85-498: Dhanusha District , ( Nepali : धनुषा जिल्ला ; [dʱʌnusa] ), a part of Madhesh Province , is one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal . It is situated in the Outer Terai . The district, with Janakpurdham as its district headquarter, covers an area of 1,180.7 km (455.9 sq mi) and has a population (2021) of 838,084. During the elections in April 2008,
170-579: A Forward Caste , as they do not qualify for any of the reservation benefits allotted to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes that are administered by the Government of India . This classification has increasingly led to feelings of unease and resentment among the Kayasthas, who believe that the communities that benefit from reservation are gaining political power and employment opportunities at their expense. Thus, particularly since
255-407: A government institution established in 1913 ( B.S. 1970) for advancement of Gorkha Bhasa, renamed itself as Nepali Bhasa Prakashini Samiti (Nepali Language Publishing Committee) in 1933 (B.S. 1990), which is currently known as Sajha Prakashan . Conversely, the term Gorkhali in the former national anthem entitled " Shriman Gambhir " was changed to Nepali in 1951. However, the term Nepali
340-501: A myth of origin that says they descend from the 12 sons of the Hindu god Chitragupta , the product of his marriages to Devi Shobhavati and Devi Nandini. The suffix -vanshi is Sanskrit and translates as belonging to a particular family dynasty . At least some Chitraguptavanshi subcastes seem to have formed by the 11th or 12th century, evidenced by various names being used to describe them in inscriptions. Although at that time, prior to
425-676: A 'mixed-origin' caste with Brahmin and Shudra components. This was probably an attempt by the Brahmins to rationalize their rank in the traditional caste hierarchy and perhaps a later invention rather than a historical fact. After the Muslim conquest of India , they mastered Persian , which became the official language of the Mughal courts. Some converted to Islam and formed the Muslim Kayasth community in northern India . Bengali Kayasthas had been
510-634: A Benares Sanskrit College professor, well versed in Hindu Dharmaśāstras ) and Vishvanath Narayan Mandlik . Earlier, in Bihar, in 1811–1812, botanist and zoologist Francis Buchanan had recorded the Kayastha of that region as "pure shudra" and accordingly kept them at the par with other producer caste groups like goldsmiths, Ahirs , Kurmis and the Koeris . William Pinch, in his study of Ramanandi Sampradaya in
595-463: A close connect, subsequently, the language became the lingua franca in the area. As a result, the grammar became simplified, vocabulary was expanded, and its phonology was softened, after it was syncretised, Nepali lost much of the complex declensional system present in the older languages. In the Kathmandu Valley (then known as Nepal Mandala ), Nepali language inscriptions can be seen during
680-658: A cluster of disparate Indian communities broadly categorised by the regions of the Indian subcontinent in which they were traditionally located—the Chitraguptavanshi Kayasthas of North India , the Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus of Maharashtra , the Bengali Kayasthas of Bengal and Karanas of Odisha . All of them were traditionally considered "writing castes ", who had historically served
765-508: A distinct caste. The Kayastha appears as a figure in Act IX of the Mṛcchakatika , a kāyastha is shown accompanying a judge ( adhikaraṇika ) and assisting him. In Act V there is mention that: Moreover, O friend, a courtesan, an elephant, a Kayastha, a mendicant, a spy and a donkey—where these dwell, there not even villains can flourish. In Mudrarakshasa , a Kayastha named Śakaṭadāsa
850-497: A forward caste of Odisha. As the Kayasthas are a non-cohesive group with regional differences rather than a single caste, their position in the Hindu varna system of ritual classification has not been uniform. This was reflected in Raj era court rulings. Hayden Bellenoit gives details of various Raj era law cases and concludes the varna Kayastha was resolved in those cases by taking into account regional differences and customs followed by
935-654: A prosperous and influential caste in Odisha and rank next to the Brahmins . They exclusively served the ruling powers as their ministers, advisors, governors, military commanders, record keepers and diwans. They have the highest literacy caste-wise and are highly prosperous. Karanas owned most Zamindaris in Odisha and were extremely rich. They also received large amounts of land grants in Khurda administration of Khurda Kingdom . They represent around 5% of Odia people. The Karanas are
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#17328730764091020-461: A separate profession, similar to bankers , merchants , and artisans . As suggested in certain epigraphs, they had a representative in the district-level administration, along with those of bankers and merchants. This is also implied in Mudrarakshasa , where a kayastha would work for any man who paid his wages on time. Possibly secular knowledge, like writing, administration, and jurisprudence,
1105-639: A short period of a hundred years in the 19th century. This literary explosion was fuelled by Adhyatma Ramayana ; Sundarananda Bara (1833); Birsikka, an anonymous collection of folk tales; and a version of the ancient Indian epic Ramayana by Bhanubhakta Acharya (d. 1868). The contribution of trio-laureates Lekhnath Paudyal , Laxmi Prasad Devkota , and Balkrishna Sama took Nepali to the level of other world languages. The contribution of expatriate writers outside Nepal, especially in Darjeeling and Varanasi in India,
1190-582: A standardised prose in the Lal mohar (royal charter)—documents related to the Nepalese Kingdom dealing with diplomatic writings, tax, and administrative records. The language of the Lal mohar is nearly modern with some minor differences in grammar and with a pre-modern orthography. Few changes including changing Kari (करि) to Gari (गरि) and merging Hunu (हुनु) with cha (छ) to create huncha (हुन्छ) were done. The most prominent work written during this time
1275-421: A subgroup within the broader social group of Madheshi Brahmin/Chhetri (together with Terai Brahmins and Rajputs ). At the time of the 2011 Nepal census , 44,304 people (0.2% of the population of Nepal) were Kayastha. The frequency of Kayasthas by province was as follows: The frequency of Kayasthas was higher than national average (0.2%) in the following districts: This is a list of notable people from all
1360-501: Is a considerable brahmana element in the present day Kayastha community of Bengal. Originally the professions of Kayastha (scribe) and Vaidya (physician) were not restricted and could be followed by people of different varnas including the brahmanas. So there is every probability that a number of brahmana families were mixed up with members of other varnas in forming the present Kayastha and Vaidya communities of Bengal. In Maharashtra, Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus (CKP) claim descent from
1445-519: Is a crucial character and one of the trusted men of the Prime Minister of the Nanda King. According to Chitrarekha Gupta, the title Ārya added to the name of Śakaṭadāsa implies that he was a member of the nobility. Another Kayastha called Acala is the scribe of Chanakya . In early-mediaeval Kashmir too, the term kayastha denoted an occupational class whose principal duty, besides carrying on
1530-405: Is also a separate highest level honorific, which was used to refer to members of the royal family, and by the royals among themselves. Like all modern Indo-Aryan languages, Nepali grammar has syncretised heavily, losing much of the complex declensional system present in the older languages. Instead, it relies heavily on periphrasis , a marginal verbal feature of older Indo-Aryan languages. Nepali
1615-601: Is also mentioned that father of Lalitaditya Muktapida of the Karkota Dynasty , Durlabhavardhan, had held the post of Aśvaghāsa-kāyastha. Kayasthas have been authors of several Sanskrit texts too. Kayasthas have been recorded as a separate caste responsible for writing secular documents and maintaining records in Brahmanical religious writings dating back to the seventh-century. In these texts, some described Kayasthas as Kshatriyas , while others often described them as
1700-667: Is also notable. Nepali-language speakers are rapidly migrating around the globe in last a couple of decades and many books of Nepali language literature are published from different corners of the world. Diasporic literature has developed new ways of thinking and created a new branch in Nepali language literature. Dialects of Nepali include Acchami, Baitadeli, Bajhangi, Bajurali, Bheri, Dadeldhuri, Dailekhi, Darchulali, Darchuli, Gandakeli, Humli, Purbeli, and Soradi. These dialects can be distinct from Standard Nepali. Mutual intelligibility between Baitadeli, Bajhangi, Bajurali (Bajura), Humli and Acchami
1785-606: Is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Himalayas region of South Asia . It is the official, and most widely spoken, language of Nepal , where it also serves as a lingua franca . Nepali has official status in the Indian state of Sikkim and in the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration of West Bengal . It is spoken by about a quarter of Bhutan 's population. Nepali also has a significant number of speakers in
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#17328730764091870-583: Is based on "factual and interpretative errors", and criticised for making "unquestioned assumptions" about the Kayastha Sanskritisation and westernisation movement. In post-Raj assessments, the Bengali Kayasthas, alongside Bengali Brahmins , have been described as the "highest Hindu castes". After the Muslim conquest of India, they absorbed remnants of Bengal's old Hindu ruling dynasties—including
1955-613: Is believed to have originated around 500 years ago with the mass migration of a branch of Khas people from the Karnali - Bheri - Seti eastward to settle in lower valleys of the Karnali and the Gandaki basin. During the times of Sena dynasty , who ruled a vast area in Terai and central hills of Nepal, Nepali language became influenced by the Indian languages including Awadhi , Bhojpuri , Braj Bhasha and Maithili . Nepali speakers and Senas had
2040-506: Is explained by modern scholars as a result of growth of state machinery, complication of taxation system and the "rapid expansion of land-grant practice that required professional documenting fixation". The term also finds mention in an inscription of the Gupta emperor Kumaragupta I , dated to 442 CE , in which prathama-kāyastha ( transl. 'chief officer' ) is used as an administrative designation. The Yājñavalkya Smṛti , also from
2125-754: Is generally written in Devanagari script. In certain regions, the Tibetan script was also used in regions with predominantly Tibetic population, with common Tibetan expressions and pronunciation. In the section below Nepali is represented in Latin transliteration using the IAST scheme and IPA . The chief features are: subscript dots for retroflex consonants ; macrons for etymologically, contrastively long vowels ; h denoting aspirated plosives . Tildes denote nasalised vowels . Nepali developed significant literature within
2210-580: Is low. The dialect of the Nepali language spoken in Karnali Province is not mutually intelligible with Standard Nepali. The language is known by its old name as Khas Bhasa in Karnali. The following is a sample text in Nepali, of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , with a transliteration (IAST) and transcription ( IPA ). Kayastha Kayastha (or Kayasth ) denotes
2295-824: Is often in free variation with [õ]. Nepali has ten diphthongs : /ui̯/, /iu̯/, /ei̯/, /eu̯/, /oi̯/, /ou̯/, /ʌi̯/, /ʌu̯/, /ai̯/, and /au̯/. [j] and [w] are nonsyllabic allophones of [i] and [u], respectively. Every consonant except [j], [w], and /ɦ/ has a geminate counterpart between vowels. /ɳ/ and /ʃ/ also exist in some loanwords such as /baɳ/ बाण "arrow" and /nareʃ/ नरेश "king", but these sounds are sometimes replaced with native Nepali phonemes. The murmured stops may lose their breathy-voice between vowels and word-finally. Non-geminate aspirated and murmured stops may also become fricatives, with /pʰ/ as [ ɸ ], /bʱ/ as [ β ], /kʰ/ as [ x ], and /ɡʱ/ as [ ɣ ]. Examples of this are /sʌpʰa/ 'clean' becoming [sʌɸa] and /ʌɡʱaɖi/ 'before' becoming [ʌɣaɽi]. Typically, sounds transcribed with
2380-510: Is the official language of the state of Sikkim and of Gorkhaland , West Bengal . Despite being spoken by about a quarter of the population, Nepalese has no official status in Bhutan. According to the 2011 national census , 44.6% of the population of Nepal speaks Nepali as its first language . and 32.8% speak Nepali as a second language. Ethnologue reports 12,300,000 speakers within Nepal (from
2465-526: Is the second most commonly spoken language other than English. Allawah and Hurstville have third most Nepali speaking population in New South Wales . There are regular Nepali language News papers and Magazines in Australia. Vowels and consonants are outlined in the tables below. Nepali distinguishes six oral vowels and five nasal vowels . /o/ does not have a phonemic nasal counterpart, although it
2550-452: Is used where no respect is due, medium honorific is used to signify equal status or neutrality, and high honorific signifies respect. Like all modern Indo-Aryan languages, Nepali grammar has syncretised heavily, losing much of the complex declensional system present in the older languages. Nepali developed significant literature within a short period of a hundred years in the 19th century. Around 1830, several Nepali poets wrote on themes from
2635-465: The 1951 Nepalese revolution and during the Panchayat system. In 1957, Royal Nepal Academy was established with the objectives of developing and promoting Nepali literature, culture, art and science. During Panchayat, Nepal adopted a " One King, One Dress, One Language, One Nation " ideology, which promoted Nepali language as basis for Nepali nationalism, this time is considered to be a Golden Age for
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2720-559: The Bengal Presidency . According to William Rowe, the Kayasthas of Bengal, Bombay and the United Provinces repeatedly challenged this classification by producing a flood of books, pamphlets, family histories and journals to pressurise the government to recognise them as kshatriya and to reform the caste practices in the directions of sanskritisation and westernisation . Rowe's opinion has been challenged, with arguments that it
2805-549: The Himalayan region of South Asia . The earliest inscription in the Nepali language is believed to be an inscription in Dullu , Dailekh District which was written around the reign of King Bhupal Damupal around the year 981. The institutionalisation of the Nepali language arose during the rule of the Kingdom of Gorkha (later became known as the Kingdom of Nepal ) in the 16th century. Over
2890-635: The Khasa Kingdom in the western Nepal . Following the Unification of Nepal led by Shah dynasty 's Prithvi Narayan Shah , Nepali language became known as Gorakhā Bhāṣā ( गोरखा भाषा ; language of the Gorkhas ) as it was spoken by Gorkhas . The people living in the Pahad or the hilly region, where it does not generally contain snow, called the language Parvate Kurā ( पर्वते कुरा ), meaning "the speech of
2975-519: The Muslim as well as Christian communities that made up the middle class at the time of Indian independence in 1947. According to Merriam-Webster , the word Kāyastha is probably formed from the Sanskrit kāya (body), and the suffix -stha (standing, being in). As evidenced by literary and epigraphical texts, Kayasthas had emerged as a 'class of administrators' between late-ancient and early-mediaeval period of Indian history. Their emergence
3060-543: The Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent , they were generally outnumbered by Brahmins in the Hindu royal courts of northern India, some among these Kayasthas wrote eulogies for the kings. Of the various regional Kayastha communities it was those of north India who remained most aligned to their role of scribes, whereas in other areas there became more emphasis on commerce. The group of Bhatnagar , Srivastava , Ambashtha and Saxena of Doab were classified by various Indian , British and missionary observers to be
3145-576: The Sanskrit epics Ramayana and the Bhagavata Purana , which was followed by Bhanubhakta Acharya translating the Ramayana in Nepali which received "great popularity for the colloquial flavour of its language, its religious sincerity, and its realistic natural descriptions". The term Nepali derived from Nepal was officially adopted by the Government of Nepal in 1933, when Gorkha Bhasa Prakashini Samiti (Gorkha Language Publishing Committee),
3230-662: The Sena , Pala , Chandra , and Varman —and, in this way, became the region's surrogate kshatriya or "warrior" class. During British rule, the Bengali Kayasthas, the Bengali Brahmins and the Baidyas considered themselves to be Bhadralok , a term coined in Bengal for the gentry or respectable people. This was based on their perceived refined culture, prestige and education. Modern scholars like John Henry Hutton and Ronald Inden consider
3315-533: The 18th century, where it became the state language. One of the earliest works in the Middile Nepali is written during the reign of Ram Shah , King of Gorkha, a book by unknown writer called Ram Shah ko Jivani (A Biography of Ram Shah). Prithvi Narayan Shah 's Divyopadesh , written toward the end of his life, around 1774–75, contains old Nepali dialect of the era, is considered as the first work of essay of Nepali literature. During this time Nepali developed
3400-484: The 1990 report of the Mandal Commission on reservation, Kayastha organisations have been active in areas such as Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Bengal and Orissa. These groups are aligning themselves with various political parties to gain political and economic advantages; by 2009 they were demanding 33 percent reservation in government jobs. The Chitraguptavanshi Kayasthas of Northern India are named thus because they have
3485-491: The 2011 census). It is spoken by 20,250,952, about 77.20% of the population, as their first language and second language . Total number of Nepali speakers in India by state (2011 census) According to the 2011 census of India , there were a total of 2,926,168 Nepali language speakers in India. In Bhutan , native Nepali speakers, known as Lhotshampa , are estimated at 35% of the population. This number includes displaced Bhutanese refugees , with unofficial estimates of
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3570-450: The Bengali Kayasthas were shudras. The Allahabad High Court ruled in 1890 that Kayasthas were Kshatriyas. Hayden Bellenoit concludes from an analysis of those that in the suits originating in the Bihari and Doabi heartlands rulings that Kayasthas were of twice-born status were more likely. Closer to Bengal country, though, the legal rulings tended to assign a shudra status. Even where
3655-632: The Eastern Pahari group of the Northern zone of Indo-Aryan. The language originated from the Sinja Valley , Karnali Province then the capital city of the Khasa Kingdom around the 10th and 14th centuries. It developed proximity to a number of Indo-Aryan languages , most significantly to other Pahari languages . Nepali was originally spoken by the Khas people , an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group native to
3740-593: The Gupta Emperor Kumaragupta I as prathama-kāyastha, as karaṇa-kāyastha in Vainayagupta ’s inscription, and as gauḍa-kāyastha in an Apshadha inscription dated 672 CE . The occasional references to individuals of the Karaṇa caste occupying high government offices are made in inscriptions and literary works too. Razia Banu has suggested that Brahmin and Kayastha migrants were brought to Bengal during
3825-616: The Gupta era, and the Vishnu Smriti describe kayasthas as record-keepers and accountants, but not as jāti ( caste or clan). Similarly, the term Kayastha is used in the works of Kshemendra , Kalhana and Bilhana to refer to members of bureaucracy varying from Gṛhakṛtyamahattama ( transl. 'the chief secretary in the charge of home affairs' ) to the Aśvaghāsa-kāyastha ( transl. 'officer in charge of
3910-507: The Kayasthas of Bengal had not yet developed into a distinct caste during the reign of the Gupta Empire, although the office of the Kayastha (scribe) had been instituted before the beginning of the period, as evidenced from the contemporary Smritis . Sharma further states: Noticing brahmanic names with a large number of modern Bengali Kayastha cognomens in several early epigraphs discovered in Bengal, some scholars have suggested that there
3995-710: The Nepali Congress, Anand Yadav (Gangaram Yadav ) from the CPN-UML , Matrika Yadav from the CPN-Maoist and Ram Chandra Jha from CPN (Unified Socialist) who have been ministers at various point of time and are still active. The most common language spoken in Dhanusha is Maithili . Dhanusha district has an airport and the only railway system of Nepal which connects Janakpurdham with an Indian town, Jayanagar. It has several good hotels like Hotel Rama, Hotel Sita Palace, including
4080-530: The administration became zamindars and jagirdars . According to Abu al-Fazl, most of the Hindu zamindars in Bengal were Kayasthas. Maharaja Pratapaditya , the king of Jessore who declared independence from Mughal rule in the early 17th century, was a Bengali Kayastha. During the British Raj, Kayasthas continued to proliferate in public administration, qualifying for the highest executive and judicial offices open to Indians. Bengali Kayasthas took on
4165-2163: The agriculture fields. However, there is a slow introduction to modern techniques such as a tractor for goods transportation (for agriculture purposes), thrasher, and so on. Remittances make up a large portion of its GDP. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census , Dhanusha District had a population of 754,777. language in Dhanusa District As their first language, 85.9% spoke Maithili , 4.4% Nepali , 3.1% Magahi , 2.4% Urdu , 1.0% Rai , 0.9% Magar , 0.3% Danuwar , 0.3% Newar , 0.2% Sunuwar , 0.1% Bhojpuri , 0.1% Hindi , 0.1% Majhi , 0.1% Rajasthani and 0.1% other languages. Ethnicity/caste: 17.5% were Yadav , 8.4% Musalman , 6.1% Kewat , 5.2% Teli , 5.1% Koiri / Kushwaha , 5.0% Dhanuk , 4.4% Sudhi, 3.8% Chamar /Harijan/Ram, 3.4% Tatma/Tatwa, 3.0% Terai Brahmin , 2.8% Bin, 2.6% Musahar , 2.5% Dusadh/ Paswan /Pasi, 2.3% Khatwe, 1.8% Baraee, 1.5% Halwai , 1.4% Hill Brahmin , 1.4% Hajam /Thakur, 1.3% Chhetri , 1.3% Kurmi , 1.3% Mallaha , 1.3% other Terai, 1.2% Tamang , 1.1% Magar , 1.0% Kalwar , 1.0% Kumhar , 1.0% Sonar , 0.8% Danuwar, 0.8% Dhobi , 0.8% Kathabaniyan, 0.8% Kayastha , 0.7% Nuniya, 0.6% Gaderi/Bhedihar, 0.6% Kami , 0.6% Lohar , 0.6% Newar , 0.6% Tharu , 0.5% Rajput , 0.3% Badhaee, 0.2% Damai /Dholi, 0.2% Dhunia, 0.2% Dom , 0.2% Gharti/ Bhujel , 0.2% Kanu , 0.2% Kumal , 0.2% Majhi, 0.2% Mali , 0.2% Sanyasi/Dasnami, 0.2% Sarki , 0.2% Sunuwar , 0.1% Amat, 0.1% Bantar/Sardar, 0.1% Bengali , 0.1% Bhote , 0.1% Dhankar/Dharikar, 0.1% Halkhor, 0.1% Jhangad/Dhagar, 0.1% Marwadi , 0.1% Punjabi /Sikh, 0.1% Rai and 0.2% others. Religion: 89.3% were Hindu , 8.4% Muslim , 1.5% Buddhism , 0.1% Christian , 0.1% Prakriti and 0.6% others. Literacy: 50.4% could read and write, 3.3% could only read and 45.9% could neither read nor write. The district consists of one sub-metropolitan city , eleven urban municipalities and six rural municipalities . These are as follows: Nepali language Nepali ( English: / n ɪ ˈ p ɔː l i / ; Devanagari : नेपाली , [ˈnepali] )
4250-406: The area were classified along with Brahmins and Rajputs in Bihar as "other castes of twice-born rank" According to Arun Sinha, there was a strong current since the end of the 19th century among Shudras of Bihar to change their status in caste hierarchy and break the monopoly of bipolar elite of Brahmins and Rajputs of having "dvija" status. The education and economic advancement made by some of
4335-514: The centuries, different dialects of the Nepali language with distinct influences from Sanskrit , Maithili , Hindi , and Bengali are believed to have emerged across different regions of the current-day Nepal and Uttarakhand, making Nepali the lingua franca . Nepali is a highly fusional language with a relatively free word order , although the dominant arrangement is subject–object–verb word order (SOV). There are three major levels or gradations of honorific : low, medium and high. Low honorific
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#17328730764094420-546: The child, citing that Kayasthas are Dvija, "twice-born" or "upper-caste" and that the illegitimate children of Dwijas have no rights to inheritance. In the next case in 1875 in the Allahabad High Court , a north Indian Kayastha widow was denied adoption rights as she was an upper-caste i.e. Dwija woman. However, the aforementioned 1884 adoption case and the 1916 property dispute saw the Calcutta High Court rule that
4505-791: The courts to decide the varna as well as make decisions in the specific cases. The Hindu texts referenced were Mitākṣarā , the Padmapurāṇa , “original Vyavashta of the Pundits of Kashmir”, Vishvanath Narayan Mandlik 's books, (8th to 5th century BC authored) Yājñavalkya Smṛti , Vīramitrodaya (17th century), Bhaviṣyapurāṇa , Skandapurāṇa , Vivādacintāmaṇi of Vāchaspati Misra , Sanskrit Professor Sarvadhikari's literature, Dattakamīmāṃsā , Shyamcharan Sarkar’s Vyavasthādarpaṇa , etc. Some contemporary Hindu scholars referenced (as witnesses in person or indirectly by their writings) were two Benaras Pandits(Nityananda and Bast Ram Dube), Raja Ram Shastra(
4590-452: The data of 2022 Bihar caste-based survey . It showed that amongst the Forward castes of Bihar , Kayastha was the most prosperous one with lowest poverty. Out of total families of Kayasthas residing in the state, only 13.38% were poor. The community totally numbered 1,70,985 families, out of which 23,639 families were poor. The Central Bureau of Statistics of Nepal classifies the Kayastha as
4675-399: The district was divided into seven constituencies. It is also the home district of the first president of Nepal, Dr. Ram Baran Yadav , who contested and won the elections from constituency 5. As a political center of the region, Dhanusha has prominent leaders like Bimalendra Nidhi (Former Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal) , Anand Prasad Dhungana , Mahendra Yadav and Ram Krishna Yadav from
4760-510: The dominant landholding caste prior to the Muslim conquest, and continued this role under Muslim rule. Indeed, Muslim rulers had from a very early time confirmed the Kayasthas in their ancient role as landholders and political intermediaries. Bengali Kayasthas served as treasury officials and wazirs (government ministers) under Mughal rule. Political scientist U. A. B. Razia Akter Banu writes that, partly because of Muslim sultans ' satisfaction with them as technocrats, many Bengali Kayasthas in
4845-485: The early-medieval India. Modern scholars list them among Indian communities that were traditionally described as "urban-oriented", "upper caste" and part of the "well-educated" pan-Indian elite, alongside Punjabi Khatris , Kashmiri Pandits , Parsis , Nagar Brahmins of Gujarat, Bengali Bhadraloks , Chitpawans and Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus (CKPs) of Maharashtra, South-Indian Brahmins including Deshastha Brahmins from Southern parts of India and upper echelons of
4930-649: The ethnic Bhutanese refugee population as high as 30 to 40%, constituting a majority in the south (about 242,000 people). Nepali is the third-most spoken language in the Australian state of Tasmania , where it is spoken by 1.3% of its population, and fifth-most spoken language in the Northern Territory , Australia, spoken by 1.3% of its population. Nepali is the most spoken language other than English in Rockdale and Kogarah . In Granville , Campsie and Ashfield it
5015-485: The final schwa: Note: Schwas are often retained in music and poetry to add extra syllables when needed. Nepali is a highly fusional language with relatively free word order , although the dominant arrangement is SOV (subject–object–verb). There are three major levels or gradations of honorifics : low, medium and high. Low honorific is used where no respect is due, medium honorific is used to signify equal status or neutrality, and high honorific signifies respect. There
5100-400: The fodder for horses' ). According to Romila Thapar , the offices that demanded formal education including that of a kayastha were generally occupied by the " Brahmins , revenue collectors, treasurers and those concerned with legal matters". According to Chitrarekha Gupta, it is possible that Buddhists , in their effort to create an educated non- Brahmin class, strove to popularize
5185-445: The former Shudra castes enabled them to seek the higher prestige and varna status. Sinha further mentions that the Kayasthas of Bihar along with the Bhumihars were first among the shudras to attain the recognition as "upper caste" leaving the other aspirational castes to aspire for the same. The Raj era rulings were based largely upon the theories of Herbert Hope Risley , who had conducted extensive studies on castes and tribes of
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#17328730764095270-513: The general administration of the state, consisted in the collection of revenue and taxes. Kshemendra’s Narmamālā composed during the reign of Ananta (1028-1063 CE ) gives a list of contemporary Kayastha officers that included Gṛhakṛtyadhipati, Paripālaka , Mārgapati , Gañja-divira , Āsthāna-divira , Nagara-divira , Lekhakopādhya and Niyogi . Kalhana’s Rājataraṃgiṇī ('The River of Kings') and Bilhana 's Vikramāṅkadevacarita ('Life of King Vikramaditya') also mention Kayasthas. It
5355-517: The hills". Early forms of present-day Nepali developed from the Middle Indo-Aryan apabhraṃśa Vernaculars of present-day western Nepal in the 10th–14th centuries, during the times of the Khasa Kingdom . The language evolved from Sanskrit , Prakrit , and Apabhraṃśa . Following the decline of the Khasa Kingdom, it was divided into Baise Rajya (22 principalities) in Karnali - Bheri region and Chaubise rajya (24 principalities) in Gandaki region. The currently popular variant of Nepali
5440-418: The language of education, notably, by Dev Shumsher and Chandra Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana , who established Gorkhapatra , and the Gorkha Bhasa Prakashini Samiti respectively. At this time, Nepali had limited literature compared to Hindi and Bengali languages , a movement notably in Banaras , and Darjeeling was started to create uniformed Nepali identity, which was later adopted in Nepal following
5525-431: The language. In West Bengal , Nepali language was recognised by West Bengal Government in 1961 as the official language for the Darjeeling district , and Kalimpong and Kurseong . The Nepali Language Movement took place in India around 1980s to include Nepali language in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India . In 1977, Nepali was officially accepted by Sahitya Academy , an organisation dedicated to
5610-465: The middle class and were traditionally "urban and professional" (following professions like doctors, lawyers, teachers, engineers, etc.) According to P. K. Varma, "education was a common thread that bound together this pan Indian elite" and almost all the members of these communities could read and write English and were educated beyond school. The Kayasthas today mostly inhabit central, eastern, northern India, and particularly Bengal. They are considered
5695-419: The most learned and dominant of the "service castes". In eastern India, Bengali Kayasthas are believed to have evolved from a class of officials into a caste between the 5th-6th centuries and 11th-12th centuries, its component elements being putative Kshatriyas and mostly Brahmins. They most likely gained the characteristics of a caste under the Sena dynasty . According to Tej Ram Sharma, an Indian historian,
5780-403: The north describes the emergence of the concept of "pure Shudra" in growing need of physical contact with some of the low caste groups who were producer and seller of essential commodities or were the provider of services without which the self sufficiency of rural society couldn't persist. However, many of these adopted Vaishnavism in the aim to become Kshatriya. In 1901 Bihar census, Kayasthas of
5865-417: The present varna status of Bengali Kayasthas as 'twice-born', while Julius J. Lipner considers their varna as disputed. According to Christian Novetzke, in medieval India, Kayastha in certain parts were considered either as Brahmins or equal to Brahmins. Several religious councils and institutions have subsequently stated the varna status of CKPs as Kshatriya. In 2023, Government of Bihar published
5950-447: The promotion of Indian literature . After Sikkim was annexed by India, the Sikkim Official Languages Act, 1977, made Nepali as one of the official languages of state. On 20 August 1992, the Lok Sabha passed a motion to add the Nepali language to the Eighth Schedule. Nepali written in the Devanagari script is the official language of Nepal. On 31 August 1992, Nepali was added to the list of scheduled languages of India . Nepali
6035-404: The reign of the Gupta Empire to help manage the state affairs. According to a legend, a Bengali King named Adisur had invited Brahmins accompanied by Kayasthas from Kannauj who became an elite sub-group described as Kulin . However, such claims are disputable and even rejected by some scholars. From the ninth-century and perhaps even earlier, Kayasthas had started to consolidate into
6120-516: The reigns of Lakshmi Narasimha Malla and Pratap Malla , which indicates the significant increment of Nepali speakers in Kathmandu Valley. The institutionalisation of the Nepali language is believed to have started with the Shah kings of Gorkha Kingdom , in the modern day Gorkha District of Nepal. Following the Unification of Nepal , the language moved to the court of the Kingdom of Nepal in
6205-445: The retroflex symbols ⟨ ʈ , ʈʰ, ɖ , ɖʱ, ɽ, ɳ, ɽ̃⟩ are not purely retroflex [ ʈ , ʈʰ, ɖ , ɖʱ, ɽ , ɳ , ɽ̃] but apical postalveolar [ t̠ , t̠ʰ, d̠ , d̠ʱ, ɾ̠ , n̠ , ɾ̠̃]. Some speakers may use purely retroflex sounds after /u/ and /a/, but other speakers use the apical articulation in all positions. Final schwas may or may not be preserved in speech. The following rules can be followed to figure out whether or not Nepali words retain
6290-513: The role occupied by merchant castes in other parts of India and profited from business contacts with the British. In 1911, for example, Bengali Kayasthas and Bengali Brahmins owned 40% of all the Indian-owned mills, mines and factories in Bengal. The Chitraguptavanshi Kayasthas, Bengali Kayasthas and CKPs were among the Indian communities in 1947, at the time of Indian independence , that constituted
6375-596: The royal treasury, or revenue department. Over the centuries, the occupational histories of Kayastha communities largely revolved around scribal services. However, these scribes did not simply take dictation but acted in the range of capacities better indicated by the term "secretary". They used their training in law, literature, court language, accounting, litigation and many other areas to fulfill responsibilities in all these venues. Kayasthas, along with Brahmins , had access to formal education as well as their own system of teaching administration, including accountancy, in
6460-588: The ruling powers as administrators, ministers and record-keepers. The earliest known reference to the term Kayastha dates back to the Kushan Empire , when it evolved into a common name for a writer or scribe . In the Sanskrit literature and inscriptions , it was used to denote the holders of a particular category of offices in the government service. In this context, the term possibly derived from kaya- ('principal, capital, treasury') and - stha ('to stay') and perhaps originally stood for an officer of
6545-644: The shudra designation was adjudged, the Raj courts appear to have sometimes recognised that the Bengali Kayasthas were degraded from an earlier kshatriya status due to intermarrying with both shudras and slaves ('dasa') which resulted in the common Bengali Kayastha surname of 'Das'. The last completed census of the British Raj (1931) classified them as an "upper caste", i.e. Dwija , and the final British Raj law case involving their varna in 1926 determined them to be Kshatriya. Other than literature by Europeans such as Max Müller and others, several Hindu religious scriptures and Hindu scholars' opinions were also used by
6630-472: The specific community under consideration. Bellenoit disagrees with Rowe, showing that Risley's theories were in fact used ultimately to classify them as Kshatriyas by the British courts. The first case began in 1860 in Jaunpur , Uttar Pradesh with a property dispute where the plaintiff was considered an "illegitimate child" by the defendants, a north-Indian Kayastha family. The British court denied inheritance to
6715-515: The starred hotel, Hotel Welcome, Sitasaran Hotel and Happy Hotel. It also has the Janakpur Zonal Hospital and several private hospitals. Agriculture is the major economy of the Dhanusha district. About 90% of citizens of the district are involved in the cultivation of wheat and rice. Rice is the major output. Dhanusha still relies mostly on old-age farming practices, such as the use of bullock-cart for transportation and bull plow for tilling
6800-532: The states of Arunachal Pradesh , Assam , Himachal Pradesh , Manipur , Meghalaya , Mizoram and Uttarakhand . In Myanmar it is spoken by the Burmese Gurkhas . The Nepali diaspora in the Middle East , Brunei , Australia and worldwide also use the language. Nepali is spoken by approximately 19 million native speakers and another 14 million as a second language . Nepali is commonly classified within
6885-485: The utility of education and fostered those vocations that required a knowledge of writing. This is corroborated in Udāna , where the lekha-sippa ('craft of writing'), was regarded as the highest of all the crafts. It is also backed by the fact that the earliest epigraphical records mentioning lekhaka ('writer') or kayastha have been made in association with Buddhism . It is possible that kayasthas may have started out as
6970-479: The warrior Chandrasen. Historically they produced prominent warriors and also held positions such as Deshpandes and Gadkaris (fort holder, an office similar to that of a castellan . The CKPs have the upanayana (thread ceremony) and have been granted the rights to study the vedas and perform vedic rituals along with the Brahmins. Karana is a community found predominantly in Odisha and Andhrapradesh . They are
7055-449: Was Bhanubhakta Acharya 's Bhanubhakta Ramayana , a translation of the epic Ramayana from Sanskrit to Nepali for the first time. Acharya's work led to which some describe as "cultural, emotional and linguistic unification" of Nepal, comparatively to Prithvi Narayan Shah who unified Nepal. The modern period of Nepali begins in the early 20th century. During this time the ruling Rana dynasty made various attempts to make Nepali
7140-465: Was monopolised by a non-Brahmin professional elite that later came be referred as kayasthas . The Kayasthas, at least as an office, played an important role in administering the Northern India from the Gupta period. The earliest evidence comes from a Mathura inscription of Vasudeva I , composed by a Kayastha Śramaṇa . From this point we find, the term kayastha occurring in the inscription of
7225-408: Was used before the official adoption notably by Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh , now considered one of the national heroes of Nepal , who advocated for the embracement of the term. The initial name of Nepali language was " Khas Kura " ( खस कुरा ), meaning language or speech of the Khas people , who are descended from the ancient Khasas of Mahabharata , as the language developed during the rule of
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