but there will be an effective (or apparent) permeability μ eff such that 1 ≤ μ eff ≤ μ r . The inclusion of a ferromagnetic core, such as iron , increases the magnitude of the magnetic flux density in the solenoid and raises the effective permeability of
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#17330846601471848-482: Is powered by Yamaha's RemoteLive technology and enables the reception of broadcasts that include video and audio as well as performance data that drives the playback of the piano itself. Yamaha has offered a large number of DisklavierTV concerts to its Mark IV and E3 customers, including performances by Elton John and Sarah McLachlan , performances from the Monterey Jazz Festival, Newport Music Festival, and
1932-476: Is the magnetic constant , N {\displaystyle N} the number of turns, I {\displaystyle I} the current and l {\displaystyle l} the length of the coil. Ignoring end effects, the total magnetic flux through the coil is obtained by multiplying the flux density B {\displaystyle B} by the cross-section area A {\displaystyle A} : Combining this with
2016-424: Is the magnetic flux density , l {\displaystyle l} is the length of the solenoid, μ 0 {\displaystyle \mu _{0}} is the magnetic constant , N {\displaystyle N} the number of turns, and I {\displaystyle I} the current. From this we get This equation is valid for a solenoid in free space, which means
2100-453: Is the LED Display on the front of the piano is red whilst all later models were changed to green or as in the case of the current E3, a white display). Shortly thereafter, it was slightly modified and renamed MX100B. This early upright was followed by the first grand piano model in 1989. This early grand piano version of the Disklavier lacked an official model designation and has become known as
2184-565: Is the first Disklavier system that does not include an internal floppy drive. The instrument is controlled by an infrared, handheld remote. Like the Mark IV, the E3 can be connected to a local area network via Ethernet cable and then be controlled by a wireless app running on an iOS device. Like the Mark IV, the E3 enjoys the same cloud-based services such as firmware updates, DisklavierRadio, and DisklavierTV. In order to bring many older model Disklaviers up to
2268-761: The Western chromatic scale . Fully described and normalized by the German scientist Hermann von Helmholtz , it uses a combination of upper and lower case letters (A to G), and the sub- and super- prime symbols ( ͵ ′ or ⸜ ) to denote each individual note of the scale. It is one of two formal systems for naming notes in a particular octave, the other being scientific pitch notation . Helmholtz proposed this system in order to accurately define pitches in his classical work on acoustics Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage für die Theorie der Musik (1863) translated into English by A.J. Ellis as On
2352-401: The permeability of the magnetic path is the same as permeability of free space, μ 0 . If the solenoid is immersed in a material with relative permeability μ r , then the field is increased by that amount: In most solenoids, the solenoid is not immersed in a higher permeability material, but rather some portion of the space around the solenoid has the higher permeability material and some
2436-434: The right hand grip rule for the field around a wire. If we wrap our right hand around a wire with the thumb pointing in the direction of the current, the curl of the fingers shows how the field behaves. Since we are dealing with a long solenoid, all of the components of the magnetic field not pointing upwards cancel out by symmetry. Outside, a similar cancellation occurs, and the field is only pointing downwards. Now consider
2520-1293: The vector potential , which for a finite solenoid with radius R and length l in cylindrical coordinates ( ρ , ϕ , z ) {\displaystyle (\rho ,\phi ,z)} is A ϕ = μ 0 I π R l [ ζ ( R + ρ ) 2 + ζ 2 ( m + n − m n m n K ( m ) − 1 m E ( m ) + n − 1 n Π ( n , m ) ) ] ζ − ζ + , {\displaystyle A_{\phi }={\frac {\mu _{0}I}{\pi }}{\frac {R}{l}}\left[{\frac {\zeta }{\sqrt {(R+\rho )^{2}+\zeta ^{2}}}}\left({\frac {m+n-mn}{mn}}K(m)-{\frac {1}{m}}E(m)+{\frac {n-1}{n}}\Pi (n,m)\right)\right]_{\zeta _{-}}^{\zeta _{+}},} Where: Here, K ( m ) {\displaystyle K(m)} , E ( m ) {\displaystyle E(m)} , and Π ( n , m ) {\displaystyle \Pi (n,m)} are complete elliptic integrals of
2604-559: The Disklavier PRO on two continents to enable Yefim Bronfman to participate as a member of the competition jury from Hamamatsu, Japan, 6,000 miles from where the competition was taking place in St. Paul, MN. Following each solo performance, synchronized MIDI and video files were transmitted over the Internet, and Bronfman was able to watch performances on a large screen while the local piano reproduced
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2688-430: The Disklavier's own sonic qualities, namely the sounds of the mechanics. To do this, he uses notes with such low dynamics that the piano hammer does not strike the string, leaving only the sounds of the piano's mechanics and motors to be perceived. He voluntarily recorded his album by placing microphones at the level of the hammers, activated by the motors. He says that the title of the album " Choking Disklavier " comes from
2772-589: The E3 series was expanded to include the larger model Disklaviers, Yamaha added the PRO features to the instruments that are 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 m) and larger. In the US, these larger models are only available with the PRO system, and today, the E3 PRO represents the most advanced Disklavier to date. The control unit for the E3 more closely resembles the control unit of the Mark II, Mark IIXG, and Mark III systems although it
2856-493: The GB1K, and is only sold in certain markets. ST models include a non-contact optical sensing system, featuring continuous grayscale shutters for each key and optical window style shutters on each hammer. Optical sensors are also used for the damper, soft and sostenuto pedals. This sensor system allows the user to natively capture their own performance in standard MIDI format, without the need for external or special software. In addition,
2940-488: The International Piano-e-Competition. Much of this content is also made available on-demand, allowing customers to receive these concerts whenever they would like. The E3 Disklavier system was introduced in 2009 while the Mark IV system was still in production, and in the United States, both systems were offered at the same time. Although there was some system overlap in several piano models, the E3 system
3024-509: The Internet. In 2007, Yamaha introduced "Remote Lesson" at the Winter NAMM show. Since then, educators at schools all over the U.S. have undertaken long distance lessons and master classes using the Remote Lesson technology. Remote Lesson is a feature that is available exclusively in Mark IV and E3 pianos and is available to select educators and institutions. Similar capability is available in
3108-728: The Mark II in 1992. Standard features included hammers sensors for recording, support for recording and playback of incremental pedal data, and support for the emerging industry standard file format called Standard MIDI Files. Within two years of the introduction of the Mark II, the Mark IIXG system became available which included support for 3.5-inch (89 mm) high density floppy disks, built-in non-volatile memory for song storage, multi-track recording, and an on-board tone generator which supported several sound sets including General MIDI (GM), Roland's General Standard (GS), and Yamaha's XG. Upgrade kits became available to update Mark II pianos to include
3192-446: The Mark IIXG features. This included the DSR1 module which gave wagon grand, MX100A/B and Mark II disklavier owners most of the features of the Mark IIXG however it didn't change the fundamental recording and playback accuracy of the solenoids or sensors of those early systems. During the Mark II and Mark IIXG era, various models of uprights were introduced that included a silent system. When
3276-409: The Mark IV's Linux-based system was capable of being updated over the Internet. As of 2014, the Mark IV is using the 4th generation of its operating system. Along with system updates to the Mark IV, Yamaha expanded the functionality of the instrument via the Internet. In 2006, the 2.0 system update was accompanied by the additional ability to purchase recorded performances using the remote controller of
3360-537: The Sensations of Tone (1875). Helmholtz based his notation on the practice of German organ builders for labelling their pipes, itself derived from the old German organ tablature in use from late medieval times until the early 18th century. His system is widely used by musicians across Europe and is the one used in the New Grove Dictionary . Once also widely used by scientists and doctors when discussing
3444-560: The University of California, Irvine, developed third-party Disklavier software controller running on Windows, Mac and Linux operating systems, which replicated the functionality provided by the PDA/Tablet PC remotes. The software and its source code were made freely available. In November 2007, Kevin Goroway used that example code to create DKVBrowser which is an open source project. This software
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3528-621: The Wagon Grand by virtue of the fact that the control unit was built into a 30-inch (760 mm) tall cabinet on wheels, this model in Japan does have a model designation of PPG-10R and it has been called DKW10. A third, early model series was introduced in the early 1990s in small uprights and was known as the MX80 series. Like the MX100A, MX100B, and Wagon Grand, the MX80 recorded on 3.5-inch (89 mm) double-density floppy disks and recorded performances in
3612-400: The definition of inductance the inductance of a solenoid follows as A table of inductance for short solenoids of various diameter to length ratios has been calculated by Dellinger, Whittmore, and Ould. This, and the inductance of more complicated shapes, can be derived from Maxwell's equations . For rigid air-core coils, inductance is a function of coil geometry and number of turns, and
3696-405: The distance from the axis nor on the solenoid's cross-sectional area. This is a derivation of the magnetic flux density around a solenoid that is long enough so that fringe effects can be ignored. In Figure 1, we immediately know that the flux density vector points in the positive z direction inside the solenoid, and in the negative z direction outside the solenoid. We confirm this by applying
3780-542: The fact that the MIDI signal processor could stop for a few seconds due to the overload of incoming data. Texan composer Kyle Gann composed several pieces for the Disklavier. On the one hand, this allows him to compose rhythms that are unplayable for a pianist, but it also allows him to compose microtonal music on the piano, as in Hyperchromatica , released in 2018, where he uses three Disklaviers tuned to intervals smaller than
3864-405: The field is pointing upwards inside the solenoid, so the horizontal portions of loop c do not contribute anything to the integral. Thus the integral of the up side 1 is equal to the integral of the down side 2. Since we can arbitrarily change the dimensions of the loop and get the same result, the only physical explanation is that the integrands are actually equal, that is, the magnetic field inside
3948-666: The field of piano pedagogy, the Music Teachers National Conference and the Frances Clark Institute awarded the Disklavier the MTNA Frances Clark Keyboard Pedagogy Award in 2006. In 1997, Yamaha undertook a successful, large-scale experiment that connected MIDI instruments together over the Internet, enabling Ryuichi Sakamoto to transmit a keyboard performance to thousands of locations simultaneously. The next year, Yamaha announced
4032-416: The field outside must go to zero as the solenoid gets longer. Of course, if the solenoid is constructed as a wire spiral (as often done in practice), then it emanates an outside field the same way as a single wire, due to the current flowing overall down the length of the solenoid. Applying Ampère's circuital law to the solenoid (see figure on the right) gives us where B {\displaystyle B}
4116-1577: The first, second, and third kind. Using: B → = ∇ × A → , {\displaystyle {\vec {B}}=\nabla \times {\vec {A}},} The magnetic flux density is obtained as B ρ = μ 0 I 4 π 1 l ρ [ ( R + ρ ) 2 + ζ 2 ( ( m − 2 ) K ( m ) + 2 E ( m ) ) ] ζ − ζ + , {\displaystyle B_{\rho }={\frac {\mu _{0}I}{4\pi }}{\frac {1}{l\,\rho }}\left[{\sqrt {(R+\rho )^{2}+\zeta ^{2}}}{\biggl (}(m-2)K(m)+2E(m){\biggr )}\right]_{\zeta _{-}}^{\zeta _{+}},} B z = μ 0 I 2 π 1 l [ ζ ( R + ρ ) 2 + ζ 2 ( K ( m ) + R − ρ R + ρ Π ( n , m ) ) ] ζ − ζ + . {\displaystyle B_{z}={\frac {\mu _{0}I}{2\pi }}{\frac {1}{l}}\left[{\frac {\zeta }{\sqrt {(R+\rho )^{2}+\zeta ^{2}}}}\left(K(m)+{\frac {R-\rho }{R+\rho }}\Pi (n,m)\right)\right]_{\zeta _{-}}^{\zeta _{+}}.} On
4200-412: The flux density outside is practically zero since the radii of the field outside the solenoid will tend to infinity. An intuitive argument can also be used to show that the flux density outside the solenoid is actually zero. Magnetic field lines only exist as loops, they cannot diverge from or converge to a point like electric field lines can (see Gauss's law for magnetism ). The magnetic field lines follow
4284-410: The following sequence: C͵͵ C͵ C c c ′ c″ c‴ (or ,,C ,C C c c ′ c″ c‴ or C ⸜⸜ C ⸜ C c c c c ) and so on. Middle C is designated c ′ , therefore the octave from middle C upwards is c ′ – b ′ . Whole octaves may also be given a name based on "English strokes notation". For example, the octave from c ′ – b ′
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#17330846601474368-698: The generation and reception of MIDI Time Code. Another upgrade known as the DCD1 was available that could provide early Disklavier owners with a CD drive for reading Cd's like the Mk III. In 1999, near the end of the Mark IIXG model series, Yamaha introduced the Disklavier PRO. A key selling feature of this model was the claim of greater recording and playback accuracy than had been possible with previously available models. These instruments recorded not only hammer velocity (as MIDI note-on velocity) but key down velocity and key up velocity (MIDI note-off velocity) as well. The instrument
4452-430: The imaginary loop c that is located inside the solenoid. By Ampère's law , we know that the line integral of B (the magnetic flux density vector) around this loop is zero, since it encloses no electrical currents (it can be also assumed that the circuital electric field passing through the loop is constant under such conditions: a constant or constantly changing current through the solenoid). We have shown above that
4536-493: The instrument as well as the opportunity to subscribe to a new cloud-based service called DisklavierRadio. DisklavierRadio (sometimes known as Piano Radio) offers a number of "channels" that can be received as performance data streams that are reproduced by the instrument itself. In 2013, Yamaha combined the built-in technologies of video-synchronized playback and the streaming capabilities of DisklavierRadio and offered customers an additional service called DisklavierTV. DisklavierTV
4620-557: The instrument itself, the control panel is almost invisible to the user. Operationally, all functions and features can be accessed by any compatible HTML5 browser; however, Yamaha recommends using an Apple iOS device or Android device. The instrument comes with 500 built-in songs, many of which are in Yamaha's PianoSoft Audio format. The PianoSoft Audio format , currently only compatible with Disklavier ENSPIRE, features stereo audio recordings that play in sync with piano performances. The main differentiation between this format when compared to
4704-557: The instrument's user interface. The Disklavier ENSPIRE also offers Internet streaming services including PANDORA style Disklavier Radio, which currently provides users with over 30 channels of streaming piano music 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Along with Disklavier Radio , users can also access DisklavierTV, a video streaming service that allows users to view live and on-demand musical performances that play in sync with their piano. Additional Disklavier ENSPIRE features include: In 2006, Matthew Teeter and Chris Dobrian, researchers at
4788-433: The intrinsic inductance and capacitance cannot be done using those for the conventional solenoids, i.e. the tightly wound ones. New calculation methods were proposed for the calculation of intrinsic inductance (codes available at ) and capacitance. (codes available at ) As shown above, the magnetic flux density B {\displaystyle B} within the coil is practically constant and given by where μ 0
4872-573: The late 1990s into the early 2000s, Yamaha also produced a GranTouch series of Disklaviers that were digital pianos with a grand piano action. In addition to recording, the GranTouch instruments were capable of playing back performances with moving keys although the moving keys were not necessary for the electronic reproduction of sound. Prior to the introduction of the Disklavier in the United States, Yamaha Corporation of Japan debuted an upright reproducing instrument in 1982 called "Piano Player". It featured
4956-438: The left side of the keyboard, an expanded array of audio ports, support for USB storage devices, and support for USB MIDI communications. Another enhancement of the Disklavier system was the support for SMPTE time code generation and reception, enabling the recording and playback of video-synchronized performance without additional hardware. Although firmware updates had been available occasionally for earlier models of Disklavier,
5040-402: The longitudinal path of the solenoid inside, so they must go in the opposite direction outside of the solenoid so that the lines can form loops. However, the volume outside the solenoid is much greater than the volume inside, so the density of magnetic field lines outside is greatly reduced. Now recall that the field outside is constant. In order for the total number of field lines to be conserved,
5124-422: The magnetic constant μ 0 with μ or μ 0 μ r , where μ represents permeability and μ r relative permeability . Note that since the permeability of ferromagnetic materials changes with applied magnetic flux, the inductance of a coil with a ferromagnetic core will generally vary with current. Helmholtz pitch notation Helmholtz pitch notation is a system for naming musical notes of
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#17330846601475208-782: The magnetic flux density through the centre of the solenoid (in the z direction, parallel to the solenoid's length, where the coil is centered at z =0) can be estimated as the flux density of a single circular conductor loop: Within the category of finite solenoids, there are those that are sparsely wound with a single pitch, those that are sparsely wound with varying pitches (varied-pitch solenoid), and those with varying radii for different loops (non-cylindrical solenoids). They are called irregular solenoids . They have found applications in different areas, such as sparsely wound solenoids for wireless power transfer , varied-pitch solenoids for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and non-cylindrical solenoids for other medical devices. The calculation of
5292-465: The magnetic path. This is expressed by the formula where μ eff is the effective or apparent permeability of the core. The effective permeability is a function of the geometric properties of the core and its relative permeability. The terms relative permeability (a property of just the material) and effective permeability (a property of the whole structure) are often confused; they can differ by many orders of magnitude. For an open magnetic structure,
5376-561: The movements of the keys, hammers, pedals and solenoids. Like the ST type, data fed back to the playback processor from the instrument's sensing system is used to ensure accurate reproduction of the original performance. Currently, no other system on the market utilizes this type of technology. Aesthetic changes have been made to the Disklavier ENSPIRE, including the removal of the "box" style user interface featured in past generations. While tactile functionality and controls still exist on
5460-509: The older PianoSoft Plus Audio format or when compared to competitor's offerings is that the audio recordings are in true stereo, not mono. Included in the built-in song library are performances by Yamaha artists such as Sarah McLachlan, Bob James, Jamie Cullum and Frederic Chiu. In addition to the built-in songs, users have access to over 6,000 additional titles for purchase through the Yamaha MusicSoft online store , directly accessible through
5544-698: The original control units. The DKC-850 can also update earlier model Disklaviers by connecting to the old control unit via MIDI cables. In this context, the DKC-850 does not support the reception of streaming performances. In January 2016, Yamaha introduced its seventh-generation Disklavier, the Disklavier ENSPIRE . Replacing the Disklavier E3, the ENSPIRE remains the only fully integrated, factory-installed reproducing piano available that can both natively play and record
5628-402: The playing. Since that time, the Disklavier PRO has been used by the competition to enable pianists to participate in a screening-round of the competition ("virtual auditions") by submitting a video-synchronized performance recorded on a Disklavier PRO. All rounds of the competition are recorded on the PRO and made available as downloadable files from the competition's website. The original PRO
5712-571: The purpose of substantially extending the range of values for note-on/note-off to 0–1023 and for pedal movement to 0–255. In Disklavier lingo, this "extended precision" data was referred to as "XP" data. The recording and reproduction quality of the PRO have been validated by the International Piano-e-Competition, formerly known as the Minnesota International Piano-e-Competition. In 2002, the Piano-e-Competition used
5796-502: The readily edited MIDI data output by a Disklavier is in the professional recording domain, where a recorded performance could be edited, allowing the correction of minor errors after a take. At the end of the 80's, the researcher and composer Jean-Claude Risset , from the Laboratoire de mécanique et d'acoustique de Marseille , became interested in the Disklavier for his research and compositions. He composed Duet For One Pianist in 1989,
5880-676: The relationship between the effective permeability and relative permeability is given as follows: where k is the demagnetization factor of the core. A finite solenoid is a solenoid with finite length. Continuous means that the solenoid is not formed by discrete coils but by a sheet of conductive material. We assume the current is uniformly distributed on the surface of the solenoid, with a surface current density K ; in cylindrical coordinates : K → = I l ϕ ^ . {\displaystyle {\vec {K}}={\frac {I}{l}}{\hat {\phi }}.} The magnetic field can be found using
5964-399: The same or similar feature set as the E3, Yamaha introduced the DKC-850 replacement control unit for Mark IIXG and Mark III Disklaviers in 2010. Outwardly, the control unit looks and functions identically to the E3 control unit and provides access to the same cloud-based services, though it does not upgrade the tone generator and has substantially fewer performance/editing features compared with
6048-531: The scientific and medical aspects of sound in relation to the auditory system , it has now been replaced in the US in scientific and medical contexts by scientific pitch notation . The accenting of the scale in Helmholtz notation always starts on the note C and ends at B (e.g. C D E F G A B ). The note C is shown in different octaves by using upper-case letters for low notes, and lower-case letters for high notes, and adding sub-primes and primes in
6132-409: The silent system was engaged, the hammers were prevented from hitting the strings and the instrument produced no sound acoustically. The player was able to wear a headset and hear themselves play as though they were playing a digital piano with the sound of a nine-foot concert grand. Some Disklavier uprights with this system also contained a Celeste or practice pedal which when engaged brought a rail with
6216-420: The solenoid is radially uniform. Note, though, that nothing prohibits it from varying longitudinally, which in fact, it does. A similar argument can be applied to the loop a to conclude that the field outside the solenoid is radially uniform or constant. This last result, which holds strictly true only near the center of the solenoid where the field lines are parallel to its length, is important as it shows that
6300-471: The solenoid, far away from the ends ( l / 2 − | z | ≫ R {\displaystyle l/2-|z|\gg R} ), this tends towards the constant value B = μ 0 N I / l {\displaystyle B=\mu _{0}NI/l} . For the case in which the radius is much larger than the length of the solenoid ( R ≫ l {\displaystyle R\gg l} ),
6384-656: The symmetry axis, the radial component vanishes, and the axial field component is B z = μ 0 N I 2 ( z + l / 2 l R 2 + ( z + l / 2 ) 2 − z − l / 2 l R 2 + ( z − l / 2 ) 2 ) . {\displaystyle B_{z}={\frac {\mu _{0}NI}{2}}\left({\frac {z+l/2}{l{\sqrt {R^{2}+(z+l/2)^{2}}}}}-{\frac {z-l/2}{l{\sqrt {R^{2}+(z-l/2)^{2}}}}}\right).} Inside
6468-433: The user to natively record and playback high-resolution performances with 1024 levels of key and hammer velocity as well as 256 increments of positional pedaling using Yamaha's proprietary XP format. ENSPIRE PRO models also utilize Yamaha's AccuPlay technology, an advanced DSP servo drive system that monitors the important mechanical elements of the piano during performance reproduction. In PRO type models, AccuPlay will monitor
6552-443: The whole length of the tube. An infinite solenoid has infinite length but finite diameter. "Continuous" means that the solenoid is not formed by discrete finite-width coils but by many infinitely thin coils with no space between them; in this abstraction, the solenoid is often viewed as a cylindrical sheet of conductive material. The magnetic field inside an infinitely long solenoid is homogeneous and its strength neither depends on
6636-548: Was $ 333,000, which made the instrument the most expensive Disklavier ever produced. Introduced in 2004, the Mark IV series of Disklaviers was available in grand pianos only. The Mark IV series overlapped the Mark III model era. The control system for the Mark IV was built on an embedded Linux operating system, and it offered a wi-fi-based PDA-style controller (PRC100) as well as an optional tablet-style controller. The instrument had an Ethernet port which enabled it to be connected to
6720-434: Was a performance mode that enabled a player to layer a variety of independently zoned sounds on top of their playing, and the built-in computer offered a program called Home Concert 2000 from TimeWarp Technologies that was capable of displaying music on the screen, tracking the performer, turning the pages automatically, and outputting a coordinated accompaniment. Only nine of these pianos were built. The suggested retail price
6804-425: Was also capable of recording and reproducing key movements that resulted in no audible sound. Before the PRO, Disklaviers were limited by design, like all MIDI keyboard instruments, to working within a 0–127 range of values for note-on velocity, note-off velocity, and incremental pedal movement. To break this accuracy limit, Yamaha's Disklavier engineers pioneered a unique use of normally undefined MIDI controllers for
6888-526: Was its ability to play back performances at very low volume levels. Additional user features included recording and playback of synchronous audio tracks, playback of specially encoded CD-ROM disks from a built-in CD player, and the SmartKey system that provided a play-along feature in which the user is prompted to press silently wiggling keys. The Mark III also introduced support for video-sync recording and playback based on
6972-429: Was only available in smaller grand pianos—5 feet 8 inches (1.73 m) and smaller. In 2012, Yamaha ended production of the Mark IV system, and in the U.S., the E3 became available in virtually all Yamaha grand pianos and a studio model upright piano (DU1E3). During the time that the Mark IV was still in production, the available E3 models had a less sophisticated and less costly record-and-playback system. When
7056-486: Was the first model Disklavier grand to include the silent system. Ever since the instrument's introduction during the Mark IIXG model era, newer versions of the PRO have been available in subsequent model series and have been known as Mark III PRO, Mark IV PRO, and E3 PRO. In celebration of its 100th year of piano manufacturing, Yamaha debuted a concept piano called the Disklavier PRO 2000. The instrument's unusual physical design featured cherry wood, aluminum chassis material,
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