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63-878: From Diavolezza one can see the highest peaks of the Eastern Alps , including the Piz Bernina , and the Pers Glacier , a tributary of the Morteratsch Glacier . The mountain can be reached by cable car from Val Bernina, the Bernina Pass valley. At the base station of the cable car on 2,096 metres (6,877 ft) there is the Bernina Diavolezza railway station on the Bernina Line of the Rhaetian Railway (RhB) ). At

126-604: A popular ski mountaineering tour. The Grossglockner became Austria's highest mountain, when the South Tyrolean Ortler region had to be ceded to the Kingdom of Italy according to the 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain , which promoted its reputation as a tourist attraction . Mass tourism was decisively promoted by the scenic High Alpine Road ( Großglockner-Hochalpenstraße ) running from Heiligenblut to Bruck in Salzburg with

189-464: A popular venue for Alpinists like Hermann and Adolf Schlagintweit , who all followed the route of the first ascent. By the mid 19th century, the developing Alpine tourism began to alter the traditional agriculture economy in the Heiligenblut area. Therefore, the people of Kals tried to lay out a straight ascent from the western side, which however was not reached until Julius von Payer explored

252-634: A track in the snow, had installed fixed ropes at some steeper sections up to the end of the Glocknerleitl, and even built a second refuge, called Hohenwarte Hut. The vanguard reached the Kleinglockner peak, however, according to the expedition records by the Dellach priest Franz Joseph Horasch (Orasch), only the four guides and Mathias Hautzendorfer, the local priest of the Rangersdorf parish, were able to cross

315-423: A very diverse landscape, with predominance of hilly and mountainous terrain of Pleistocene oragins and later scuptedby by former glaciers. Over 2/3s of Slovenian Carinthia is covered by forest (lagly beech, fir, and spruce) and the amount of forested land is still increasing. Mount Peca or Mount Raduha is in the eastern part of Kamnik–Savinja Alps of northern Slovenia . The Alpine Rhine has as its source

378-774: Is a 464 kilometres (288 mi). long river in Central Europe with a drainage basin that covers an area of 14,109 km (5,448 sq mi). It risesin the Hohe Tauern national park of the Central Eastern Alps in Austria with its source being 1,898 m (6,227 ft) above sea level. It is a tributary of the Drava and subsequently the Danube . The important rivers in Tyrol are

441-602: Is counted as an independent peak in mountaineering literature. The Obere Glocknerscharte between the two peaks, at 3,766 m (12,356 ft), is the highest col in Austria, from which a couloir up to 55° in gradient and 600 m (2,000 ft) in altitude descends down to the Glocknerkees glacier, called Pallavicinirinne after the Austrian mountaineer Alfred von Pallavicini (1848–1886). It runs northeastwards and borders on

504-498: Is known for its difficult slopes, all red and black, as well as the good snow conditions lasting often as long as May. Especially popular is the difficult 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) slope down the Morteratsch Glacier to the Morteratsch railway station (the slope on the glacier is marked and secured). Each month at full moon, there is moonlight skiing in the evening. Eastern Alps The Eastern Alps are usually defined as

567-574: Is the highest summit of the Rätikon, located on the border between Liechtenstein and Switzerland . About half of Liechtenstein's territory is mountainous. and the highest point of Liechtenstein is the Vordere Grauspitz (Vordergrauspitz) mountain with an altitude of 2599m above sea level. The Falknishorn, at 2452 meters above sea level, is the 5th highest mountain in Liechtenstein and represents

630-457: Is the side of Grossglockner with the least ice (people feared glaciers in these times). These valiant men, called "Glockners" in the records, did more than they were ordered to do—and probably reached the Kleinglockner summit on 23 July 1799. One month later the bishop's expedition started: a mountain hut (the first Salm Hut) had been built and the path in the Leitertal valley was prepared so that

693-514: The Academy of Ljubljana . He travelled the Eastern Alps from 1779 to 1781 and published an itinerary in 1783, describing the Glokner mountain and stating that it had not been climbed yet. He estimated the mountain's height with converted 3,793 m (12,444 ft) and left an engraving illustrating Grossglockner and Pasterze, the first known depiction of the mountain. Inspired by Hacquet's book and

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756-666: The Adige , Inn , and Drau (or Drava ). The important river in Carinthia is the Drau (or Drava ). The important river in Slovenia is the Sava . Triglav National Park was founded in 1981. It was originally set out in 1924 on a smaller scale and scrapped between 1944 and 1961. The mountains of the canton include part of a thrust fault that was declared a geologic UNESCO World Heritage Site , under

819-568: The Alemanni also influenced the makeup of the Principality of Liechtenstein and is also evidenced by the remains of a Roman fort at Schaan . Roman villas have been excavated in Schaanwald and Nendeln . The area that Innsbruck is located in was probably inhabited in the early Stone Age . Several surviving pre-Roman place names exist in and about the city. In the 4th century Chur also became

882-558: The Alps , on the border between Austria and Switzerland . On the eastern side is a mountain path, of grade T4, allowing non-climbers to reach the 2817 metre summit. There are six known caves in the limestone mountain, with lengths between 800 and 3000 or more yards, all with entrances on the Eastern side, in Switzerland. Mount Grauspitz ( Vorder Grauspitze or Vorder Grauspitz on some maps)

945-867: The Bohemian Massif . The easternmost spur is formed by the Vienna Woods range, with the Leopoldsberg overlooking the Danube and the Vienna basin , which is the transition zone to the arch of the Carpathian Mountains . The highest mountain in the Eastern Alps is Piz Bernina at 4,049 m (13,284 ft) in the Bernina Group of the Western Rhaetian Alps in Switzerland. The sole four-thousander of

1008-732: The Celts before it became part of the ancient Roman provinces of Raetia and Noricum . There were two Celtic tribes settled in the future Vorarlberg area: the Raeti in the highlands, and the Vindelici in the lowlands, i.e. the Lake Constance region and the Rhine Valley prior to the Romans conquered Vorarlberg area. Rome conquered the area of the future Municipality of Schellenberg in 15BCE. Most of

1071-693: The Großglockner and the Kleinglockner (3,770 m or 12,370 ft, from German: groß 'big', klein 'small'), separated by the Glocknerscharte col . The name Glocknerer is first documented in a 1561 map designed by the Viennese cartographer Wolfgang Lazius . The denotation Glogger is mentioned in a 1583 description of the Tyrolean Kals legal district, then referring to the whole ridge south of

1134-582: The Großglockner , which stands on the border of Carinthia & East Tyrol in Austria, at 3,798 m (12,461 ft), the highest mountain of Austria. The region around the Großglockner and the adjacent Pasterze Glacier has been a special protection area within the High Tauern National Park since 1986. Other high Tyrolian mountains include Königspitze (3,851 m), Monte Cevedale (3,769 m), and Wildspitze (3,768 m). Crossing Tyrol, on

1197-736: The Magyars in 925–926, when the cathedral was destroyed, and by the Saracens (940 and 954), but afterwards it flourished thanks to its location, where the roads from several major Alpine transit routes come together and continue down the Rhine River. In 926 more Magyar raiders attacked the abbey and the nearby town of St Gallen. The Lordship of Schellenberg was constituted in the 9th century by Charlemagne . Gro%C3%9Fglockner The Großglockner ( German : Großglockner [ˈɡʁoːsˌɡlɔknɐ] ), or just Glockner , is, at 3,798 metres above

1260-611: The Obere Glocknerscharte and climb the Grossglockner summit. Hautzendorfer had to be persuaded to venture the step and administered the last rites in advance. The two "Glockners" are usually identified as the brothers Joseph ( Sepp ) and Martin Klotz , however, this surname is not listed in the Heiligenblut parish register. A local peasant named Sepp Hoysen is documented as a member of the second Grossglockner expedition in 1802, and

1323-769: The Upper Rhine River. Eastern Switzerland, Vorarlberg and Liechtenstein was under the Alemanni and 73% of Liechtenstein's current population still speak the native Alemannic dialect of German at home as of 2022. After the fall of the Ostrogothic Kingdom in 553, the Germanic tribe of the Lombards invaded Italy via the Tyrol and founded the Lombard Kingdom of Italy , which no longer included all of Tyrol, but only its southern part. The northern part of Tyrol came under

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1386-639: The Western Alps , with the contiguous ice shield ending in the region of the Niedere Tauern in Austria . This allowed many species to survive the ice age in the Eastern Alps where they could not survive elsewhere. For that reason, many species of plants are endemic to the Eastern Alps. The first signs of humans living in the area of present-day Liechtenstein can be dated back to the Middle Paleolithic era. Neolithic farming settlements appeared in

1449-455: The Western Alps . Together with the Kleinglockner to the southeast it forms a distinctive double peak . There are differing views in the literature as to whether the Kleinglockner is a subpeak or a separate main summit. Due to its low topographic prominence and isolation as well as its close links in climbing history, it is counted as part of that of the Grossglockner in historic publications; however, in view of its separate climbing routes it

1512-520: The first ascent of the Mont Blanc in 1786, the Gurk prince-bishop Count Franz Xaver of Salm (1749–1822) together with his vicar general Sigismund Ernst Hohenwart (1745–1825) and Baron Franz Xaver von Wulfen (1728–1805) started efforts for a Grossglockner expedition. They engaged two peasants from Heiligenblut as mountain guides to do the first explorations for an ascent through the Leitertal valley, which

1575-807: The 3,721 m (12,208 ft) high Glocknerwand . A prominent ridge, the Stüdlgrat , named after the Prague Alpinist Johann Stüdl (1839–1925), runs from the Grossglockner away to the southwest. Together with its extension, the Luisengrat , it separates the West Face and the Teischnitzkees glacier at its foot from the South Face and its Ködnitzkees glacier. A couloir known as the Pillwaxrinne crosses

1638-611: The Adriatic (12,461 ft), the highest mountain in Austria and highest mountain in the Alps east of the Brenner Pass . It is part of the larger Glockner Group of the Hohe Tauern range, situated along the main ridge of the Central Eastern Alps and the Alpine divide . The Pasterze , Austria's most extended glacier , lies on the Grossglockner's eastern slope. The characteristic pyramid -shaped peak actually consists of two pinnacles,

1701-609: The Alpine main chain. In the 1760s, the Atlas Tyrolensis listed a Glockner Berg , the prefix Gross- ("great") is not mentioned before the first expedition in 1799. According to the scholar Belsazar Hacquet (1735–1815), Glockner is possibly derived from German: Glocke (" bell "), referring to the mountain's characteristic shape. It may also be a Germanised version of the Alpine Slavic word Klek ("mountain"), as maintained in

1764-675: The Earth's surface reaches as far as the Upper Swabian Plateau in the northwest, to Regensburg and the peaks of the Bohemian Forest in the north, to Ortler in the west, to the Padan Plain in the south, and to Triglav and the Totes Gebirge range in the east. The Grossglockner rock summit, due to its high Alpine, heavily glaciated appearance, is often compared to the mountains of

1827-502: The Eastern Alps (AVE) widely used by Austrian and German mountaineers , these mountain chains comprise several dozen smaller mountain groups, each assigned to four larger regions: For the breakdown of these regions into mountain groups see the List of mountain groups in the Alpine Club classification of the Eastern Alps . The Swiss Alpine Club (SAC) has a slightly different classification of

1890-538: The Eastern Alps (two-part division of the Alps ) or to the Central Alps (three-part division of the Alps) depending on how its geology classified. The Rätikon mountain range, in the Central Eastern Alps , derives its name from Raetia . The Julian Alps cross the Italian border from Frulia into Slovenia's Municipality of Bovec. The highest mountain is Mt. Triglav 2,864 m (9,396 ft). The High Tauern mountain range in which Mt Grossglockner , 3,797 m (12,457.35 ft) lies, separates Carentania from

1953-433: The Grossglockner-Pasterze special protected area within the High Tauern National Park since 1986. The Glockner is the highest mountain in the Alps east of the Ortler range, about 175 km (109 mi) away, and, after Mont Blanc , has the second greatest topographic isolation of all mountains in the Alps. Even its topographic prominence , at 2,424 m (7,953 ft), is the second highest after Mont Blanc in

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2016-399: The Inn'. Vorarlberg 's notable mountain ranges include the Silvretta, the Rätikon, the Verwall and the Arlberg. The highest mountain is the Piz Buin , whose rocky peak of 3,312 m (10,866 ft). The Silvretta Alps cut across Tirol and Vorarlberg (both in Austria), and Graubünden (Switzerland). Mount Sulzfluh is well frequented by climbers and is situated in the Rätikon range of

2079-412: The Northeast and North Faces of the Grossglockner. The latter faces are bounded by the Northwest Ridge, part of the main Glockner crest, which runs over the Grögerschneid , 3,660 m (12,010 ft), and the ridge elevations of Glocknerhorn , 3,680 m (12,070 ft), and Teufelshorn , 3,677 m (12,064 ft), to the Untere Glocknerscharte , 3,598 m (11,804 ft), which connects to

2142-411: The Rhine Valley and belong to the Helvetic cover or flysch zone of the Alps. A sandstone mountain belt called the Flyschzone runs along the Northern Margin of the Limestone Alps and used to be part the submereded sea bed of the Tethys Ocean . The chain also includes the Klippenzone and Steinitzer Wald . Liechtenstein lies entirely within the Rhaetikon and is thus allotted either to

2205-432: The Slovene name Veliki Klek . The Grossglockner lies on the border between the Austrian states of Carinthia and Tyrol ( East Tyrol ). The peak is part of the Glocknerkamm ridge in the Glockner Group that branches off the main chain of the Alps at Eiskögele , heading in a southeasterly direction and forming the boundary between the East Tyrolean municipality of Kals am Großglockner, about 8 km (5.0 mi) in

2268-434: The South Face below the Obere Glocknerscharte; most of the South Face lies east of this gully below the Kleinglockner. The east side of the Kleinglockner, the Glocknerleitl , is glaciated to just below the summit and is continued by the Kleinglocknerkees and Hofmannskees before reaching the Pasterze. The history of the climbs started with French-born natural scientist Belsazar Hacquet , from 1773 professor of anatomy at

2331-568: The Swiss canton of Grisons, which flows through the Chur Rhine Valley, or Grisonian Rhine Valley ( German : Churer Rheintal, or Bündner Rheintal ) and Vorarlberg Rhine Valley ( German : Voralberger Rheintal ). It later forms the border between Switzerland to the west and Liechtenstein and later Austria to the east. The Mur ( German pronunciation: [ˈmuːɐ̯] ) or Mura ( Slovene pronunciation: [ˈmúːɾa] ; Croatian: [mǔːra] ; Hungarian: [ˈmurɒ] ; Prekmurje Slovene : Müra or Möra )

2394-448: The area east of a line from Lake Constance and the Alpine Rhine valley, up to the Splügen Pass at the Alpine divide , and down the Liro River to Lake Como in the south. The peaks and mountain passes are lower than the Western Alps , while the range itself is broader and less arched. The Eastern Alps include the eastern parts of Switzerland (mainly Graubünden ), all of Liechtenstein , and most of Austria from Vorarlberg to

2457-478: The bishop could use a horse to reach it. 30 people, among them Salm, Hohenwart and Wulfen, were part of the expedition. They suffered with bad weather and a first effort failed, but on 25 August 1799 Hohenwart and at least four other people, including the two "Glockners", reached—again—the Kleinglockner, where they installed one of the first summit crosses (one of the main goals of the church expedition). Hohenwart's reports did not tell clearly that they had not touched

2520-414: The border between North and South Tyrol, runs the main chain of the Alps . The city of Innsbruck is in the broad valley between high mountains of the so-called North Chain in the Karwendel Alps ( Hafelekarspitze , 2,334 metres or 7,657 feet) to the north and Patscherkofel (2,246 m or 7,369 ft) and Serles (2,718 m or 8,917 ft) to the south. The name "Innsbruck" means 'bridge over

2583-409: The east, as well as parts of extreme Southern Germany ( Upper Bavaria ), northwestern Italy ( Lombardy ), northeastern Italy ( Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol , Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia ) and a good portion of northern Slovenia ( Upper Carniola and Lower Styria ). In the south the range is bound by the Italian Padan Plain ; in the north the valley of the Danube River separates it from

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2646-410: The easternmost mountainous areas of Friuli , known as the Friulian Slavia , as well in as the Karst Plateau and the area north and south of Gorizia . At this time, Chur was also conquered by the Franks . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , Ticino was ruled by the Ostrogoths , the Lombards and the Franks . The Alemanni or Alamanni , were a confederation of Germanic tribes on

2709-419: The entire Alps (see the list of Alpine peaks by prominence ). That makes it one of the most independent peaks in the Alps. The view from the Grossglockner summit is one of the farthest of all mountains in the Eastern Alps. It ranges out to 220 km (140 mi) or, taking account of atmospheric refraction , almost 240 km (150 mi). Its view over more than 150,000 km (58,000 sq mi) of

2772-443: The first expedition up the steep glaciated Northeast Face, chopping 2,500 steps into the Pallavicinirinne in an ice climbing master stroke not repeated for 23 years. In 1879 Count Pallavicini dedicated a new iron summit cross on the occasion of the silver wedding of Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria and Empress Elisabeth ; both had visited Heiligenblut and walked to the present-day Franz-Josefs-Höhe viewpoint in 1865. The cross

2835-440: The highest point but Bishop Salm (who had reached the Adlersruhe rock at 3,454 m (11,332 ft)) was informed. Dissatisfied, he invited another, even bigger expedition the next year. On 28 July 1800, 62 people, among them the pedagogue Franz Michael Vierthaler and the botanist David Heinrich Hoppe , started again into the Leitertal valley. Four peasants and carpenters (the "Glockners" and two others who are not known) did

2898-400: The influence of the Bavarii , while the west was probably part of Alamannia . Most of Tyrol came under the control of the Duchy of Bavaria (created c. 555) while the rest remained under the Lombards. By the 590s AD, today's East Tyrol and Carinthia had come to be referred to in historical sources as Provincia Sclaborum (the Country of Slavs). The territory settled by Slavs, however,

2961-565: The lands of the region were once part of a Roman province called Raetia , which was established in 15 BCE. The current capital of Graubünden, Chur , was known as Curia in Roman times. The area was later part of the diocese of Chur . A Roman road crossed Liechtenstein from south to north, traversing the Alps by the Splügen Pass and following the right bank of the Rhine at the edge of the floodplain, for long uninhabited because of periodic flooding. Some Roman villas have been excavated in Schaanwald and Nendeln . Nearly 2,000 years later, some of

3024-432: The name Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona , in 2008. The Vienna Woods are a protected piece of upland forestry in Austria. The Pasterze Glacier a protected piece of mountain glacier in Austria. The ranges are subdivided by several deeply indented river valleys, mostly running east–west, including the Inn , Salzach , Enns , Adige , Drava , and Mur valleys. According to the traditional Alpine Club classification of

3087-401: The population of Graubünden still speak Romansh which has descended from Vulgar Latin . By 259, Alamanni tribes had overrun the Limes and caused widespread devastation of Roman cities and settlements in the Crisis of the Third Century . The Roman Empire succeeded in re-establishing the Rhine as the border, but it was now a frontier province. The late Roman influx from the north by

3150-420: The range, its name is taken from the Bernina Pass and was given in 1850 by Johann Coaz , who also made the first ascent. The rocks composing Piz Bernina are diorites and gabbros , while the massif in general is composed of granites ( Piz Corvatsch , Piz Palü ). Excepting other peaks in the Bernina range, the next highest is the Ortler at 3,905 m (12,812 ft) in Italian South Tyrol and third

3213-407: The ranges, based on the political borders in the canton of Graubünden. In Italy the 1926 Partizione delle Alpi concept is quite common, recently superseded by the SOIUSA attempt to combine the different approaches. Other specific, especially hydrographical arrangements are also in use. The Alps comprise four main nappe systems: During the Würm glaciation , the Eastern Alps were drier than

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3276-465: The ridge between Glöcknerleitl and Ködnitzkees in 1863. Johann Stüdl had a via ferrata erected along the southwestern ridge the next year and the Stüdlhütte erected at its foot in 1868. Already in 1869, most expeditions to the summit started in Kals. The first winter ascent of the Grossglockner was made on January 2, 1875 by William Adolf Baillie Grohman , a member of the Alpine Club . In 1876 Count Pallavicini and his guide Hans Tribusser undertook

3339-470: The seat of the first Christian bishopric north to the Alps . Despite a legend assigning its foundation to a legendary British king, St Lucius, the first known bishop is one Asinio in AD 451. In the 6th century the Slavs settled the area , and the local dioceses collapsed. This is shown in archaeological culture . A Slavic language group was established in the area. The Alpine Slavs , who are reckoned to be ancestors of present-day Slovenes, also settled in

3402-403: The southernmost point of the country. The area known as the Liechtenstein-Graubünden-Vorarlberg border triangle is around the Naafkopf mountain that reaches 2570m above sea level. In addition to the peaks of the Alpine chain, which belong to the Limestone Alps, two inselbergs , Fläscherberg (1135 meters above sea level .) in the south and Eschnerberg (698 m) in the north, rise from

3465-411: The southwest at 1,324 m (4,344 ft), and Carinthian Heiligenblut , about 12 km (7.5 mi) in the northeast at 1,291 m (4,236 ft). This boundary is also the watershed between the Kals Valley and its Teischnitz and Ködnitz side valleys on the Tyrolean side and the Möll Valley with the Pasterze glacier on the Carinthian side. The region around the mountain has formed part of

3528-490: The state of Salzburg in the northwest. To the northeast and to the east beyond the Pack Saddle mountain pass is the state of Styria . Carinthia lies in the Karawanks mountain range of the Southern Limestone Alps and contains both the Meža Valley down to the confluence with the Drava Valley ( Dravska dolina ) and the Municipality of Jezersko south of the Seeberg Saddle mountain pass, totalling 478 km (185 sq mi): Austrian and Slovenian Carinthia has

3591-414: The summit) and in 1806, however, he himself never climbed beyond the Adlersruhe rock. The climbing of the Grossglockner was also described by the botanist Josef August Schultes , who explored the massif together with Count Apponyi in 1802. No further ascents were made during the Napoleonic Wars , the huts decayed and were plundered by locals. In the following Vormärz era, however, the mountain became

3654-458: The surveyor Ulrich Schiegg mentioned one Martin Reicher as "Glockner" guide. The peasants and several other members of the expedition (among them Schiegg and his young apprentice Valentin Stanič , who climbed Mt. Watzmann for the first time some weeks later) did the ascent again the next day and finally installed the summit cross and a barometer on the Grossglockner summit. Bishop Salm undertook two more ascents in 1802 (with Hohenwart reaching

3717-463: The top station on 2,978 metres (9,770 ft), there is a restaurant with a panoramic terrace, as well as a hotel offering both hotel-class and bunk-style accommodations. The Diavolezza is one of the ski areas of the Upper Engadine (from 1,896 m to 3,066 m). The skiing area is connected to that of Piz Lagalb , which lies on the opposite side of the valley. The two areas are usually promoted as one, called Diavolezza-Lagalb . The Diavolezza-Lagalb area

3780-428: The valleys around 5300 BCE. A Bronze Age settlement at the site goes back as far as the Pfyn culture (3900–3500 BCE), making Chur one of the oldest settlements in Switzerland . In ancient times, the area of what is today Ticino was settled by the Lepontii, a Celtic tribe. Later, probably around the reign of Augustus, it became part of the Roman Empire . In ancient times, the region had long been inhabited by

3843-479: Was a former Alpine Slavic (Alpska Slovanščina) \proto-Slovenian principality that emerged from Samo's Empire in the second half of the 7th century, in the territory of present-day southern Austria and north-eastern Slovenia. Carantania was absorbed into the Frankish Empire in 745. The province of Lower Rhaetia was formed in 814. The Frankish March of Carinthia , created within the Carolingian Empire in 889. The city of Chur suffered several invasions: by

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3906-439: Was also inhabited by remnants of the indigenous Romanised Celtic and Pannonian population, who preserved the Christian faith and helped convert the Slavs of Carantania . From 623 to 658 Slavic peoples between the upper Elbe River and the Karawanks mountain range. They united under the leadership of King Samo (Kralj Samo). Carantania, (AKA: Carentania, Slovene: Karantanija, German: Karantanien, in Old Slavic *Korǫtanъ),

3969-413: Was installed on 2 October 1880. Pallavicini also had the Archduke John Hut erected at the former Adlersruhe resting place of Bishop Salm, today the highest situated mountain hut in Austria. The Austrian Alpine Club built the new Salmhütte and the Glocknerhaus along the alpine route from Heiligenblut. A first ascent by skiing was made in 1909 and the circumnavigation of the massif soon became

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