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34-622: In the Ottoman register of 1520 for the Sanjak of Avlona , Dhuvjan was attested as a village in the timar under the authority of Hasan and Ibrahim, the sons of Mahmud, who possessed and worked it jointly. The village had a total of 92 households. The anthroponymy attested largely belonged to the Albanian onomastic sphere, characterised by personal names such as Bardh , Deda , Gjin , Laluç , Gurmir , Gjon , Kola , Leka and others. According to Ferit Duka,

68-456: A virtual viceroy of the Sultan : he had full authority over matters of war, justice and administration, except in so far as they were limited by the authority of other officials also appointed by the central government, chiefly the various fiscal secretaries under the mal defterdari , and the kadı , who could appeal directly to the imperial government. In addition, as a further check to their power,

102-508: Is of Turkish origin, meaning " beg of begs" (commander of commanders). Under the Safavids, it meant governor-general. The title first appears in 1543/44, when the Safavid ruler Tahmasp I ( r.  1524–1576 ) issued a decree that referred the governor of Herat as beglerbegi . The title was created to distinguish more important governors from less important ones. As a result, starting in

136-541: The atabak al-asakir , the commander-in-chief of the army. The Ottomans used the title beylerbey from the late 14th until the mid-19th century, with varying meanings and degrees of importance. The early Ottoman state continued to use the term beylerbey in the meaning of commander-in-chief, held by princes of the Ottoman dynasty : under the Ottoman Empire's founder, Osman I (ruled 1299–1326), his son Orhan held

170-423: The salyane system, i.e. their revenue was sent to the imperial treasury, and the officials and soldiers were paid salaries from it. The size of these new provinces varied enormously: some containing as many as twenty sanjak s, and others as few as two, including the beylerbey ' s own residence (or pasha -sanjakı ). Among themselves, the various beylerbey s had an order of precedence based on

204-597: The Janissary contingents stationed in the province's cities were outside his authority, and beylerbey s were even forbidden from entering the fortresses garrisoned by the Janissaries. The beylerbey also had his own court and government council ( divan ) and could freely grant fiefs ( timar s and ziamet s) without prior approval by the Sultan, although this right was curtailed after 1530, when beylerbey authority

238-411: The beglerbegi . The beglerbegis had complete command over the soldiers and khans under their command. According to the early 18th-century Dastur al-Moluk , a beglerbegi was superior to a khan in rank, and the soltans were subordinate to the khan. The beglerbegi , who was also an emir, was also known as the emir al-omara of the province that he oversaw. There were eleven beglerbegis towards

272-500: The viziers ; both viziers and beylerbey s were titled pashas , with the viziers sporting three horse-tails and the beylerbey s two. From the 16th century on, however, viziers could be appointed as provincial beylerbey s, enjoying precedence and authority over the ordinary beylerbey s of the neighbouring provinces. Towards the end of the 17th century, the title of ' beylerbey of Rumelia' (' Rumeli beylerbeysi ) also began to be awarded as an honorific rank, alongside

306-434: The 1540s, governor-general ( beglerbegi ), senior-governor ( hakem-khan ), and junior-governor ( hakem-soltan ) were one of the titles that would be given to a emir governing a province or smaller administration. Other beglerbegis soon appear in records, such as the beglerbegi of Astarabad in 1548, and the beglerbegi of Kerman in 1565. According to Willem Floor : "This, and the fact that beglerbegis also were at

340-883: The Ottoman territories in Europe ( Rumelia ). This marked the beylerbey effectively as the viceroy of the European territories, as the Sultans still resided in Anatolia , and as the straits of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles , which connected the two parts of the Ottoman state, continued to escape full Ottoman control until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. Lala Shahin died after 1388. Sometime in 1385–87 Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha succeeded him in

374-466: The Persian mir-i miran or mirmiran , which had been used as equivalents of the beylerbey , now increasingly came to refer only to the honorary rank, which in turn was increasingly devalued. The process culminated with the vilayet reform of 1864, after which wali became the only official designation for the governor-general of a province, while the title of beylerbey survived only in

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408-537: The actual holder of the provincial post, even to officials unrelated to the provincial administration, such as the chief treasurer ( defterdar ). Beginning in the 18th century, the Arabic-origin title of wali began to be increasingly used for provincial governors-general at the expense of beylerbey , except for the two original beylerbey s of Rumelia and Anatolia; the Arabic title amir al-umara , and

442-573: The commanders"), designating the army's commander-in-chief. Among the Mongol Ilkhanids , the title was used to designate the chief amir al-ulus ("emir of the state")—also known by the Turkic title ulusbegi and the Arabic amir al-umara –while in the Golden Horde it was applied to all the holders of the rank of amir al-ulus . The Mamluks of Egypt possibly used it as an alternative title for

476-527: The continuous growth of the Ottoman Empire in the 15th and 16th centuries, new provinces were established, and the ranks of the beylerbey s swelled to a peak of 44 by the end of the 16th century. A list of eyalet s in 1609 mentions 32 in total: 23 of them regular eyalet s where revenue was distributed among the military fief-holders, while the rest (in North Africa and the Middle East ) were under

510-529: The date of conquest or formation of their provinces. The beylerbey of Rumelia , however, retained his pre-eminence, ranking first among the other provincial governors-general, and being accorded a seat in the Imperial Council ( divan ) after 1536. In addition, the post was occasionally held by the Sultan's chief minister, the Grand Vizier himself. In his province, the beylerbey operated as

544-402: The end of the reign of Shah Abbas II ( r.  1588–1629 ); five gholams ( Fars , Karabakh , Baghdad , Astarabad, Shirvan ), two valis of some sort ( Lorestan and Kurdistan ) and four Qizilbash emirs ( Khorasan , Chokhur-e Sa'd (Erivan) , Azerbaijan , Qandahar ). Herat and Kerman, which were among the first provinces to be administered by a beglerbegi , are not included in

578-629: The establishment of the Sanjak of Delvina in the middle of the 16th century, the following towns (kazas) also belonged to the Sanjak of Avlona: Delvina , Gjirokastër , Myzeqe and Labëria . Valona was conquered by the Ottomans in June 1417. In 1431, the Sanjak of Albania was created out of areas in present-day western Albania. At the end of the 15th century, in order to stimulate trading, Ottomans settled small community of Sephardi Jews . Gedik Ahmed Pasha

612-439: The honorary rank of Rumeli beylerbeysi , which continued in use alongside its Perso-Arabic equivalents. Under the Safavid dynasty of Iran , the title ( beglerbegi ) was used from ca. 1543/44 on for governors (generically styled hakim ) of the more important provinces. The title was thus used for the governors of Herat , Azerbaijan , Ganja , Karabakh , Shirvan , Fars , Iraq , and Astarabad . The Safavids also used

646-454: The lack of names ending with -s implies a lack of Greek names. According to Doris Kyriazis, Ferit Duka's interpretation of the absence of the suffix - s in the names as an argument for the lack of the Greek element is wrong, because this was quite typical in Ottoman records on areas that were undoubtedly Greek-speaking. Another discrepancy, according to Kyriazis, was that Duka ignored the etymology of

680-600: The largest and most important provinces, although in later centuries it became devalued into a mere honorific title. The title is originally Turkic and its equivalents in Arabic were amir al-umara , and in Persian , mir-i miran . The title originated with the Seljuqs , and was used in the Sultanate of Rum initially as an alternative for the Arabic title of malik al-umara ("chief of

714-579: The local topology and the presence of archaic Greek place names that the Slavs had translated into their own language. Today it is inhabited by members of the Greek minority. The famous Dhuvjan Monastery , dedicated to Saints Quiricus and Julietta , as well as several smaller Eastern Orthodox churches are located in Dhuvjan. A Greek school was operating in the nearby Dhuvjan monastery from 1777. The first school in

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748-627: The middle of the 18th century a sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Avlona was Ahmet Kurt Pasha from the Muzaka family who was later appointed to the position of derbendci aga (guardian of the mountain passes) which he held until the sultan appointed Ahemt's grandson, Ali Pasha Tepelena , instead of him. In 1809, the sanjakbey of the Avlona was Ibrahim Pasha. According to Eqrem Vlora members of his family were de facto (not de jure ) sanjakbeys of Sanjak of Avlona in period 1481—1828. In 1834 Mahmood Hamdi pasha

782-505: The position of commander-in-chief in Rumelia. In 1393 Sultan Bayezid I ( r.  1389–1402 ) appointed Kara Timurtash as beylerbey and viceroy in Anatolia, when Bayezid himself crossed over into Europe to campaign against Mircea I of Wallachia . This process marked the birth of the first two, and by far the most important, beylerbeylik s: those of Rumelia and Anatolia , while

816-421: The post, and during Orhan's reign (1324–1362), his brother Alaeddin Pasha and Orhan's son Süleyman Pasha . The first step towards the transformation of the office into a gubernatorial title occurred when Murad I ( r.  1362–1389 ) gave the title to Lala Shahin Pasha as a reward for his capture of Adrianople (modern Edirne ) in the 1360s. In addition, Lala Shahin was given military authority over

850-430: The same time emir al-omara of their jurisdiction, contradicts the view that the term beglerbegi was simply a Turkish translation of the title emir al-omara ." Beglerbegi was only applied to governors of large administrations in the second half of the 16th-century. The title was more commonly employed in the latter part of the 17th century, even for lesser administrations. Several khans and soltans were subject to

884-410: The third beylerbeylik , that of Rûm , followed soon after. The beylerbey was in charge of a province—termed a beylerbeylik or generically vilayet , "province", while after 1591 the term eyalet was used and beylerbeylik came to mean the office of beylerbey . Territorial beylerbeylik s were subdivided into sanjak s or liwa s under sanjakbey s. With

918-508: The title of wali for provinces even more important than those of the beglerbegi . Towards the end of the Safavid period, the title of beglerbegi had been eclipsed by that of wali , most notably being the wali's of the shah's their Georgian areas. Beglerbegi ( Persian : بیگلربیگی ) was a title generally held by governors of provinces of higher importance in Safavid Iran . The title

952-508: The village itself, a Greek elementary school, was operating at 1853, while a girls' school opened later at 1914. This article about a specific location in Gjirokastër County , Albania, is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Sanjak of Avlona The Sanjak of Avlona ( Turkish : Avlonya Sancağı , Albanian : Sanxhaku i Vlorës ; sometimes referred to as the Sanjak of Berat because of its county town )

986-582: Was sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Avlona in 1479. Bali Bey, son of Yahya Pasha, became sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Avlona in 1506. Mehmed Beg Isaković, son of Isa-Beg Isaković , was appointed as sanjabey of Avlona in January 1516. Muzaffer Pasha was sanjakbey of Avlona before he was appointed for the first governor of Cyprus in 1570, after Cyprus was captured by the Ottoman Empire. Mustafa Pasha (Bin Abdullah), who had been on position of sanjakbey of Bosnia and Morea ,

1020-568: Was a high rank in the western Islamic world in the late Middle Ages and early modern period , from the Anatolian Seljuks and the Ilkhanids to Safavid Empire and the Ottoman Empire . Initially designating a commander-in-chief , it eventually came to be held by senior provincial governors. In Ottoman usage, where the rank survived the longest, it designated the governors-general of some of

1054-508: Was appointed to govern the Sanjak of Delvina , Yanina and Avlona. Ismail Kemal , the first prime minister of Albania, was elected a member of Ottoman parliament in December 1908 for the Sanjak of Berat. Beglerbeg Beylerbey ( Ottoman Turkish : بكلربكی , romanized :  beylerbeyi , lit.   ' bey of beys', meaning the 'commander of commanders' or 'lord of lords’, sometimes rendered governor-general )

Dhuvjan - Misplaced Pages Continue

1088-685: Was one of the sanjaks of the Ottoman Empire whose county town was Berat in Albania . It was established in 1466, after the construction of the Elbasan Castle of the territory that belonged to the preceding Ottoman sanjak, Sanjak of Albania . The territory of the Sanjak of Avlona extended between the Shkumbin river to the north and the Ceraunian Mountains to the south. This sanjak had two kazas : kaza of Berat and kaza of Valona . Before

1122-446: Was restricted to the smaller timar s only. Reflecting the office's origin in the military, the primary responsibility of the beylerbey s and their sanjakbey s was the maintenance of the sipahi cavalry, formed by holders of the military fiefs, whom they led in person on campaign. From the reign of Mehmed II ( r.  1451–1481 ) onwards, the title of beylerbey also became an honorary court rank, coming after

1156-433: Was sanjakbey of Valona at the end of the 16th century and beginning of the 17th century. Avlonya was captured by Venetians in 1690, but it was recaptured by Ottomans in 1691. In 1691, centre of sanjak was relocated to Berat and the sanjak was gradually named as Sanjak of Berat. Sari Ahmed Pasha was appointed as sanjakbey of Avlona at the end of 1712 and in the 1714 he was transferred to position of beglerbeg of Rumelia . In

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