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92-591: Devín Gate has been inhabited since prehistoric times, with continuous settlement since 5000 BC. It was a strategic part of the ancient Amber Road connecting Northern Europe with the Mediterranean and during the Middle Ages , five castles have been built here, Heimenburg Castle, Rothelstein Castle, Pottenburg Castle, Devín Castle , and Bratislava Castle . It was continually guarded since Roman times and it has served as

184-488: A Nebty name or a Gold Falcon name associated with it as nothing has been found with the full five-name protocol. At the beginning of Tutankhaten's reign, the royal court was still located at Amarna, and evidence from his tomb shows that the Aten was still acknowledged. But several pieces of evidence suggest that his court was trying to reconcile Atenism with the traditional religion, and activity at Amarna decreased during

276-497: A 'whm amulet', before the tomb was officially opened. Rex Engelbach said in a letter to Gardiner about a 'whm amulet' gifted to Gardiner from Carter that "The whm amulet you showed me has been undoubtedly stolen from the tomb of Tutankhamun." Tutankhamun's tomb is the only royal tomb in the Valley of the Kings found in near-intact condition. There were 5,398 items found in the tomb, including

368-444: A bid to explain the religiosity of his great-grandfather Thutmose IV and father Akhenaten and their early deaths. However, caution has been urged in this diagnosis. In January 2005 Tutankhamun's mummy was CT scanned . The results showed that the young king had a partially cleft hard palate and possibly a mild case of scoliosis . Additionally, he was diagnosed with a flat right foot with hypophalangism , while his left foot

460-485: A blow to the head was theorised as a result of the 1968 x-ray which showed two bone fragments inside the skull. This theory was disproved by further analysis of the x-rays and the CT scan. The inter-cranial bone fragments were determined to be the result of the modern unwrapping of the mummy as they are loose and not adherent to the embalming resin. No evidence of bone thinning or calcified membranes, which could be indicative of

552-766: A border of the Roman Empire , Austrian Empire , the Iron Curtain during the Cold War and finally a border between Austria and Czechoslovakia , today Slovakia. On 1 May 2004 Slovakia entered the Schengen Zone , allowing free movement of persons for the first time in history. Formerly, the gate was called in Latin : Porta Hungarica and in Hungarian : Dévényi kapu . In a wider sense it begins below Bratislava Castle (in which case

644-431: A building called Temple-of-Nebkheperre-in-Thebes, a possible mortuary temple, used recycled talatat from Akhenaten's east Karnak Aten temples indicating that the dismantling of these temples was already underway. Many of Tutankhamun's construction projects were uncompleted at the time of his death and were completed by or usurped by his successors, especially Horemheb. The sphinx avenue was completed by his successor Ay and

736-414: A daughter named Acencheres who reigned twelve years and her brother Rathotis who ruled for only nine years. The Amarna rulers are central in the list but which name corresponds with which historic figure is not agreed upon by researchers. Orus and Acencheres have been identified with Horemheb and Akhenaten and Rathotis with Tutankhamun. The names are also associated with Smenkhkare , Amenhotep III , Ay and

828-414: A fatal blow to the head, were found. It has also been suggested that the young king was killed in a chariot accident due to a pattern of crushing injuries, including the fact that the front part of his chest wall and ribs are missing. However, the missing ribs are unlikely to be a result of an injury sustained at the time of death; photographs taken at the conclusion of Carter's excavation in 1926 show that

920-403: A journal review. He noted that "Tutankhamun's face" was depicted as "very light-skinned," reflecting a "bias" among media outlets. Smith further added that "Egyptologists have been strangely reluctant to admit that the ancient Egyptians were rather dark-skinned Africans, especially the farther south one goes". There are no surviving records of the circumstances of Tutankhamun's death; it has been

1012-608: A number of alpine roads, concentrating around the capital city Bern and probably originating from the banks of the Rhône and Rhine . A small section, including Baarn , Barneveld , Amersfoort and Amerongen , connected the North Sea with the Lower Rhine . A small section led southwards from Antwerp and Bruges to the towns Braine-l'Alleud and Braine-le-Comte , both originally named "Brennia-Brenna". The route continued by following

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1104-609: A possible clubfoot, which may have rendered him dependent on assistive canes. This theory is disputed, as neither the canes nor his sandals show the kinds of the wear expected. He also had other health issues, including scoliosis , and had contracted several strains of malaria . He likely died of complications from a broken leg, possibly compounded by malaria. Tutankhamun was slight of build, and roughly 167 cm (5 ft 6 in) tall. CT investigations of Tutankhamun's skull revealed an excellent condition of his dentition. He had large front incisors and an overbite characteristic of

1196-552: A predicament involving the Hittite king Suppiluliuma I and his son, prince Zannanza , known as the Zannanza affair . Meanwhile, Tutankhamun's vizier maneuvered in the midst of Tutankhamun's death to intercept the throne, circumventing Horemheb's rightful heirship, marrying Ankhesenamun towards the onset of this Hittite-Egyptian negotiation period, unbeknownst to Hittites. The fact that Ay is depicted presiding over Tutankhamun's funeral, which

1288-446: A prince, as a fragmentary inscription from Hermopolis refers to "Tutankhuaten" as a "king's son". He is generally thought to have been the son of Akhenaten or his successor Smenkhkare . Inscriptions from Tutankhamun's reign treat him as a son of Akhenaten's father, Amenhotep III , but that is only possible if Akhenaten's 17-year reign included a long co-regency with his father, a possibility that many Egyptologists once supported but

1380-611: A reference to the deified king, indicative of the universality of his cult. The country was economically weak and in turmoil following the reign of Akhenaten. Diplomatic relations with other kingdoms had been neglected, and Tutankhamun sought to restore them, in particular with the Mitanni . Evidence of his success is suggested by the gifts from various countries found in his tomb. Despite his efforts for improved relations, battles with Nubians and Asiatics were recorded in his mortuary temple at Thebes, both victories for Egypt. Also, as far as

1472-408: A short reign. Ay was succeeded by Horemheb , who had been the commander-in-chief of Tutankhamun's armed forces. Under Horemheb, the restoration of the traditional ancient Egyptian religion was completed; Ay and Tutankhamun's constructions were usurped and earlier Amarna Period rulers were erased. In modern times, Tutankhamun became famous as a result of the 1922 discovery of his tomb (KV62) by

1564-492: A solid gold coffin, face mask , thrones, archery bows, trumpets , a lotus chalice , two Imiut fetishes , gold toe stalls , furniture, food, wine, sandals, and fresh linen underwear. Howard Carter took 10 years to catalog the items. Recent analysis suggests a dagger recovered from the tomb had an iron blade made from a meteorite ; study of artifacts of the time including other artifacts from Tutankhamun's tomb could provide valuable insights into metalworking technologies around

1656-574: A team led by the British Egyptologist Howard Carter and sponsored by the British aristocrat George Herbert . Although it had clearly been raided and robbed in ancient times, it retained much of its original contents, including the king's undisturbed mummy . The discovery received worldwide press coverage; with over 5,000 artifacts, it gave rise to renewed public interest in ancient Egypt , for which Tutankhamun's mask , now preserved at

1748-477: A time of disaster, saying "temples and the estates of the gods and goddesses from Elephantine to the marshes of the Delta had fallen into ruin… If you asked a god for advice, he would not attend; and if one spoke to a goddess likewise she would not attend." The stela proclaims the rebuilding of the traditional cults; priests and other members of temple staffs were restored to their former positions. Around this time,

1840-569: A warmer climate so in 1903 the Carnarvons traveled to Egypt where the Earl became interested in Egyptology. Along with the stresses of the excavation, Carnarvon was already in a weakened state when an infection led to pneumonia. A study showed that of the 58 people who were present when the tomb and sarcophagus were opened, only eight died within a dozen years; Howard Carter died of lymphoma in 1939 at

1932-411: Is currently the oldest known genetic proof of the ailment. The team discovered DNA from several strains of the parasite, indicating that he was repeatedly infected with the most severe strain of malaria. His malaria infections may have caused a fatal immune response in the body or triggered circulatory shock . The CT scan also showed that he had experienced a compound left leg fracture. This injury being

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2024-422: Is customary for the successor pharaoh, and the fact that Horemheb appears to have been absent at Tutankhamun's funeral aligns with this. The pharaoh Ay's reign was abruptly short and his death again left a vacancy in the throne with no royal bloodline heir because Ay did not have children with queen Ankhesenamun. Toward the end of Ay's reign, Ay named his son, military generalissimo Nakhtmin , to be successor to

2116-554: Is known, Tutankhamun's military reign was undefeated, and is one of several other undefeated reigns in ancient Egypt's history. The extent to which Tutankhamun participated in battles is an open question and has yet to reach consensus among researchers. On one hand, his tomb contained extensive military armament, such as bows, khopesh swords , daggers, wristguards, maces, shields and a club, suggesting he had extensive weaponry training. Some imagery, while likely figurative, does depict Tutankhamun as directly participatory in warfare, such as

2208-557: Is now being abandoned. His mother has been variously suggested to be Akhenaten's chief wife Nefertiti , or Akhenaten's daughters Meritaten or Meketaten . Tutankhamun was wet nursed by a woman named Maia , known from her tomb at Saqqara. DNA testing identified his father as the mummy from tomb KV55 , thought to be Akhenaten , and his mother as " The Younger Lady ", an anonymous mummy cached in tomb KV35 . His parents were full siblings, both being children of Amenhotep III and his chief wife Tiye . The identity of The Younger Lady

2300-500: Is unknown but she cannot be Nefertiti, as she was not known to be a sister of Akhenaten. However, researchers such as Marc Gabolde and Aidan Dodson claim that Nefertiti was indeed Tutankhamun's mother. In this interpretation of the DNA results, the genetic closeness is not due to a brother-sister pairing but the result of three generations of first-cousin marriage , making Nefertiti a first cousin of Akhenaten. The validity and reliability of

2392-584: The Carboniferous period. It also features limestones and dolomites from the Cenozoic era. Neogene period sediments include conglomerates , gravels and others. On the Upper Danube, comprising the section between the springs where the river begins and Devín Gate upstream of Bratislava, the extension of the morphological floodplain is smaller as compared to the rest of the river. Neolithic farmers settled in

2484-578: The Egyptian Museum , remains a popular symbol. Some of his treasure has traveled worldwide, with unprecedented response; the Egyptian government allowed tours of the tomb beginning in 1961. The deaths of some individuals who were involved in the excavation have been popularly attributed to the " curse of the pharaohs " due to the similarity of their circumstances. Since the discovery of his tomb, he has been referred to colloquially as " King Tut ". Tutankhamun

2576-510: The KV55 mummy . His mother was identified through DNA testing as The Younger Lady buried in KV35 ; she was a full sister of her husband . Tutankhamun acceded to the throne around the age of nine following the short reigns of his predecessors Smenkhkare and Neferneferuaten . He married his half-sister Ankhesenpaaten , who was probably the mother of his two infant daughters . During his reign he restored

2668-599: The Kitan/Liao Period . There is a tourist route stretching along the Baltic coast from Kaliningrad to Latvia called "Amber Road". "Amber Road" sites are: In Poland, the north–south motorway A1 is officially named Amber Highway. EV9 The Amber Route is a long-distance cycling route between Gdańsk , Poland and Pula , Croatia which follows the course of the Amber Road. The modern Baltic–Adriatic Corridor connects

2760-661: The Meuse towards Bern in Switzerland. Routes connected amber finding locations at Ambares (near Bordeaux ), leading to Béarn and the Pyrenees . Routes connecting the amber finding locations in northern Spain and in the Pyrenees were a trading route to the Mediterranean Sea. Sources of archaeological finds suggest that routes may also have connected Mongolia to eastern Europe during

2852-637: The Ministry of Antiquities and the Getty Conservation Institute. While the closure was originally planned for five years to restore the walls affected by humidity, the Egyptian revolution of 2011 set the project back. The tomb re-opened in February 2019. For many years, rumors of a " curse of the pharaohs " (probably fueled by newspapers seeking sales at the time of the discovery ) persisted, emphasizing

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2944-792: The Thutmosid royal line to which he belonged. Analysis of the clothing found in his tomb, particularly the dimensions of his loincloths and belts indicates that he had a narrow waist and rounded hips. In attempts to explain both his unusual depiction in art and his early death it has been theorised that Tutankhamun had gynecomastia , Marfan syndrome , Wilson–Turner X-linked intellectual disability syndrome, Fröhlich syndrome ( adiposogenital dystrophy ), Klinefelter syndrome , androgen insensitivity syndrome , aromatase excess syndrome in conjunction with sagittal craniosynostosis syndrome, Antley–Bixler syndrome or one of its variants. It has also been suggested that he had inherited temporal lobe epilepsy in

3036-513: The 1977 edition of Carter's The Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun , "The pharaoh who in life was one of the least esteemed of Egypt's Pharaohs has become in death the most renowned". The discoveries in the tomb were prominent news in the 1920s. Tutankhamen came to be called by a modern neologism , "King Tut". Ancient Egyptian references became common in popular culture, including Tin Pan Alley songs;

3128-710: The Amber Road to the south of the Danube, noted in the myth about the Argonauts , used the rivers Sava and Kupa , ending with a short continental road from Nauportus to Tarsatica in Rijeka on the coast of the Adriatic. Several roads connected the North Sea and Baltic Sea, especially the city of Hamburg to the Brenner Pass , proceeding southwards to Brindisi (nowadays Italy) and Ambracia (nowadays Greece). The Swiss region indicates

3220-609: The Baltic coastline (nowadays Lithuania and Poland ), through Biskupin, Milicz , Wrocław , the Kłodzko Valley (less often through the Moravian Gate ), crossed the Danube near Carnuntum in the Noricum province , headed southwest past Poetovio , Celeia , Emona , Nauportus , and reached Patavium and Aquileia at the Adriatic coast. One of the oldest directions of the last stage of

3312-710: The Mediterranean at the time. Complete study of the iron artefacts from the tomb (besides the blade of a richly decorated golden dagger, small iron chisel blades set into wooden handles, an Eye of Horus amulet, and a miniature headrest) demonstrated that all were made of similar material. Only in 2022, a complex technological and material study of the Tutankhamun's mask was published. Many of Tutankhamun's burial goods show signs of being adapted for his use after being originally made for earlier owners, probably Smenkhkare or Neferneferuaten or both. On 4 November 2007, 85 years to

3404-677: The New Kingdom, which included Tutankhamun and Amenhotep III, as well as potential inherited disorders and infectious diseases. The second of these studies (described above ) had investigated the Y-haplogroups and genetic kinship of Ramesses III and an unknown man buried along with him in the royal cache at Deir el Bahari. Keita analysed the STR data from these studies using an algorithm that only has three choices: Eurasians, sub-Saharan Africans, and East Asians. Using these three options, Keita concluded that

3496-722: The Royal Tomb of Qatna , Syria, is unparalleled among known second millennium BC sites in the Levant and the Ancient Near East . Amber was sent from the North Sea to the Temple of Apollo at Delphi as an offering. From the Black Sea , trade could continue to Asia along the Silk Road , another ancient trade route. In Roman times, a main route ran south from the Baltic coast (modern Lithuania ),

3588-541: The actual tomb of Tutankhamun (KV62) in November 1922. An ancient stroke of luck allowed the tomb to survive to modern times. The tomb's entrance was buried by mounds of debris from the cutting of KV9 over 150 years after Tutankhamun's burial; ancient workmen's huts were also built on the site. This area remained unexcavated until 1922 due to its proximity to KV9, as excavations would impede tourist access to that tomb. Carter commenced excavations in early November 1922, before

3680-499: The age of 64. The last survivors included Lady Evelyn Herbert , Lord Carnarvon 's daughter who was among the first people to enter the tomb after its discovery in November 1922, who lived for a further 57 years and died in 1980, and American archaeologist J.O. Kinnaman who died in 1961, 39 years after the event. Tutankhamun's fame is primarily the result of his well-preserved tomb and the global exhibitions of his associated artifacts. As Jon Manchip White writes, in his foreword to

3772-488: The amber trade. As an important commodity, sometimes dubbed "the gold of the north", amber was transported from the North Sea and Baltic Sea coasts overland by way of the Vistula and Dnieper rivers to Italy , Greece , the Black Sea , Syria and Egypt over a period of thousands of years. The oldest trade in amber started from Sicily . The Sicilian amber trade was directed to Greece, North Africa and Spain. Sicilian amber

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3864-586: The analysis produced differing probability figures despite having concordant allele results. Because the relationships of these two mummies with the KV55 mummy had previously been confirmed in an earlier study, the haplogroup prediction of both mummies could be derived from the full profile of the KV55 data In 2022, S.O.Y. Keita analysed 8 Short Tandem loci (STR) data originally published by Hawass et al. in studies from 2010 and 2012. The first of these studies had investigated familial relationships among 11 royal mummies of

3956-663: The area approximately 5000 - 3500 BC, establishing continuous human settlement which lasts until present time. 48°10′30.29″N 16°58′42.96″E  /  48.1750806°N 16.9786000°E  / 48.1750806; 16.9786000 Amber Road The Amber Road was an ancient trade route for the transfer of amber from coastal areas of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean Sea . Prehistoric trade routes between Northern and Southern Europe were defined by

4048-416: The associated interpretation. Tutankhamun became pharaoh between eight and nine years of age following the short reigns of Akhenaten's successors Smenkhkare and Neferneferuaten . It is uncertain whether Smenkhkare's reign outlasted Akhenaten's; the female ruler Neferneferuaten is now thought to have become co-regent shortly before Akhenaten's death and to have reigned for some time after it. On acceding

4140-425: The chest wall of the king was intact, still wearing a beaded collar with falcon-headed terminals. The absence of both the collar and chest wall was noted in the 1968 x-ray and further confirmed by the CT scan. It is likely that the front part of his chest was removed by robbers during the theft of the beaded collar; the intricate beaded skullcap the king was pictured wearing in 1926 was also missing by 1968. Since

4232-448: The completion of a grander royal tomb, causing his mummy to be buried in a tomb intended for someone else. This would preserve the observance of the customary 70 days between death and burial. His tomb was robbed at least twice in antiquity, but based on the items taken (including perishable oils and perfumes) and the evidence of restoration of the tomb after the intrusions, these robberies likely took place within several months at most of

4324-401: The day after Carter's discovery, Tutankhamun's mummy was placed on display in his underground tomb at Luxor , when the linen-wrapped mummy was removed from its golden sarcophagus to a climate-controlled glass box. The case was designed to prevent the heightened rate of decomposition caused by the humidity and warmth from tourists visiting the tomb. In 2009, the tomb was closed for restoration by

4416-594: The decoration of the entrance colonnade of Amenhotep III. Tutankhamun made several endowments that enriched and added to the priestly numbers of the cults of Amun and Ptah . He commissioned new statues of the deities from the best metals and stone and had new processional barques made of the finest cedar from Lebanon and had them embellished with gold and silver. A building called the Temple-of-Nebkheperure-Beloved-of-Amun-Who-Puts-Thebes-in-Order, which may be identical to

4508-460: The early Baltic region. As this road was a lucrative trade route connecting the Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, Roman military fortifications were constructed along the route to protect merchants and traders from Germanic raids. The Old Prussian towns of Kaup and Truso on the Baltic were the starting points of the route to the south. In Scandinavia the amber road probably gave rise to

4600-507: The early death of some of those who had entered the tomb. The most prominent was George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon , who died on 5 April 1923, five months after the discovery of the first step leading down to the tomb on 4 November 1922. The cause of Carnarvon's death was pneumonia supervening on [facial] erysipelas (a streptococcal infection of the skin and underlying soft tissue). The Earl had been in an automobile accident in 1901 making him very unhealthy and frail. His doctor recommended

4692-683: The entire north–south length of modern-day Poland (likely through the Iron Age settlement of Biskupin ), through the land of the Boii (modern Czech Republic and Slovakia ) to the head of the Adriatic Sea ( Aquileia by the modern Gulf of Venice ). Other commodities were exported to the Romans along with amber, such as animal fur and skin, honey, and wax, in exchange for Roman glass , brass , gold , and non-ferrous metals such as tin and copper imported into

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4784-520: The face of the boy king. While the Egyptian and French teams knew their subject was Tutankhamun, the American team worked blind. All teams produced very similar results, but it was that of the French team that was ultimately cast in silicone. Stuart Tyson Smith , Egyptologist and professor of anthropology at University of California, Santa Barbara , in 2008 expressed criticism of the forensic reconstruction in

4876-468: The first four years of his reign. These years saw dramatic reversals of Akhenaten's policies, which, given the king's young age, must have been instigated by his advisors. In the third year of Tutankhaten's reign, his name was changed to "Tutankhamun", and that of his queen to "Akhesenamun". The Restoration Stela, which probably dates to Year 4 of Tutankhamun's reign, characterizes the Amarna Period as

4968-668: The gate is 11.5 km long and 2 to 7 km wide) and in a narrower sense it begins below Devín Castle . It ends near Hundsheimer Berg , the highest peak of the Austrian Carpathians at 480 meters AMSL , in Austria on the right bank of the Danube. To the east, it borders another natural gate, the Lamač Gate . Geologically, Devín Gate was created during the Pleistocene epoch. A large part of its core consists of granite massifs from

5060-412: The genetic data from mummified remains has been questioned due to possible degradation due to decay. When Tutankhaten became king, he married Ankhesenpaaten , one of Akhenaten's daughters, who later changed her name to Ankhesenamun. He fathered two daughters who died at or soon after birth and were buried with him in his tomb. Computed tomography studies published in 2011 revealed that one daughter

5152-547: The graphic battle depictions on the painted treasure chest in his tomb. Other artifacts, such as the Nine Bows footstool, walking sticks and sandals depicting enemies, and a gold leaf picture of him during chariot archery against enemies, also suggest that he was actively engaged in Egypt's international conflict. Egyptologist Bob Brier has argued leaning towards Tutankhamun being an actively participating warrior in his later years. On

5244-532: The haplogroups YDNA R1b , which originated in western Asia and which today makes up 50–60% of the genetic pool of modern Europeans, and mtDNA K , which originated in the Near East. He shares this Y-haplogroup with his father, the KV55 mummy (Akhenaten), and grandfather, Amenhotep III, and his mtDNA haplogroup with his mother, The Younger Lady, his grandmother, Tiye , and his great-grandmother, Thuya . The profiles for Tutankhamun and Amenhotep III were incomplete and

5336-446: The height of the tourist season. The first step of the tomb's entrance staircase was uncovered on 4 November 1922. According to Carter's account the workmen discovered the step while digging beneath the remains of the huts; other accounts attribute the discovery to a boy digging outside the assigned work area. By February 1923 the antechamber had been cleared of everything but two sentinel statues. A day and time were selected to unseal

5428-457: The initial burial. The location of the tomb was lost because it had come to be buried by debris from subsequent tombs, and workers' houses were built over the tomb entrance. The concession rights for excavating the Valley of the Kings was held by Theodore Davis from 1905 until 1914. In that time, he had unearthed ten tombs including the nearly intact but non-royal tomb of Queen Tiye's parents, Yuya and Thuya . As he continued working there in

5520-409: The land" as hereditary prince to maintain law. He also noted his ability to calm the young king when his temper flared. In his third regnal year Tutankhamun reversed several changes made during his father's reign. He ended the worship of the god Aten and restored the god Amun to supremacy. The ban on the cult of Amun was lifted and traditional privileges were restored to its priesthood. The capital

5612-503: The later years, he uncovered nothing of major significance. Davis did find several objects in KV58 referring to Tutankhamun, which included knobs and handles bearing his name most significantly the embalming cache of the king ( KV54 ). He believed this to be the pharaoh's lost tomb and published his findings as such with the line; "I fear the Valley of the Tombs is exhausted". In 1907, Howard Carter

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5704-411: The majority of the samples had a population "affinity with ' sub-Saharan ' Africans in one affinity analysis". However, Keita cautioned that this does not mean that the royal mummies "lacked other affiliations", which he argued had been obscured in typological thinking. Keita further added that different "data and algorithms might give different results", reflecting the complexity of biological heritage and

5796-559: The more rigorous, scientific view is that he was physically active, and perhaps militarily participatory. Egyptologist Charlotte Booth states that Tutankhamun participated in at least two battles (one Nubian battle, and one Asiatic battle), nevertheless noting that other researchers suggest that he may have only accompanied the army to the battlefield for moral support , as opposed to actively participating. Details about Tutankhamun's health and early death are heavily debated. The most recent study suggests Tutankhamun had bone necrosis and

5888-463: The most popular of the latter was "Old King Tut" by Harry Von Tilzer from 1923, which was recorded by such prominent artists of the time as Jones & Hare and Sophie Tucker . "King Tut" became the name of products, businesses, and the pet dog of U.S. President Herbert Hoover . While The Treasures of Tutankhamun exhibit was touring the United States in 1978, comedian Steve Martin wrote

5980-419: The other hand, given Tutankhamun's youth and hypothesized physical disabilities, like a speculated cane handicap, some historians are skeptical that he participated in these battles. Yet some experts, such as Sofia Aziz and other researchers have taken the position that the speculations of Tutankhamun's physical frailty are overestimated, arguing that mummy damage has led to misdiagnosis. Instead, they argue that

6072-506: The others in differing order. In order for the pharaoh, who held divine office, to be linked to the people and the gods, special epithets were created for them at their accession to the throne. The ancient Egyptian titulary also served to demonstrate one's qualities and link them to the terrestrial realm. The five names were developed over the centuries beginning with the Horus name . Tutankhamun's original nomen , Tutankhaten , did not have

6164-661: The place of Sicilian amber throughout the Iberian Peninsula from around 1000 BC. The new evidence comes from various archaeological and geological locations on the Iberian Peninsula. From at least the 16th century BC, amber was moved from Northern Europe to the Mediterranean area. The breast ornament of the Egyptian Pharaoh Tutankhamen ( c.  1333–1324 BC) contains large Baltic amber beads. Schliemann found Baltic amber beads at Mycenae, as shown by spectroscopic investigation. The quantity of amber in

6256-529: The priestly orders of two important cults, initiated a restoration process for old monuments that were damaged during the Amarna Period , and reburied his father's remains in the Valley of the Kings . Given his age, the king probably had advisers which presumably included Ay (who succeeded Tutankhamun) and General Horemheb , Ay's possible son in law and successor. Horemheb records that the king appointed him "lord of

6348-559: The result of modern damage was ruled out based on the ragged edges of the fracture; modern damage features sharp edges. Embalming substances were present within the fracture indicating that it was associated with an open wound; no signs of healing were present. A facial reconstruction of Tutankhamun was carried out in 2005 by the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities and National Geographic . Three separate teams—Egyptian, French, and American—worked separately to approximate

6440-412: The royal court abandoned Amarna. Memphis became the main seat of royal administration, continuing a trend that dated back to Akhenaten's predecessors, toward administering the country from that central location rather than the more outlying site of Thebes. With Amun restored as Egypt's preeminent deity, Thebes once again became its greatest center of religious activity. Tutankhamun enriched and endowed

6532-480: The royal court from Akhenaten's capital, Amarna , back to Memphis . He reestablished diplomatic relations with the Mitanni and carried out military campaigns in Nubia and the Near East. Tutankhamun was one of only a few kings who was worshipped as a deity during his lifetime. The young king likely began construction of a royal tomb in the Valley of the Kings and an accompanying mortuary temple but both were unfinished at

6624-461: The subject of considerable debate and major studies. Hawass and his team postulate that his death was likely the result of the combination of his multiple weakening disorders, a leg fracture, perhaps as the result of a fall, and a severe malarial infection. However, Timmann and Meyer have argued that sickle cell anemia better fits the pathologies exhibited by the king, a suggestion the Egyptian team has called "interesting and plausible". Murder by

6716-658: The thriving Nordic Bronze Age culture, bringing influences from the Mediterranean Sea to the northernmost countries of Europe. Kaliningrad Oblast is occasionally referred to in Russian as Янтарный край , which means "the amber region" (see Kaliningrad Regional Amber Museum ). Old coastal Amber road route goes along E67 highway from Reiu in Häädemeeste Parish of Pärnumaa South, where it continues as 331 local road between Rannametsa and Ikla villages. The shortest (and possibly oldest) road avoids alpine areas and led from

6808-489: The throne, Tutankhamun took the throne name Nebkheperure. He reigned for about nine years. During Tutankhamun's reign the position of Vizier was split between Upper and Lower Egypt . The principal vizier for Upper Egypt was Usermontu . Another figure named Pentju was also vizier but it is unclear of which lands. It is not entirely known if Ay, Tutankhamun's successor, actually held this position. A gold foil fragment from KV58 seems to indicate, but not certainly, that Ay

6900-455: The throne, who already had a grandson, Ramesses II , who would then go on to found the Ramesside dynasty and become the greatest pharaoh of ancient Egypt. This initiated a new royal bloodline that replaced the royal bloodline that ended with the death of Tutankhamun. Tutankhamun was buried in a tomb that was unusually small considering his status. His death may have occurred unexpectedly, before

6992-614: The throne. However, Nakhtmin never became pharaoh because he died before he could. Horemheb succeeded the throne as pharaoh after Ay's death. As pharaoh, Horemheb saw to it that the restoration of the traditional ancient Egyptian religion that Tutankhamun was previously spearheading was completed, restabilizing the nation. Notably, during the standard damnatio memoriae process that each new Egyptian pharaoh undertakes, Horemheb defaced Ay's tomb, but left Tutankhamun's untouched, presumably out of respect. In due course, Horemheb had selected then civilian military officer, Ramesses I , as heir to

7084-435: The time of his death. Tutankhamun died unexpectedly aged about 18; his health and the cause of his death have been the subject of much debate. In 2012 it was suggested he died from a combination of malaria and a leg fracture. Since his royal tomb was incomplete, he was instead buried in a small non-royal tomb adapted for the purpose. He was succeeded by his vizier Ay , who was probably an old man when he became king, and had

7176-467: The tomb with about twenty appointed witnesses that included Lord Carnarvon, several Egyptian officials, museum representatives and the staff of the Government Press Bureau. On 17 February 1923 at just after two o'clock, the seal was broken. Letters published in 2022 of correspondence between Rex Engelbach and Alan Gardiner , reveal that Howard Carter had stolen objects from the tomb, such as

7268-421: The traditional polytheistic form of ancient Egyptian religion , undoing a previous shift to the religion known as Atenism . His endowments and restorations of cults were recorded on what is today known as the “Restoration Stela.” The cult of the god Amun at Thebes was restored to prominence, and the royal couple changed their names to "Tutankhamun" and "Ankhesenamun", replacing the -aten suffix . He also moved

7360-584: The two children of Tutankhamun and his sister-wife queen Ankhesenamun were both stillborns, and Tutankhamun was the last of the royal male siblings, there was no immediate heir apparent to assume the throne as Ankhesenamun's husband. Records in Horemheb's tomb state that Tutankhamun appointed him "lord of the land" as Iry-pat (heir designate), which is essentially the designated hereditary prince to maintain law. However, queen Ankhesenamun preferred to not marry someone of lesser status than royal queen status. Horemheb

7452-416: The two seas along routes that roughly follow the Amber Road. Tutankhamen Tutankhamun or Tutankhamen ( Ancient Egyptian : twt-ꜥnḫ-jmn ; c.  1341 BC  – c.  1323 BC ), was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh who ruled c.  1332 – 1323 BC during the late Eighteenth Dynasty of ancient Egypt . Born Tutankhaten , he was likely a son of Akhenaten , thought to be

7544-634: The use of a cane, many of which were found in his tomb. However, none of them show the wear expected of essential aids; the wear on his sandals, where present, is also even on both feet. The presence of such a number of sticks is not unexpected, as canes were a symbol of status in ancient Egypt. Genetic testing through STR analysis rejected the hypothesis of gynecomastia and craniosynostoses (e.g., Antley–Bixler syndrome) or Marfan syndrome . Genetic testing for STEVOR, AMA1, or MSP1 genes specific for Plasmodium falciparum revealed indications of malaria tropica in 4 mummies, including Tutankhamun's. This

7636-492: The whole was usurped by Horemheb. The Restoration Stele was usurped by Horemheb; pieces of the Temple-of-Nebkheperure-in-Thebes were recycled into Horemheb's own building projects. In ancient Egypt, pharaohs were venerated after their deaths through mortuary cults and associated temples as deities . This form of apotheosis was relegated to deceased pharaohs, but Tutankhamun was one of the few pharaohs who

7728-448: Was clubbed and had bone necrosis of the second and third metatarsals ( Freiberg disease or Köhler disease II ). However, the clubfoot diagnosis is disputed. James Gamble instead suggests that the position is a result of Tutankhamun habitually walking on the outside of his foot due to the pain caused by Köhler disease II; this theory has been refuted by members of Hawass' team. The condition may have forced Tutankhamun to walk with

7820-463: Was a militaryman of peasant birth and was, as the military commander-in-chief, technically a servant of queen Ankhesenamun. The vizier Ay , while of some royal blood, was an established vizier, and also technically a servant of queen Ankhesenamun. Ankhesenamun's spousal preferences ignited a series of disruption in the fulfillment of king Tutankhamun's will on throne heirship. Seeking to resolve her spousal dilemma, Ankhesenamun inadvertently generated

7912-601: Was also discovered in Mycenae by the archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann , and it appeared in sites in southern Spain and Portugal. Its distribution is similar to that of ivory, so it is possible that amber from Sicily reached the Iberian Peninsula through contacts with North Africa. After a decline in the consumption and trade of amber at the beginning of the Bronze Age , around 2000 BC, the influence of Baltic amber gradually took

8004-401: Was born in the reign of Akhenaten , during the Amarna Period of the late Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt . His original name was Tutankhaten or Tutankhuaten, meaning "living image of Aten ", reflecting the shift in ancient Egyptian religion known as Atenism which characterized Akhenaten's reign. His parentage is debated as they are not attested in surviving inscriptions. He was certainly

8096-497: Was born prematurely at 5–6 months of pregnancy and the other at full-term, 9 months. DNA testing has suggested the anonymous mummy KV21A is their mother but the data is not statistically significant enough to allow her to be securely identified as his only known wife, Ankhesenamun. Tutankhamun's death marked the end of the royal bloodline of the Eighteenth Dynasty. A genetic study, published in 2020, revealed Tutankhamun had

8188-469: Was invited by William Garstin and Gaston Maspero to excavate for George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon in the Valley. The Earl of Carnarvon and Carter had hoped this would lead to their gaining the concession when Davis gave it up but had to be satisfied with excavations in different parts of the Theban Necropolis for seven more years. After a systematic search beginning in 1915, Carter discovered

8280-471: Was moved back to Thebes and the city of Akhetaten was abandoned. As part of the restoration of the traditional cults, the king initiated building projects, in particular at Karnak in Thebes, where he laid out the sphinx avenue leading to the temple of Mut . The sphinxes were originally made for Akhenaten and Nefertiti; they were given new ram heads and small statues of the king. At Luxor temple he completed

8372-425: Was referred to as a Priest of Maat along with an epithet of "vizier, doer of maat." The epithet does not fit the usual description used by the regular vizier but might indicate an informal title. It might be that Ay used the title of vizier in an unprecedented manner. An Egyptian priest named Manetho wrote a comprehensive history of ancient Egypt where he refers to a king named Orus, who ruled for 36 years and had

8464-505: Was worshiped in this manner during his lifetime. A stela discovered at Karnak and dedicated to Amun - Ra and Tutankhamun indicates that the king could be appealed to in his deified state for forgiveness and to free the petitioner from an ailment caused by sin . Temples of his cult were built as far away as in Kawa and Faras in Nubia . The title of the sister of the Viceroy of Kush included

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