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66-469: Because DirectDraw is a 2D API, it contains commands for 2D rendering and does not support 3D hardware acceleration. A programmer could use DirectDraw to draw 3D graphics, but the rendering would be slow compared to an API such as Direct3D which does support 3D hardware acceleration. DirectDraw was introduced for Windows Mobile in Windows Mobile 5.0, replacing the graphics component of GAPI , which

132-598: A rigid motion : other rigid motions include rotations and reflections. A translation can also be interpreted as the addition of a constant vector to every point, or as shifting the origin of the coordinate system . A translation operator is an operator T δ {\displaystyle T_{\mathbf {\delta } }} such that T δ f ( v ) = f ( v + δ ) . {\displaystyle T_{\mathbf {\delta } }f(\mathbf {v} )=f(\mathbf {v} +\mathbf {\delta } ).} If v

198-562: A rotation in Euclidean space . rotates points in the xy - Cartesian plane counterclockwise through an angle θ about the origin of the Cartesian coordinate system . To perform the rotation using a rotation matrix R , the position of each point must be represented by a column vector v , containing the coordinates of the point. A rotated vector is obtained by using the matrix multiplication R v . Since matrix multiplication has no effect on

264-413: A scale factor that is the same in all directions. The result of uniform scaling is similar (in the geometric sense) to the original. A scale factor of 1 is normally allowed, so that congruent shapes are also classed as similar. (Some school text books specifically exclude this possibility, just as some exclude squares from being rectangles or circles from being ellipses.) More general is scaling with

330-614: A vector v = ( v x , v y , v z ), each homogeneous coordinate vector p = ( p x , p y , p z , 1) would need to be multiplied with this projective transformation matrix: As shown below, the multiplication will give the expected result: Since the last component of a homogeneous coordinate can be viewed as the denominator of the other three components, a uniform scaling by a common factor s (uniform scaling) can be accomplished by using this scaling matrix: For each vector p = ( p x , p y , p z , 1) we would have which would be homogenized to A convenient way to create

396-403: A Compugraphics system for typesetting and page layout. The magazine did not yet accept articles on floppy disks, but hoped to do so "as matters progress". Before the 1980s, practically all typesetting for publishers and advertisers was performed by specialist typesetting companies. These companies performed keyboarding, editing and production of paper or film output, and formed a large component of

462-527: A black screen or glitching when switched out. Re-implementation of DirectDraw has been observed to fix these compatibility problems. Commonly used replacements include: This Microsoft Windows article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . 2D computer graphics 2D computer graphics is the computer-based generation of digital images —mostly from two-dimensional models (such as 2D geometric models , text, and digital images) and by techniques specific to them. It may refer to

528-430: A complex image is to start with a blank "canvas" raster map (an array of pixels , also known as a bitmap ) filled with some uniform background color and then "draw", "paint" or "paste" simple patches of color onto it, in an appropriate order. In particular the canvas may be the frame buffer for a computer display . Some programs will set the pixel colors directly, but most will rely on some 2D graphics library or

594-401: A family of typesetting languages with names that were derivatives of the word "SCRIPT". Later versions of SCRIPT included advanced features, such as automatic generation of a table of contents and index, multicolumn page layout, footnotes, boxes, automatic hyphenation and spelling verification. NSCRIPT was a port of SCRIPT to OS and TSO from CP-67/CMS SCRIPT. Waterloo Script was created at

660-479: A frame, making up a form or page. If done correctly, all letters were of the same height, and a flat surface of type was created. The form was placed in a press and inked, and then printed (an impression made) on paper. Metal type read backwards, from right to left, and a key skill of the compositor was their ability to read this backwards text. Before computers were invented, and thus becoming computerized (or digital) typesetting, font sizes were changed by replacing

726-472: A keyboard or other devices could produce the desired text. Most of the successful systems involved the in-house casting of the type to be used, hence are termed "hot metal" typesetting. The Linotype machine , invented in 1884, used a keyboard to assemble the casting matrices, and cast an entire line of type at a time (hence its name). In the Monotype System , a keyboard was used to punch a paper tape , which

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792-408: A light source to selectively expose characters onto light-sensitive paper. Originally they were driven by pre-punched paper tapes . Later they were connected to computer front ends. One of the earliest electronic photocomposition systems was introduced by Fairchild Semiconductor . The typesetter typed a line of text on a Fairchild keyboard that had no display. To verify correct content of the line it

858-406: A separate scale factor for each axis direction. Non-uniform scaling ( anisotropic scaling , inhomogeneous dilation ) is obtained when at least one of the scaling factors is different from the others; a special case is directional scaling or stretching (in one direction). Non-uniform scaling changes the shape of the object; e.g. a square may change into a rectangle, or into a parallelogram if

924-474: A sound model for certain techniques such as mitered joints and the even–odd rule . Layered models are also used to allow the user to suppress unwanted information when viewing or printing a document, e.g. roads or railways from a map , certain process layers from an integrated circuit diagram, or hand annotations from a business letter. In a layer-based model, the target image is produced by "painting" or "pasting" each layer, in order of decreasing depth, on

990-546: A specific order. The ordering is usually defined by a single number (the layer's depth , or distance from the viewer). Layered models are sometimes called "2 1 ⁄ 2 -D computer graphics". They make it possible to mimic traditional drafting and printing techniques based on film and paper, such as cutting and pasting; and allow the user to edit any layer without affecting the others. For these reasons, they are used in most graphics editors . Layered models also allow better spatial anti-aliasing of complex drawings and provide

1056-406: A translation matrix can be obtained by reversing the direction of the vector: Similarly, the product of translation matrices is given by adding the vectors: Because addition of vectors is commutative , multiplication of translation matrices is therefore also commutative (unlike multiplication of arbitrary matrices). In linear algebra , a rotation matrix is a matrix that is used to perform

1122-511: A type case with the right hand, and set from left to right into a composing stick held in the left hand, appearing to the typesetter as upside down. As seen in the photo of the composing stick, a lower case 'q' looks like a 'd', a lower case 'b' looks like a 'p', a lower case 'p' looks like a 'b' and a lower case 'd' looks like a 'q'. This is reputed to be the origin of the expression "mind your p's and q's". It might just as easily have been "mind your b's and d's". A forgotten but important part of

1188-405: Is a fixed vector, then the translation T v will work as T v ( p ) = p + v . If T is a translation, then the image of a subset A under the function T is the translation of A by T . The translation of A by T v is often written A + v . In a Euclidean space , any translation is an isometry . The set of all translations forms the translation group T , which

1254-624: Is considered fairly difficult to learn on its own, and deals more with appearance than structure. The LaTeX macro package, written by Leslie Lamport at the beginning of the 1980s, offered a simpler interface and an easier way to systematically encode the structure of a document. LaTeX markup is widely used in academic circles for published papers and books. Although standard TeX does not provide an interface of any sort, there are programs that do. These programs include Scientific Workplace and LyX , which are graphical/interactive editors; TeXmacs , while being an independent typesetting system, can also aid

1320-407: Is isomorphic to the space itself, and a normal subgroup of Euclidean group E ( n ). The quotient group of E ( n ) by T is isomorphic to the orthogonal group O ( n ): Since a translation is an affine transformation but not a linear transformation , homogeneous coordinates are normally used to represent the translation operator by a matrix and thus to make it linear. Thus we write

1386-610: Is known as inverting color or color inversion , and is often used in graphical user interfaces for highlighting, rubber-band drawing, and other volatile painting—since re-painting the same shapes with the same color will restore the original pixel values. The models used in 2D computer graphics usually do not provide for three-dimensional shapes, or three-dimensional optical phenomena such as lighting, shadows , reflection , refraction , etc. However, they usually can model multiple layers (conceptually of ink, paper, or film; opaque, translucent , or transparent —stacked in

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1452-415: Is not commonly used in dimensions higher than 3; there is a notion of a rotational displacement , which can be represented by a matrix, but no associated single axis or angle. Rotation matrices are square matrices , with real entries. More specifically they can be characterized as orthogonal matrices with determinant  1: The set of all such matrices of size n forms a group , known as

1518-571: Is still included with a number of Unix and Unix-like systems, and has been used to typeset a number of high-profile technical and computer books. Some versions, as well as a GNU work-alike called groff , are now open source . The TeX system, developed by Donald E. Knuth at the end of the 1970s, is another widespread and powerful automated typesetting system that has set high standards, especially for typesetting mathematics. LuaTeX and LuaLaTeX are variants of TeX and of LaTeX scriptable in Lua . TeX

1584-406: Is used, with the x axis to the right and the y axis up, the rotation R( θ ) is counterclockwise. If a left-handed Cartesian coordinate system is used, with x directed to the right but y directed down, R( θ ) is clockwise. Such non-standard orientations are rarely used in mathematics but are common in 2D computer graphics, which often have the origin in the top left corner and the y -axis down

1650-647: The Apple Macintosh , Aldus PageMaker (and later QuarkXPress ) and PostScript and on the PC platform with Xerox Ventura Publisher under DOS as well as Pagemaker under Windows. Improvements in software and hardware, and rapidly lowering costs, popularized desktop publishing and enabled very fine control of typeset results much less expensively than the minicomputer dedicated systems. At the same time, word processing systems, such as Wang , WordPerfect and Microsoft Word , revolutionized office documents. They did not, however, have

1716-446: The special orthogonal group SO( n ) . In two dimensions every rotation matrix has the following form: This rotates column vectors by means of the following matrix multiplication : So the coordinates (x',y') of the point (x,y) after rotation are: The direction of vector rotation is counterclockwise if θ is positive (e.g. 90°), and clockwise if θ is negative (e.g. -90°). If a standard right-handed Cartesian coordinate system

1782-693: The 1950s, based on vector graphics devices . These were largely supplanted by raster-based devices in the following decades. The PostScript language and the X Window System protocol were landmark developments in the field. 2D graphics models may combine geometric models (also called vector graphics ), digital images (also called raster graphics ), text to be typeset (defined by content, font style and size, color, position, and orientation), mathematical functions and equations , and more. These components can be modified and manipulated by two-dimensional geometric transformations such as translation , rotation , and scaling . In object-oriented graphics ,

1848-591: The 1970s and early 1980s, such as Datalogics Pager, Penta, Atex , Miles 33, Xyvision, troff from Bell Labs , and IBM's Script product with CRT terminals, were better able to drive these electromechanical devices, and used text markup languages to describe type and other page formatting information. The descendants of these text markup languages include SGML , XML and HTML . The minicomputer systems output columns of text on film for paste-up and eventually produced entire pages and signatures of 4, 8, 16 or more pages using imposition software on devices such as

1914-534: The 1980s by fully digital systems employing a raster image processor to render an entire page to a single high-resolution digital image , now known as imagesetting. The first commercially successful laser imagesetter, able to make use of a raster image processor, was the Monotype Lasercomp. ECRM, Compugraphic (later purchased by Agfa ) and others rapidly followed suit with machines of their own. Early minicomputer -based typesetting software introduced in

1980-402: The 3-dimensional vector w = ( w x , w y , w z ) using 4 homogeneous coordinates as w = ( w x , w y , w z , 1). To translate an object by a vector v , each homogeneous vector p (written in homogeneous coordinates) would need to be multiplied by this translation matrix : As shown below, the multiplication will give the expected result: The inverse of

2046-426: The 4 entries of a rotation matrix with 2 rows and 2 columns. In 3-dimensional space, every rotation can be interpreted as a rotation by a given angle about a single fixed axis of rotation (see Euler's rotation theorem ), and hence it can be simply described by an angle and a vector with 3 entries. However, it can also be represented by the 9 entries of a rotation matrix with 3 rows and 3 columns. The notion of rotation

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2112-590: The Israeli-made Scitex Dolev. The data stream used by these systems to drive page layout on printers and imagesetters, often proprietary or specific to a manufacturer or device, drove development of generalized printer control languages, such as Adobe Systems ' PostScript and Hewlett-Packard 's PCL . Computerized typesetting was so rare that BYTE magazine (comparing itself to "the proverbial shoemaker's children who went barefoot") did not use any computers in production until its August 1979 issue used

2178-568: The University of Waterloo (UW) later. One version of SCRIPT was created at MIT and the AA/CS at UW took over project development in 1974. The program was first used at UW in 1975. In the 1970s, SCRIPT was the only practical way to word process and format documents using a computer. By the late 1980s, the SCRIPT system had been extended to incorporate various upgrades. The initial implementation of SCRIPT at UW

2244-426: The bed of a press. In this process, called stereotyping , the entire form is pressed into a fine matrix such as plaster of Paris or papier mâché to create a flong , from which a positive form is cast in type metal . Advances such as the typewriter and computer would push the state of the art even farther ahead. Still, hand composition and letterpress printing have not fallen completely out of use, and since

2310-561: The branch of computer science that comprises such techniques or to the models themselves. 2D computer graphics are mainly used in applications that were originally developed upon traditional printing and drawing technologies, such as typography , cartography , technical drawing , advertising , etc. In those applications, the two-dimensional image is not just a representation of a real-world object, but an independent artifact with added semantic value; two-dimensional models are therefore preferred, because they give more direct control of

2376-475: The case of one or more negative scale factors. The latter corresponds to a combination of scaling proper and a kind of reflection: along lines in a particular direction we take the reflection in the point of intersection with a plane that need not be perpendicular; therefore it is more general than ordinary reflection in the plane. In projective geometry , often used in computer graphics , points are represented using homogeneous coordinates . To scale an object by

2442-468: The case where v x = v y = v z = k , the scaling is also called an enlargement or dilation by a factor k, increasing the area by a factor of k and the volume by a factor of k . Scaling in the most general sense is any affine transformation with a diagonalizable matrix . It includes the case that the three directions of scaling are not perpendicular. It includes also the case that one or more scale factors are equal to zero ( projection ), and

2508-457: The characters with a different size of type. In letterpress printing, individual letters and punctuation marks were cast on small metal blocks, known as "sorts," and then arranged to form the text for a page. The size of the type was determined by the size of the character on the face of the sort. A compositor would need to physically swap out the sorts for a different size to change the font size. During typesetting, individual sorts are picked from

2574-484: The concern of the casterman, is the "set", or width of each sort. Set width, like body size, is measured in points. In order to extend the working life of type, and to account for the finite sorts in a case of type, copies of forms were cast when anticipating subsequent printings of a text, freeing the costly type for other work. This was particularly prevalent in book and newspaper work where rotary presses required type forms to wrap an impression cylinder rather than set in

2640-487: The conversion to do-it-yourself easier, but also opened up a gap between skilled designers and amateurs. The advent of PostScript, supplemented by the PDF file format, provided a universal method of proofing designs and layouts, readable on major computers and operating systems. QuarkXPress had enjoyed a market share of 95% in the 1990s, but lost its dominance to Adobe InDesign from the mid-2000s onward. IBM created and inspired

2706-439: The expected result: Such a scaling changes the diameter of an object by a factor between the scale factors, the area by a factor between the smallest and the largest product of two scale factors, and the volume by the product of all three. The scaling is uniform if and only if the scaling factors are equal ( v x = v y = v z ). If all except one of the scale factors are equal to 1, we have directional scaling. In

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2772-406: The fabled checker paint which used to be available only in cartoons ). Painting a pixel with a given color usually replaces its previous color. However, many systems support painting with transparent and translucent colors, which only modify the previous pixel values. The two colors may also be combined in more complex ways, e.g. by computing their bitwise exclusive or . This technique

2838-554: The graphic arts industry. In the United States, these companies were located in rural Pennsylvania, New England or the Midwest, where labor was cheap and paper was produced nearby, but still within a few hours' travel time of the major publishing centers. In 1985, with the new concept of WYSIWYG (for What You See Is What You Get) in text editing and word processing on personal computers, desktop publishing became available, starting with

2904-462: The help of scripting languages. YesLogic's Prince is another one, which is based on CSS Paged Media. During the mid-1970s, Joe Ossanna , working at Bell Laboratories , wrote the troff typesetting program to drive a Wang C/A/T phototypesetter owned by the Labs; it was later enhanced by Brian Kernighan to support output to different equipment, such as laser printers . While its use has fallen off, it

2970-442: The image is described indirectly by an object endowed with a self- rendering method —a procedure that assigns colors to the image pixels by an arbitrary algorithm. Complex models can be built by combining simpler objects, in the paradigms of object-oriented programming . In Euclidean geometry , a translation (geometry) moves every point a constant distance in a specified direction. A translation can be described as

3036-623: The image than 3D computer graphics (whose approach is more akin to photography than to typography). In many domains, such as desktop publishing , engineering , and business , a description of a document based on 2D computer graphics techniques can be much smaller than the corresponding digital image—often by a factor of 1/1000 or more. This representation is also more flexible since it can be rendered at different resolutions to suit different output devices . For these reasons, documents and illustrations are often stored or transmitted as 2D graphic files . 2D computer graphics started in

3102-504: The introduction of digital typesetting, it has seen a revival as an artisanal pursuit. However, it is a small niche within the larger typesetting market. The time and effort required to manually compose the text led to several efforts in the 19th century to produce mechanical typesetting. While some, such as the Paige compositor , met with limited success, by the end of the 19th century, several methods had been devised whereby an operator working

3168-436: The machine's graphics card , which usually implement the following operations: Text, shapes and lines are rendered with a client-specified color. Many libraries and cards provide color gradients , which are handy for the generation of smoothly-varying backgrounds, shadow effects, etc. (See also Gouraud shading ). The pixel colors can also be taken from a texture, e.g. a digital image (thus emulating rub-on screentones and

3234-418: The negative film, resulting in a column of black type on white paper, or a galley . The galley was then cut up and used to create a mechanical drawing or paste up of a whole page. A large film negative of the page is shot and used to make plates for offset printing . The next generation of phototypesetting machines to emerge were those that generated characters on a cathode-ray tube display. Typical of

3300-473: The preparation of TeX documents through its export capability. GNU TeXmacs (whose name is a combination of TeX and Emacs , although it is independent from both of these programs) is a typesetting system which is at the same time a WYSIWYG word processor . SILE borrows some algorithms from TeX and relies on other libraries such as HarfBuzz and ICU , with an extensible core engine developed in Lua . By default, SILE's input documents can be composed in

3366-542: The process took place after the printing: after cleaning with a solvent the expensive sorts had to be redistributed into the typecase - called sorting or dissing - so they would be ready for reuse. Errors in sorting could later produce misprints if, say, a p was put into the b compartment. The diagram at right illustrates a cast metal sort: a face, b body or shank, c point size, 1 shoulder, 2 nick, 3 groove, 4 foot. Wooden printing sorts were used for centuries in combination with metal type. Not shown, and more

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3432-595: The same pixel. See also Portable Document Format#Layers . Typesetting Typesetting is the composition of text for publication, display, or distribution by means of arranging physical type (or sort ) in mechanical systems or glyphs in digital systems representing characters (letters and other symbols). Stored types are retrieved and ordered according to a language's orthography for visual display. Typesetting requires one or more fonts (which are widely but erroneously confused with and substituted for typefaces ). One significant effect of typesetting

3498-408: The screen or page. See below for other alternative conventions which may change the sense of the rotation produced by a rotation matrix . Particularly useful are the matrices for 90° and 180° rotations: In Euclidean geometry , uniform scaling ( isotropic scaling , homogeneous dilation , homothety ) is a linear transformation that enlarges (increases) or shrinks (diminishes) objects by

3564-410: The sides of the square are not parallel to the scaling axes (the angles between lines parallel to the axes are preserved, but not all angles). A scaling can be represented by a scaling matrix. To scale an object by a vector v = ( v x , v y , v z ), each point p = ( p x , p y , p z ) would need to be multiplied with this scaling matrix : As shown below, the multiplication will give

3630-638: The type were the Alphanumeric APS2 (1963), IBM 2680 (1967), I.I.I. VideoComp (1973?), Autologic APS5 (1975), and Linotron 202 (1978). These machines were the mainstay of phototypesetting for much of the 1970s and 1980s. Such machines could be "driven online" by a computer front-end system or took their data from magnetic tape. Type fonts were stored digitally on conventional magnetic disk drives. Computers excel at automatically typesetting and correcting documents. Character-by-character, computer-aided phototypesetting was, in turn, rapidly rendered obsolete in

3696-542: The typographic ability or flexibility required for complicated book layout, graphics, mathematics, or advanced hyphenation and justification rules ( H and J ). By 2000, this industry segment had shrunk because publishers were now capable of integrating typesetting and graphic design on their own in-house computers. Many found the cost of maintaining high standards of typographic design and technical skill made it more economical to outsource to freelancers and graphic design specialists. The availability of cheap or free fonts made

3762-743: The virtual canvas. Conceptually, each layer is first rendered on its own, yielding a digital image with the desired resolution which is then painted over the canvas, pixel by pixel. Fully transparent parts of a layer need not be rendered, of course. The rendering and painting may be done in parallel, i.e., each layer pixel may be painted on the canvas as soon as it is produced by the rendering procedure. Layers that consist of complex geometric objects (such as text or polylines ) may be broken down into simpler elements ( characters or line segments , respectively), which are then painted as separate layers, in some order. However, this solution may create undesirable aliasing artifacts wherever two elements overlap

3828-452: The zero vector (i.e., on the coordinates of the origin), rotation matrices can only be used to describe rotations about the origin of the coordinate system. Rotation matrices provide a simple algebraic description of such rotations, and are used extensively for computations in geometry , physics , and computer graphics . In 2-dimensional space, a rotation can be simply described by an angle θ of rotation , but it can be also represented by

3894-509: Was a SCRIPT variant developed at IBM in the 1980s. DWScript is a version of SCRIPT for MS-DOS, named after its author, D. D. Williams, but was never released to the public and only used internally by IBM. Script is still available from IBM as part of the Document Composition Facility for the z/OS operating system. The standard generalized markup language ( SGML ) was based upon IBM Generalized Markup Language (GML). GML

3960-631: Was a set of macros on top of IBM Script. DSSSL is an international standard developed to provide a stylesheets for SGML documents. XML is a successor of SGML. XSL-FO is most often used to generate PDF files from XML files. The arrival of SGML/XML as the document model made other typesetting engines popular. Such engines include Datalogics Pager, Penta, Miles 33's OASYS, Xyvision's XML Professional Publisher , FrameMaker , and Arbortext . XSL-FO compatible engines include Apache FOP , Antenna House Formatter , and RenderX 's XEP . These products allow users to program their SGML/XML typesetting process with

4026-542: Was documented in the May 1975 issue of the Computing Centre Newsletter, which noted some the advantages of using SCRIPT: The article also pointed out SCRIPT had over 100 commands to assist in formatting documents, though 8 to 10 of these commands were sufficient to complete most formatting jobs. Thus, SCRIPT had many of the capabilities computer users generally associate with contemporary word processors. SCRIPT/VS

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4092-472: Was merged into the Windows Platform SDK, and DirectDraw was included once again. There has been a deterioration of Windows compatibility with old games that rely upon DirectDraw, with Command & Conquer , Warcraft 2 , and Theme Hospital among those affected. In newer Windows versions, some games will refuse to run under a 32-bit bit depth ( Dangerous Waters for example), others showing

4158-527: Was that authorship of works could be spotted more easily, making it difficult for copiers who have not gained permission. During much of the letterpress era , movable type was composed by hand for each page by workers called compositors . A tray with many dividers, called a case, contained cast metal sorts , each with a single letter or symbol, but backwards (so they would print correctly). The compositor assembled these sorts into words, then lines, then pages of text, which were then bound tightly together by

4224-455: Was then deprecated. With the release of DirectX version 8.0, DirectDraw was merged into a new package called DirectX Graphics , which extended Direct3D with a few DirectDraw API additions. DirectDraw can still be used by programmers, but they must use older DirectX interfaces (DirectX 7 and below). In June 2010, DirectDraw was removed from the DirectX SDK package, but in 2012, the DirectX SDK

4290-460: Was then fed to control a casting machine. The Ludlow Typograph involved hand-set matrices, but otherwise used hot metal. By the early 20th century, the various systems were nearly universal in large newspapers and publishing houses. Phototypesetting or "cold type" systems first appeared in the early 1960s and rapidly displaced continuous casting machines. These devices consisted of glass or film disks or strips (one per font ) that spun in front of

4356-419: Was typed a second time. If the two lines were identical a bell rang and the machine produced a punched paper tape corresponding to the text. With the completion of a block of lines the typesetter fed the corresponding paper tapes into a phototypesetting device that mechanically set type outlines printed on glass sheets into place for exposure onto a negative film . Photosensitive paper was exposed to light through

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