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62-749: Deutz-Allis was a company formed when Deutz-Fahr of Germany , part of KHD, purchased the agricultural assets of the Allis-Chalmers corporation in 1985. Deutz-Allis was eventually sold to the Allis-Gleaner Corporation, or AGCO ), in 1990. Deutz-Allis tractors and equipment were renamed in North America to be AGCO-Allis , but continued in South America until 2001, when the South American operations were renamed AGCO-Allis . In Argentina ,

124-406: A fifth wheel hitch. Box trucks have walls and a roof, making an enclosed load space. The rear has doors for unloading; a side door is sometimes fitted. Chassis cab trucks have a fully enclosed cab at the front, with bare chassis frame-rails behind, suitable for subsequent permanent attachment of a specialized payload, like a fire-truck or ambulance body. Concrete mixers have

186-453: A gross combination mass of up to 3.5 t (3.4 long tons; 3.9 short tons) are defined as light commercial vehicles , and those over as large goods vehicles . Trucks and cars have a common ancestor: the steam-powered fardier Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot built in 1769. However, steam wagons were not common until the mid-19th century. The roads of the time, built for horse and carriages, limited these vehicles to very short hauls, usually from

248-485: A 25 mph (40 km/h) speed governor as they are classified as low-speed vehicles. These vehicles have found uses in construction, large campuses (government, university, and industrial), agriculture, cattle ranches, amusement parks, and replacements for golf carts. Major mini-truck manufacturers and their brands include: Daihatsu Hijet , Honda Acty , Tata Ace , Mazda Scrum , Mitsubishi Minicab , Subaru Sambar , and Suzuki Carry . Light trucks are car-sized (in

310-430: A cabin that is independent of the payload portion of the vehicle. Smaller varieties may be mechanically similar to some automobiles . Commercial trucks can be very large and powerful and may be configured to be mounted with specialized equipment, such as in the case of refuse trucks , fire trucks , concrete mixers , and suction excavators . In American English, a commercial vehicle without a trailer or other articulation

372-401: A common construction: they are made of a chassis , a cab , an area for placing cargo or equipment, axles , suspension and roadwheels , an engine and a drivetrain . Pneumatic , hydraulic , water , and electrical systems may also be present. Many also tow one or more trailers or semi-trailers. The "cab", or "cabin" is an enclosed space where the driver is seated. A " sleeper " is

434-704: A compartment attached to or integral with the cab where the driver can rest while not driving, sometimes seen in semi-trailer trucks. There are several cab configurations: A further step from this is the side loading forklift that can be described as a specially fabricated vehicle with the same properties as a truck of this type, in addition to the ability to pick up its own load. Most small trucks such as sport utility vehicles (SUVs), vans or pickups , and even light medium-duty trucks in North America, China, and Russia use gasoline engines (petrol engines), but many diesel engined models are now being produced. Most of

496-562: A factory to the nearest railway station. The first semi-trailer appeared in 1881, towed by a steam tractor manufactured by De Dion-Bouton . Steam-powered wagons were sold in France and the United States until the eve of World War I , and 1935 in the United Kingdom, when a change in road tax rules made them uneconomic against the new diesel lorries. In 1895, Karl Benz designed and built

558-510: A front lift and PTO, making them extremely effective in agricultural, civil and industrial applications alike. In 1978 the DEUTZ-DX was launched on the market: a new generation tractor, featuring synchronised gears, a forced lubrication system, four-wheel drive as standard, electronic hitch regulation and cabs with elastic suspensions, with a horsepower from 80 to 200. In 1980, launched in Argentina

620-406: A ladder if tipped on end. The rails consist of a tall vertical section (two if boxed) and two shorter horizontal flanges. The height of the vertical section provides opposition to vertical flex when weight is applied to the top of the frame (beam resistance). Though typically flat the whole length on heavy-duty trucks, the rails may sometimes be tapered or arched for clearance around the engine or over

682-420: A manual transmission with synchromesh (synchronizers). Bigger trucks often use manual transmissions without synchronizers, saving bulk and weight, although synchromesh transmissions are used in larger trucks as well. Transmissions without synchronizers, known as "crash boxes", require double-clutching for each shift, (which can lead to repetitive motion injuries), or a technique known colloquially as "floating",

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744-545: A manual transmission, while conventional automatic or automated manual transmissions would have anything from 5 to 12 gears. Almost all heavy truck transmissions are of the "range and split" (double H shift pattern) type, where range change and so‑called half gears or splits are air operated and always preselected before the main gear selection. A truck frame consists of two parallel boxed (tubular) or C‑shaped rails, or beams, held together by crossmembers . These frames are referred to as ladder frames due to their resemblance to

806-407: A method of changing gears which does not use the clutch, except for starts and stops, due to the physical effort of double-clutching, especially with non-power-assisted clutches, faster shifts, and less clutch wear. Double-clutching allows the driver to control the engine and transmission revolutions to synchronize so that a smooth shift can be made; for example, when upshifting, the accelerator pedal

868-500: A more uncertain origin, but probably has its roots in the rail transport industry, where the word is known to have been used in 1838 to refer to a type of truck (a goods wagon as in British usage, not a bogie as in the American), specifically a large flat wagon. It might derive from the verb lurry (to carry or drag along, or to lug) which was in use as early as 1664, but that association

930-401: A roof and floor, used for transporting fresh and frozen cargo such as ice cream, food, vegetables, and prescription drugs. They are mostly equipped with double-wing rear doors, but a side door is sometimes fitted. Refuse trucks have a specialized body for collecting and, often, compacting trash collected from municipal, commercial, and industrial sites. This application has the widest use of

992-544: A rotating drum on an inclined axis, rotating in one direction to mix, and in the other to discharge the concrete down chutes. Because of the weight and power requirements of the drum body and rough construction sites, mixers have to be very heavy duty. Dual drive/Steer trucks are vehicles used to steer the rear of trailers . Dump trucks ("tippers" in the UK) transport loose material such as sand, gravel, or dirt for construction. A typical dump truck has an open-box bed, which

1054-704: A six-axle truck may have a maximum weight of 44 t (97,000 lb) or more. Off-road trucks include standard, extra heavy-duty highway-legal trucks, typically outfitted with off-road features such as a front driving axle and special tires for applications such as logging and construction, and purpose-built off-road vehicles unconstrained by weight limits, such as the Liebherr T 282B mining truck. Australia has complex regulations over weight and length, including axle spacing, type of axle/axle group, rear overhang, kingpin to rear of trailer, drawbar length, ground clearance, as well as height and width laws. These limits are some of

1116-411: A truck, of a trailer, from axle to hitch point, kingpin to rear of trailer, and turning radius are all regulated. In additions, there are special rules for carrying containers, and countries can set their own rules for local traffic. The United States Federal Bridge Law deals with the relation between the gross weight of the truck, the number of axles, the weight on and the spacing between the axles that

1178-611: A version of their Xebra electric tricycle (licensable in the U.S. as a motorcycle). Popular in Europe and Asia, many mini-trucks are factory redesigns of light automobiles, usually with monocoque bodies. Specialized designs with substantial frames such as the Italian Piaggio shown here are based upon Japanese designs (in this case by Daihatsu ) and are popular for use in "old town" sections of European cities that often have very narrow alleyways. Regardless of name, these small trucks serve

1240-566: A wide range of uses. In Japan, they are regulated under the Kei car laws, which allow vehicle owners a break in taxes for buying a smaller and less-powerful vehicle (currently, the engine is limited to 660 cc displacement). These vehicles are used as on-road utility vehicles in Japan. These Japanese-made mini-trucks that were manufactured for on-road use are competing with off-road ATVs in the United States, and import regulations require that these mini-trucks have

1302-505: Is formally a "straight truck" while one designed specifically to pull a trailer is not a truck but a " tractor ". The majority of trucks currently in use are powered by diesel engines , although small- to medium-size trucks with gasoline engines exist in North America . Electrically powered trucks are more popular in China and Europe than elsewhere. In the European Union , vehicles with

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1364-427: Is hinged at the rear and lifts at the front, allowing the material in the bed to be unloaded ("dumped") on the ground behind the truck. Flatbed trucks have an entirely flat, level platform body. This allows for quick and easy loading but has no protection for the load. Hanging or removable sides are sometimes fitted, often in the form of a stakebody . Refrigerator trucks have insulated panels as walls and

1426-422: Is in neutral, it allows the engine speed to drop and synchronize engine and transmission revolutions relative to the road speed. Downshifting is performed in a similar fashion, except the engine speed is now required to increase (while the transmission is in neutral) just the right amount in order to achieve the synchronization for a smooth, non-collision gear change. "Skip changing" is also widely used; in principle,

1488-564: Is most often made as vans. Medium trucks are larger than light but smaller than heavy trucks. In the US, they are defined as weighing between 13,000 and 33,000 lb (5.9 and 15.0 t). For the UK and the EU the weight is between 3.5 and 7.5 t (7,700 and 16,500 lb). Local delivery and public service ( dump trucks , garbage trucks and fire-fighting trucks ) are normally around this size. Heavy trucks are

1550-455: Is mostly reserved for larger vehicles. In Australia and New Zealand, a pickup truck is frequently called a ute (short for "utility" vehicle), while in South Africa it is called a bakkie ( Afrikaans : "small open container"). In the United Kingdom, India, Malaysia, Singapore, Ireland, and Hong Kong lorry is used instead of truck , but only for the medium and heavy types, while truck

1612-463: Is not definitive. The expanded meaning of lorry , "self-propelled vehicle for carrying goods", has been in usage since 1911. In the United States, Canada, and the Philippines, "truck" is usually reserved for commercial vehicles larger than regular passenger cars, but includes large SUVs, pickups, and other vehicles with an open load bed. In Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, the word "truck"

1674-412: Is released and the clutch pedal is depressed while the gear lever is moved into neutral, the clutch pedal is then released and quickly pushed down again while the gear lever is moved to the next higher gear. Finally, the clutch pedal is released and the accelerator pedal pushed down to obtain the required engine speed. Although this is a relatively fast movement, perhaps a second or so while the transmission

1736-516: Is used almost exclusively to refer to pickups . Often produced as variations of golf cars , with internal combustion or battery electric drive , these are used typically for off-highway use on estates, golf courses, and parks. While not suitable for highway use some variations may be licensed as slow speed vehicles for operation on streets, generally as a body variation of a neighborhood electric vehicle . A few manufactures produce specialized chassis for this type of vehicle, while Zap Motors markets

1798-422: The diesel engine did not appear in production trucks until Benz introduced it in 1923. The diesel engine was not common in trucks in Europe until the 1930s. In the United States, Autocar introduced diesel engines for heavy applications in the mid-1930s. Demand was high enough that Autocar launched the "DC" model (diesel conventional) in 1939. However, it took much longer for diesel engines to be broadly accepted in

1860-413: The lorry manufacturer Fahrzeugfabrik C.D. Magirus AG of Ulm was acquired. In 1937/1938 Klöckner was acquired and the company was renamed KHD: Klöckner – Humboldt – DEUTZ AG, one of Germany's largest groups, covering all sectors of the engine industry: cars, lorries, trains, ships, aircraft and tractors. The considerable damage of the war caused production to stop during the winter of 1944–1945. At

1922-461: The phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles includes trucks. According to The Economist magazine "Electric lorries will probably run on hydrogen, not batteries, which are too expensive." Other researchers say that once faster chargers are available batteries will become competitive against diesel for all, except perhaps the heaviest, trucks. Small trucks use the same type of transmissions as almost all cars, having either an automatic transmission or

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1984-632: The self-binder , manufactured in 1911, while the first tractor, the Fahr F22, was built in 1938 from an idea of Wilfred Fahr and Bernhard Flerlage , and had a 22 hp (16 kW) Deutz F2M414 twin-cylinder diesel engine. The first design was developed to become the Fahr T22 in 1940, and the Fahr Holzgasschlepper HG25 in 1942. After the end of World War II , the company had to adapt to meet new needs, expanding its product range. Models included

2046-717: The AGROSTAR 6.71, 6.81 and 8.31, 165 – 230 hp models, ELECTRONIC POWERSHIFT transmissions produced by the SAME+LAMBORGHINI+HÜRLIMANN (SLH) group were used. In 1995 KHD Agrartechnik GmbH of Cologne (tractors) and Deutz-Fahr Erntesysteme GmbH of Lauingen (combine harvesters, balers) were sold to the Italian Group SLH and the SAME DEUTZ-FAHR GROUP came into being. In 1997 Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz AG changed its company name to Deutz AG. The new company focused on

2108-712: The Deutz A 55. In 1964 the Magirus logo became the symbol of the company KHD. The D05 tractor range was then built (1965) with four-wheel drive, as well as the D06 series (1968) with over 380,000 models sold. Deutz-Fahr was established in 1968, following the acquisition of the majority of share capital in FAHR (Gottmadingen), a leading company and part of the Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz AG (KHD) group, already producing agricultural equipment in

2170-604: The Deutz F2M 315 was produced. In 1935 the Deutz F3M 317 came into being, followed in 1936 by the "people's tractor", the F1M414, with single-cylinder, water-cooled, 11 hp engine – the first mini-tractor worldwide to be mass-produced. This tractor was decisive in promoting the mechanisation of small farms. The original F1M 414 continued to be built until 1951. The tractor was then manufactured with an air-cooled engine until 1959. In 1936

2232-874: The Fahr D30 W (1949), the Fahr D15(1949), the Fahr D12N (1953), the Fahr D17N (1953), the Fahr D90 (1954) and the Fahr D180H(1954). In 1961, KHD acquired 25% of the shares in Fahr, and the complete acquisition of plants and business operations was completed in 1977. Models produced Fahr Tractors In the past 1970's, in Argentina , La Cantábrica launch the FX series of Fahr. Three models compound

2294-535: The US, no more than 13,900 lb (6.3 t)) and are used by individuals and businesses alike. In the EU they may not weigh more than 3.5 t (7,700 lb) and are allowed to be driven with a driving licence for cars. Pickup trucks , called utes in Australia and New Zealand, are common in North America and some regions of Latin America, Asia, and Africa, but not so in Europe, where this size of commercial vehicle

2356-555: The US: gasoline engines were still in use on heavy trucks in the 1970s. Electrically powered trucks predate internal combustion ones and have been continuously available since the mid-19th-century. In the 1920s Autocar Trucks was the first of the major truck manufacturers to offer a range of electric trucks for sale. Electric trucks were successful for urban delivery roles and as specialized work vehicles like forklifts and pushback tugs . The higher energy density of liquid fuels soon led to

2418-403: The axles. The holes in rails are used either for mounting vehicle components and running wires and hoses or measuring and adjusting the orientation of the rails at the factory or repair shop. The frame is usually made of steel , but can be made (whole or in part) of aluminum for a lighter weight. A tow bar may be found attached at one or both ends, but heavy tractors almost always make use of

2480-525: The city of Cañuelas, Buenos aires province. Five models (three air-cooled and two water-cooled) like the Deutz F1L514, Deutz F2L514, Deutz F3L514, Deutz F3M417 and the Deutz F2M417. In 1953 production of crawlers started. In 1958 the D series of tractors was introduced, with the D 40 model garnering the most success. In 1962 machines began to be equipped with the “Deutz-Transfermatic-System”. Shortly before

2542-508: The company manufactured the Deutz-Allis 5.125 L and the Deutz-Allis 5.190. In North America , Deutz-Allis tractors carried both the traditional Deutz-green color, and Allis-orange color. In South America they were Deutz-green. Deutz-Fahr Maschinenfabrik Fahr (Fahr Machine Factory) was established by Johann Georg Fahr in Gottmadingen in 1870. One of its most important products was

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2604-464: The company name was changed to Deutz AG. In 1927 Deutz built its first road tractor with a compressor-less diesel engine, in Cologne, the 14 hp Deutz MTH 222 with two forward gears and one reverse gear. In 1930 Motorenfabrik Deutz AG merged with Maschinenbauanstalt Humboldt AG, founded in 1856, and Motorenfabrik Oberursel AF, founded in 1892, merged with Humboldt-Deutz Motoren AG. Beginning in 1934,

2666-431: The decline of electric-powered trucks in favor of, first, gasoline, and then diesel and CNG-fueled engines until battery technology advanced in the 2000s when new chemistries and higher-volume production broadened the range of applicability of electric propulsion to trucks in many more roles. Today, manufacturers are electrifying all trucks ahead of national regulatory requirements, with long-range over-the-road trucks being

2728-451: The development, production, distribution and after-sales service of 4 – 7,400 kW engines. 0 [REDACTED] Media related to Deutz-Fahr at Wikimedia Commons Lorry A truck or lorry is a motor vehicle designed to transport freight , carry specialized payloads, or perform other utilitarian work. Trucks vary greatly in size, power, and configuration, but the vast majority feature body-on-frame construction, with

2790-469: The end of the series, the first six-cylinder Deutz was launched in 1964. The D 80 had a 75 hp. In 1959, an agreement was signed in Argentina with La Cantábrica for the production of tractors and agricultural implements in the city of Haedo, Buenos Aires. The first models are the: Deutz D-35, Deutz D 30, Deutz D-55 and the local A series like the Deutz A 110, Deutz A 70 – 26, Deutz A 70, Deutz A 50, Deutz A 45, Deutz A-40 / A-40 P, Deutz A 35, Deutz A 30 and

2852-418: The end of the war, 74% of the Cologne production sites had been destroyed. In 1945 reconstruction started with a massive effort. In 1950, five years after the end of the war, the situation and production had returned to normal conditions. Workforce: 13,000 employees; production: 40,000 engines for an overall hp of 1.5 million; 10,000 tractors, 6,000 industrial vehicles; turnover: 300 million Deutschmarks. This

2914-691: The factory was expanded and the joint-stock company Gasmotoren-Fabrik Deutz AG (GFD) was founded. In 1876 Nicolaus August Otto completed his "four stroke" internal combustion engine, for all types of fuel; the use of those engines began to spread worldwide, starting from Cologne. In 1884 Otto developed an ignition system that used a low voltage magnet. This electrical ignition system was acquired by Robert Bosch for his business. In 1894 production of self-propelled machines with Otto engines and tractors got underway in Philadelphia (USA). In 1907 GFD began mass producing diesel engines. From 1907 to 1912, under

2976-483: The first internal combustion truck. Later that year some of Benz's trucks were modified to become busses by Netphener . A year later, in 1896, another internal combustion engine truck was built by Gottlieb Daimler , the Daimler Motor Lastwagen . Other companies, such as Peugeot , Renault and Büssing , also built their own versions. The first truck in the United States was built by Autocar in 1899 and

3038-620: The first Deutz-Fahr tractor line, with the following models: AX 80-S – AX 80-C, AX 100-S, AX 110 L, AX 120-S – AX 120 and AX 160-S / 160-F Since 1982 all tractors have had the DEUTZ-FAHR brand. In 1987, Deutz Argentina S.A. launch the following models in Argentina: AX 4.60 / AX 4.60 Viñatero; AX 4.60 y AX 4.75 Super Despeje; AX 4.75; AX 4.100 / AX 4.100L; AX 4.120; AX 4.125 ST / DT; AX 4.140; AX 4.160; AX 4.170 and AX 4.190. In 1992 Deutz-Fahr manufactured its one-millionth tractor. In 1993, with

3100-443: The heavier trucks use four-stroke diesel engines with a turbocharger and intercooler . Huge off-highway trucks use locomotive-type engines such as a V12 Detroit Diesel two stroke engine. A large proportion of refuse trucks in the United States employ CNG (compressed natural gas) engines for their low fuel cost and reduced carbon emissions. A significant proportion of North American manufactured trucks use an engine built by

3162-440: The highest in the world, a B-double can weigh 62.5 t (61.5 long tons; 68.9 short tons) and be 25 m (82 ft) long, and road trains used in the outback can weigh 172 t (169.3 long tons; 189.6 short tons) and be 53.5 m (176 ft) long. The European Union also has complex regulations. The number and spacing of axles, steering, single or dual tires, and suspension type all affect maximum weights. Length of

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3224-407: The largest on-road trucks, Class 8 . These include vocational applications such as heavy dump trucks, concrete pump trucks, and refuse hauling, as well as ubiquitous long-haul 4x2 and 6×4 tractor units . Road damage and wear increase very rapidly with the axle weight. The number of steering axles and the suspension type also influence the amount of the road wear. In many countries with good roads

3286-514: The last remaining major independent engine manufacturer ( Cummins ) but most global OEMs such as Volvo Trucks and Daimler AG promote their own "captive" engines. In the European Union, all new truck engines must comply with Euro VI emission regulations, and Euro 7 from the late 2020s has stricter exhaust limits and also limits air pollution from brakes and tires . As of 2019 several alternative technologies are competing to displace

3348-543: The line-up: FX 80, FX 100 and FX 120. In 1864 Nicolaus August Otto and Eugen Langen founded N. A. Otto & Cie. in Cologne , the first engine factory in the world, which became Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz AG in 1938. In 1867 the "atmospheric gas engine" developed by N. A. Otto and E. Langen won a gold medal at the Exposition Universelle (1867) , for the most economical powered machine for light industry . In 1872

3410-476: The management of the Italian-born Ettore Bugatti , some car models were built in Cologne. In 1914 the company celebrated its 50th anniversary. Up to this date, the company had produced so many engines that all of them together would have produced 90,000 hp. 3,400 manual workers and 700 office staff were employed at the company. In 1921 a consortium was founded with Motorenfabrik Oberursel AG and

3472-647: The most challenging. Truck is used in American English ; the British English equivalent is lorry. The first known usage of "truck" was in 1611 when it referred to the small strong wheels on ships' cannon carriages, and comes from "Trokhos" (Greek) = "wheel". In its extended usage, it came to refer to carts for carrying heavy loads, a meaning known since 1771. Its expanded application to "motor-powered load carrier" has been in usage since 1930, shortened from "motor truck", which dates back to 1901. "Lorry" has

3534-424: The operation is the same as double-clutching, but it requires neutral be held slightly longer than a single-gear change. Common North American setups include 9, 10, 13, 15, and 18 speeds. Automatic and automated manual transmissions for heavy trucks are becoming more and more common, due to advances both in transmission and engine power. In Europe, 8, 10, 12, and 16 gears are common on larger trucks with

3596-457: The previous century. In 1969 Ködel&Böhm of Lauingen (Baviera), specialised in the production of agricultural machinery, was acquired. Also, in 1970 in Argentina, was launched the following models: A 46 S-V / A 65 – A 65 "cañero" / A 85 / A 100 / A 130 / A 144 In 1972 the INTRAC series of multi-role tractors was unveiled, with multiple automatic hitches for implements, a forward cab layout and

3658-575: The truck can have on the Interstate highway system. Each State determines the maximum permissible vehicle , combination , and axle weight on state and local roads. Uniquely, the State of Michigan has a gross vehicle weight limit of 164,000 lb (74 t), which is twice the U.S. federal limit. A measure to change the law was defeated in the Michigan Senate in 2019. Almost all trucks share

3720-405: The use of diesel engines in heavy trucks. CNG engines are widely used in the US refuse industry and in concrete mixers, among other short-range vocations, but range limitations have prevented their broader uptake in freight hauling applications. Heavy electric trucks and hydrogen-powered trucks are new to the market in 2021, but major freight haulers are interested. Although cars will be first

3782-631: Was available with 5 or 8 horsepower (4 or 6 kW) engines. Another early American truck was built by George Eldridge of Des Moines, Iowa, in 1903. It was powered by an engine with two opposed cylinders, and had a chain drive A 1903 Eldridge truck is displayed at the Iowa 80 Trucking Museum, Walcott, Iowa. Trucks of the era mostly used two-cylinder engines and had a carrying capacity of 1.5 to 2 t (3,300 to 4,400 lb). After World War I, several advances were made: electric starters , and 4, 6, and 8 cylinder engines. Although it had been invented in 1897,

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3844-528: Was the era of air-cooled engines. The first was the 15 hp F1L 514. In this period, Deutz also introduced direct power take off with dual friction. Thanks to the D 25 (1958), D 40 (1958) and D 15 (1959) with new generation engines and the FL 712 with front suspensions to improve driving comfort, Deutz recorded a huge sales success. In 1952, the Argentinian make SIADA , made under license the firsts Deutz tractors near

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