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27-610: The DNK has three major duties: The DNK furthers scientific programs through national and international meetings or conferences as well as with project-specific research support und funding. The DNK does not support single scientific projects; this is covered by the German Research Foundation (DFG) or the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) or the State Ministries for Science and Research. For example,

54-676: A 2017 article in The Guardian , the DFG has announced it will publish its research in online open-access journals . In 1937, the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft (NG) ("Emergency Association of German Science") was renamed the Deutsche Gemeinschaft zur Erhaltung und Förderung der Forschung ("German Foundation for the Preservation and Promotion of Research"), for short known as

81-547: A desire to reinvigorate the scientific discipline by robust research in order to extract "pure" science from such broad categorisation. This began with research conducted autonomously away from public utility and governmental supervision. Enclaves for industrial investigations became established. These included the Rockefeller Institute , Carnegie Institution of Washington and the Institute for Advanced Study . Research

108-489: A research institute structure for its organizational model. Thomas Edison , dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park", was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention in the late 1800s, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory. From the throes of the Scientific Revolution came

135-592: A separate academy in which graduates could pursue further scientific research. It was the first institution of its kind in Europe to conduct scientific research within the structure of a university. The St Petersburg Academy was established by decree on 28 January 1724. At the European level, there are now several government-funded institutions such as the European Space Agency (ESA), the nuclear research centre CERN ,

162-483: Is a German research funding organization, which functions as a self-governing institution for the promotion of science and research in the Federal Republic of Germany . In 2019, the DFG had a funding budget of €3.3 billion. The DFG supports research in science , engineering , and the humanities through a variety of grant programmes, research prizes , and by funding infrastructure. The self-governed organization

189-651: Is a cooperating member of the Verband Biologie, Biowissenschaften und Biomedizin in Deutschland e.V. (VBIO) . The chairperson of the DNK is member of the advisory board of the VBIO. The chairpersons of the DNK, (2008-2012: Prof. Dr. Ralf Reski; 2012-219: Dr. Regine Jahn) are members of the advisory board of the VBIO. The speaker of the scientific societies in the Verband Biologie, Biowissenschaften und Biomedizin in Deutschland e.V. (VBIO)

216-651: Is a member of Science Europe . The Heisenberg Programme of the DFG is aimed at young outstanding scientists who meet all the requirements for appointment to a permanent professorship. The programme was named after the German physicist Werner Heisenberg , who received the Nobel Prize in Physics at the age of 31. The funding programme aims to enable scientists to prepare for a scientific leadership position and to work on further research topics during this time. The maximum funding period

243-564: Is also a board member. Since June 2019: The general assembly decides on all activities and issues and elects the persons of the executive board. Every scientific society which is a member of the DNK names a permanent delegate into the general assembly. Members of the ICSU, the IUBS, and the IUMS are permanent guests of the DNK. Additional guests may be invited on an individual basis. The DNK collaborates with and

270-449: Is also an appointed board member of the DNK. His or her role will be assigned at the general assembly. The DNK is a non-profit organisation which does not pursuit economic objectives and does not have funds at its disposal. The German Research Foundation (DFG) supports the DNK financially by e.g. covering travelling costs for the attendance of the annual general assemblies. As of January 2009 42 German scientific societies (as for example

297-562: Is based in Bonn and financed by the German states and the federal government of Germany . As of 2017 the organization consists of approximately 100 research universities and other research institutions . The DFG endows various research prizes, including the Leibniz Prize . The Polish-German science award Copernicus is offered jointly with the Foundation for Polish Science . According to

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324-496: Is five years. Normally, the habilitation is a prerequisite for applying for admission to the programme. However, services similar to habilitation are also included in the selection. The program consists of the following variants: Research institution A research institute , research centre , or research organization is an establishment founded for doing research . Research institutes may specialize in basic research or may be oriented to applied research . Although

351-521: The Deutsche Botanische Gesellschaft , DBG, German Botanical Society ) and organisations are members of the DNK. Each one sends a permanent delegate to the general assembly. March 2012 - June 2019 (newly elected in 2012) -- -- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft The German Research Foundation ( German : Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈfɔʁʃʊŋsɡəˌmaɪnʃaft] ; abbr. DFG [ˌdeːʔɛfˈɡeː] )

378-777: The Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). Even before the election of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi party) to power in 1933, projects funded by the NG had worked diligently on Nazi-aligned research, especially German ethnographic research in Eastern Europe that would lay the foundations for the Hitlerite " Lebensraum " and extermination policies; during the National Socialist period,

405-749: The European Southern Observatory (ESO) (Grenoble), the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) (Grenoble), EUMETSAT , the Italian-European Sistema Trieste with, among others, the International Centre for Theoretical Physics and the research complex Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, the biology project EMBL, and the fusion project ITER which in addition to technical developments has a strong research focus. Research institutes came to emerge at

432-898: The Royal Society (UK). The DFG has several representative offices in Asia, North America and Europe and also maintains the Sino-German Center for Research Promotion , which was jointly founded by the DFG and the National Natural Science Foundation of China . On 9 June 2012, DFG launched a centre in Hyderabad , to expand its presence in India . The German-based research foundation and India 's Department of Science and Technology are together working on 40 bilateral research projects in science and engineering. The German Research Foundation

459-691: The 17th century scientific academy. In London, the Royal Society was founded in 1660, and in France Louis XIV founded the Académie royale des sciences in 1666 which came after private academic assemblies had been created earlier in the seventeenth century to foster research. In the early 18th century, Peter the Great established an educational-research institute to be built in his newly created imperial capital, St Petersburg . His plan combined provisions for linguistic, philosophical and scientific instruction with

486-621: The DFG. The legal status of the DFG is that of an association under private law. As such, the DFG can only act through its statutory bodies, in particular through its executive board and the General Assembly. The DFG is a member of the International Council for Science and has numerous counterparts around the globe such as the National Natural Science Foundation of China , the National Science Foundation (US) and

513-437: The DNK are the board and the general assembly. The board carries out the resolutions of the general assembly and informs and links all participants. The board consists of the chairperson, his or her deputy and a secretary. They are elected for two years and derive from the delegates of the general assembly. The speaker of the scientific societies in the Verband Biologie, Biowissenschaften und Biomedizin in Deutschland e.V. (VBIO)

540-844: The DNK had proposed that the IUBS plays a part in the ABS programme ( Access and Benefit Sharing ) at the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity . In May 2008 the DNK stimulated the scientific meeting Biodiversity Research - Safeguarding the Future . This conference was preceding the ninth meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP9) of the Convention on Biological Diversity taking place in May 2008 in Germany . The organs of

567-633: The Kerala school independently discovered a number of important mathematical concepts. The earliest research institute in Europe was Tycho Brahe 's Uraniborg complex on the island of Hven , a 16th-century astronomical laboratory set up to make highly accurate measurements of the stars. In the United States there are numerous notable research institutes including Bell Labs , Xerox Parc , The Scripps Research Institute , Beckman Institute , RTI International , and SRI International . Hughes Aircraft used

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594-464: The NG leadership showed itself ready and willing to adapt to the "new era" by gearing its funding practices towards issues related to German rearmament and autarky , essentially aligning its goals with those of the new regime. By the end of World War II in Germany, in 1945, the DFG was no longer active. In 1949, after formation of the Federal Republic , it was re-founded as the NG and again from 1951 as

621-473: The beginning of the twentieth century. In 1900, at least in Europe and the United States, the scientific profession had only evolved so far as to include the theoretical implications of science and not its application. Research scientists had yet to establish a leadership in expertise. Outside scientific circles it was generally assumed that a person in an occupation related to the sciences carried out work which

648-516: The most famous were the 13th-century Maragheh observatory , and the 15th-century Ulugh Beg Observatory . The Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics was a school of mathematics and astronomy founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama in Kerala , India . The school flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries and the original discoveries of the school seems to have ended with Narayana Bhattathiri (1559–1632). In attempting to solve astronomical problems,

675-516: The term often implies natural science research, there are also many research institutes in the social science as well, especially for sociological and historical research purposes. In the early medieval period, several astronomical observatories were built in the Islamic world. The first of these was the 9th-century Baghdad observatory built during the time of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun , though

702-400: Was advanced in both theory and application. This was aided by substantial private donation. As of 2006, there were over 14,000 research centres in the United States. The expansion of universities into the faculty of research fed into these developments as mass education produced mass scientific communities . A growing public consciousness of scientific research brought public perception to

729-437: Was necessarily "scientific" and that the skill of the scientist did not hold any more merit than the skill of a labourer. A philosophical position on science was not thought by all researchers to be intellectually superior to applied methods. However any research on scientific application was limited by comparison. A loose definition attributed all naturally occurring phenomena to "science". The growth of scientific study stimulated

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