54-848: The Derawal ( Saraiki : ڈیریوال ) are a community originating from the Derajat , a cultural region extending from river Indus to Sulaiman Range in central Pakistan . The varieties of Saraiki spoken by the Derawal people are collectively known as Derawali (also locally known as Hindki ). Most of the Hindu and Sikh Derawal migrated to India at the time of the partition of British India in 1947. The neighbourhood of Derawal Nagar in Delhi gets its name from this community. There are several regional and national Derawal organizations in India today. This article about
108-470: A Pakistani ethnicity is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about an Indian ethnicity or social group is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Saraiki language Saraiki ( سرائیکی Sarā'īkī ; also spelt Siraiki , or Seraiki ) is an Indo-Aryan language of the Lahnda group, spoken by around 28 million people primarily in the south-western half of
162-547: A 'deliberate systematic survey of the languages of India.' The signatories included Karl Bühler , Max Müller , Monier Williams and Grierson. The recommendation was made to the British Government and in 1898 he was appointed Superintendent of the newly formed Linguistic Survey of India. For the survey a standard set of materials was sought. He had government officials collect material for every language, dialect, and subdialect, going from village to village and sampling across
216-499: A Saraiki version of its site, as well. The language, partly codified during the British Raj , derived its emotional attraction from the poetry of the Sufi saint, Khawaja Ghulam Farid , who has become an identity symbol. His poems, known as Kafi are still famous. The beloved's intense glances call for blood The dark hair wildly flows The Kohl of the eyes is fiercely black And slays
270-586: A deep interest in languages, won prizes for studies in Sanskrit and Hindustani before leaving for the Bengal Presidency in 1873. First posted to Bankipore (Patna) in Bihar, he became Magistrate and Collector at Patna and still later in 1896, Opium Agent for Bihar . He married Lucy Elizabeth Jean, daughter of Maurice Henry Fitzgerald Collis, a Dublin surgeon, in 1880 but they had no children. Grierson attended
324-473: A dialect of either Sindhi or of Panjabi due to a high degree of mutual intelligibility. The following dialects have been tentatively proposed for Saraiki: The historical inventory of names for the dialects now called Saraiki is a confusion of overlapping or conflicting ethnic, local, and regional designations. One historical name for Saraiki, Jaṭki, means "of the Jaṭṭs ", a northern South Asian ethnic group. Only
378-403: A language in its own right and see the use of the term "dialect" as stigmatising . A language movement was started in the 1960s to standardise a script and promote the language. The national census of Pakistan has tabulated the prevalence of Saraiki speakers since 1981. Saraiki is primarily spoken in the south-western part of the province of Punjab , in an area that broadly coincides with
432-442: A set of implosives , so that for each place of articulation there are up to five contrasting stops, for example: voiceless /tʃala/ 'custom' ~ aspirated /tʃʰala/ 'blister' ~ implosive /ʄala/ 'cobweb' ~ voiced /dʒala/ 'niche' ~ voiced aspirate /dʒʰəɠ/ 'foam'. There are five contrasting places of articulation for the stops: velar , palatal , retroflex , dental and bilabial . The dentals /t tʰ d dʰ/ are articulated with
486-458: A small minority of Saraiki speakers are Jaṭṭs, and not all Saraiki speaking Jaṭṭs necessarily speak the same dialect of Saraiki. However, these people usually call their traditions as well as language as Jataki . Conversely, several Saraiki dialects have multiple names corresponding to different locales or demographic groups. The name " Derawali " is used to refer to the local dialects of both Dera Ghazi Khan and Dera Ismail Khan , but "Ḍerawali" in
540-516: A test of mutual unintelligibility, and 544 dialects which he placed in five language families. He published the findings of the Linguistic Survey in a series that consisted of 19 volumes. Grierson was born in Glenageary , County Dublin . His father and grandfather ( George Grierson ) were well-known Dublin printers and publishers. His mother Isabella was the daughter of Henry Ruxton of Ardee. He
594-474: Is a nasalised retroflex flap [ɽ̃] . The contrasts /ŋ/ ~ /ŋɡ/ , and /ɲ/ ~ /ɲdʒ/ are weak; the single nasal is more common in southern varieties, and the nasal + stop cluster is prevalent in central dialects. Three nasals /ŋ n m/ have aspirated counterparts /ŋʰ nʰ mʰ/ . The realisation of the alveolar tap /ɾ/ varies with the phonetic environment. It is trilled if geminated to /ɾɾ/ and weakly trilled if preceded by /t/ or /d/ . It contrasts with
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#1733085807866648-694: Is also being offered by English department of Ghazi University , Dera Ghazi Khan and MA Saraiki is being offered by Gomal University , Dera Ismail Khan privately. It is taught as a subject in schools and colleges at higher secondary and intermediate. Saraiki is also taught at degree level at the Allama Iqbal Open University at Islamabad, and the Al-Khair University at Bhimbir have Pakistani Linguistics Departments. They offer M.Phil. and Ph.D in Saraiki. The Associated Press of Pakistan has launched
702-461: Is found in the northeastern Jhangi dialect , considered transitional between Standard Punjabi and Saraiki by Wagha (1997 , p. 229), which is characterised by a lack of phonemic contrast between implosives and plain stops, and a preference for implosives even in words where Saraiki has a plain stop. The dental implosive in Jhangi is articulated with the tongue completely covering the upper teeth. It
756-785: Is not phonemic ; it is phonetically realised on the whole syllable, and results from an underlying /h/ that follows the vowel, thus [ɓʰɛh] is phonemically /ɓɛh/ . The historical origin of the Saraiki implosives has been on the whole the same as in Sindhi. Their source has generally been the older language's series of plain voiced stops, thus Sanskrit j anayati > Saraiki ʄ əɲən 'be born'. New plain voiced stops have in turn arisen out of certain consonants and consonant clusters (for example, y ava > dʒ ao 'barley'), or have been introduced in loanwords from Sanskrit , Hindi , Persian or English ( ɡ ərdən 'throat', b əs 'bus'). The following table illustrates some of
810-426: Is not present in Saraiki, although Bahl (1936 , p. 29) contends that it should be reconstructed for the earlier language. Its absence has been attributed to structural factors: the forward articulation of /ʄ/ and the lesser retroflexion of /ᶑ/ . Aspirated ( breathy voiced ) implosives occur word-initially, where they contrast with aspirated plain stops: /ɓʰɛ(h)/ 'sit' ~ /bʰɛ/ 'fear'. The aspiration
864-501: Is the Majhi dialect of Punjabi , which has long been the basis of standard literary Punjabi. However, outside of Indo-Aryanist circles, the concept of "Lahnda" is still found in compilations of the world's languages (e.g. Ethnologue ). Saraiki appears to be a transitional language between Punjabi and Sindhi . Spoken in Upper Sindh as well as the southern Panjab, it is sometimes considered
918-581: Is unique in Indo-Aryan and that speakers of Multani take pride in its distinctiveness. The plain voiced /ɖ/ and the implosive /ᶑ/ are mostly in complementary distribution although there are a few minimal pairs, like /ɖakʈəɾ/ 'doctor' ~ /ᶑak/ 'mail'. The retroflex implosive alternates with the plain voiced dental stop /d/ in the genitive postposition /suffix /da/ , which takes the form of /ᶑa/ when combined with 1st or 2nd person pronouns: /meᶑa/ 'my', /teᶑa/ 'your'. A dental implosive ( /ɗ̪/ )
972-626: The Bangiya Sahitya Parishat . He received several other honorary degrees from the universities of Halle, Cambridge, Oxford, and Bihar. A literary award of India, the Dr. George Grierson Award , was named in his honour in 1989. Grierson was a prolific writer. On his 85th birthday, an article was contributed in his honour and published by the School of Oriental Studies which included a list of Grierson's publications occupying 22 pages. The following are
1026-514: The Salt Range is the rough divide with the northern varieties of Lahnda, such as Pothwari . Saraiki is the first language of approximately 29 million people in Pakistan according to the 2023 census. The first national census of Pakistan to gather data on the prevalence of Saraiki was the census of 1981. In that year, the percentage of respondents nationwide reporting Saraiki as their native language
1080-819: The Sindhi language spoken to the south. Saraiki however, does relate considerably with other Western Punjabi dialects. There is a political movement in Pakistan to declare Saraiki the administrative language of its own region. The Saraiki language identity arose in the 1960s, encompassing more narrow local earlier identities (like Multani, Derawi or Riasati), and distinguishing itself from broader ones like that of Punjabi. Due to effects of dominant languages in Pakistani media like Urdu, Standard Punjabi and English and religious impact of Arabic and Persian, Saraiki like other regional varieties of Pakistan are continuously expanding its vocabulary base with loan words. The present extent of
1134-417: The blade of the tongue against the surface behind the teeth. The retroflex stops are post-alveolar , the articulator being the tip of the tongue or sometimes the underside . There is no dental implosive, partly due to the lesser retroflexion with which the retroflex implosive /ᶑ/ is pronounced. The palatal stops are here somewhat arbitrarily represented with [tʃ] and [dʒ] . In casual speech some of
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#17330858078661188-487: The province of Punjab in Pakistan. It was previously known as Multani , after its main dialect. Saraiki has partial mutual intelligibility with Standard Punjabi , and it shares with it a large portion of its vocabulary and morphology . At the same time in its phonology it is radically different (particularly in the lack of tones, the preservation of the voiced aspirates and the development of implosive consonants), and has important grammatical features in common with
1242-458: The retroflex flap /ɽ/ ( /taɾ/ 'wire' ~ /taɽ/ 'watching'), except in the variety spoken by Hindus. The fricatives /f v/ are labio-dental . The glottal fricative /ɦ/ is voiced and affects the voice quality of a preceding vowel. There are no tones in Saraiki. All consonants except /h j ɳ ɽ/ can be geminated ("doubled"). Geminates occur only after stressed centralised vowels, and are phonetically realised much less markedly than in
1296-503: The Indo-European languages. In Christopher Shackle's analysis, Saraiki distinguishes up to 48 consonants and 9 monophthong vowels. The "centralised" vowels /ɪ ʊ ə/ tend to be shorter than the "peripheral" vowels /i ɛ a o u/ . The central vowel /ə/ is more open and back than the corresponding vowel in neighbouring varieties. Vowel nasalisation is distinctive: /'ʈuɾẽ/ 'may you go' vs. /'ʈuɾe/ 'may he go'. Before /ɦ/ ,
1350-620: The Multani script in ISO/IEC 10646 was submitted in 2011. Saraiki Unicode has been approved in 2005. The Khojiki script has also been in use, whereas Devanagari and Gurmukhi are not employed anymore. The Department of Saraiki, Islamia University , Bahawalpur was established in 1989 and the Department of Saraiki, Bahauddin Zakariya University , Multan was established in 2006. BS Saraiki
1404-648: The Oriental Congress in 1886 at Vienna and proposed the idea of a formal linguistic in India. Grierson was a delegate of the Royal Asiatic Society along with Dr Theodor Duka , Albert Terrien de Lacouperie , Cecil Bendall , and R. N. Cust . At the Congress it was noted that the number of Indian languages was unknown with estimates varying from 20 to 250. A resolution was passed urging the Government to undertake
1458-490: The Oriental Congress in 1886 at Vienna. The Congress recommended the idea to the British Government and he was appointed superintendent of the newly created Linguistic Survey of India in 1898. He continued the work until 1928, surveying people across the British Indian territory, documenting spoken languages, recording voices, written forms and was responsible in documenting information on 179 languages, defined by him through
1512-465: The actual numbers, as the speakers will often refer to their language using narrower dialect or regional labels, or alternatively identify with the bigger language communities, like those of Punjabi, Hindi or Urdu. Therefore, the number of speakers in India remains unknown. There have been observations of Lahnda varieties "merging" into Punjabi (especially in Punjab and Delhi), as well as of outright shift to
1566-437: The classes and sexes. He provided forms and instructional material to his correspondents. He sought a version of the parable of the prodigal son, oral narratives and a predefined list of 241 words and phrases (this list had been made by Sir George Campbell in 1866). The parable was chosen because 'it contains the three personal pronouns, most of the cases found in the declension of nouns, and the present, past, and future tenses of
1620-561: The completion of the Linguistic Survey of India was celebrated at the Criterion Restaurant by the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland with Lord Birkenhead proposing the toast. Grierson published scholarly works throughout his career: on the dialects and peasant life of Bihar, on Hindi literature, on bhakti , and on linguistics . His contemporaries noted both his lack of sympathy for Advaita Vedanta , which he regarded as "pandit religion," and his "warm appreciation of
1674-456: The context of South Asia, the choice between the appellations "language" and "dialect" is a difficult one, and any distinction made using these terms is obscured by their ambiguity. In a sense both Saraiki and Standard Panjabi are "dialects" of a " Greater Punjabi" macrolanguage. Saraiki was considered a dialect of Punjabi by most British colonial administrators, and is still seen as such by many Punjabis . Saraikis, however, consider it
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1728-407: The contrast between /a/ and /ə/ is neutralised. There is a high number of vowel sequences, some of which can be analysed as diphthongs . Saraiki possesses a large inventory of consonants : In its stop consonants , Saraiki has the typical for Indo-Aryan four-fold contrast between voiced and voiceless , and aspirated and unaspirated. In parallel to Sindhi it has additionally developed
1782-548: The dialects of what is now the southwest of Punjab Province in Pakistan constitute a dialect cluster, which he designated "Southern Lahnda " within a putative "Lahnda language". Subsequent Indo-Aryanist linguists have confirmed the reality of this dialect cluster, even while rejecting the name "Southern Lahnda" along with the entity "Lahnda" itself. Grierson also maintained that "Lahnda" was his novel designation for various dialects up to then called "Western Punjabi", spoken north, west, and south of Lahore . The local dialect of Lahore
1836-544: The dominant languages of Punjabi or Hindi. One pattern reported in the 1990s was for members of the younger generation to speak the respective "Lahnda" variety with their grandparents, while communicating within the peer group in Punjabi and speaking to their children in Hindi. Saraiki's consonant inventory is similar to that of neighbouring Sindhi . It includes phonemically distinctive implosive consonants , which are unusual among
1890-615: The extent of the proposed Saraikistan province. To the west, it is set off from the Pashto - and Balochi -speaking areas by the Suleiman Range , while to the south-east the Thar desert divides it from the Marwari language . Its other boundaries are less well-defined: Punjabi is spoken to the east; Sindhi is found to the south, after the border with Sindh province ; to the north, the southern edge of
1944-686: The first syllable is centralised, and the second syllable contains either a diphthong, or a peripheral vowel followed by a consonant, for example /dɪɾ'kʰan/ 'carpenter'. Three-syllable words are stressed on the second syllable if the first syllable contains a centralised vowel, and the second syllable has either a peripheral vowel, or a centralised vowel + geminate, for example /tʃʊ'həttəɾ/ 'seventy-four'. There are exceptions to these rules and they account for minimal pairs like /it'la/ 'informing' and /'itla/ 'so much'. Unusually for South Asian languages , implosive consonants are found in Sindhi , possibly some Rajasthani dialects , and Saraiki, which has
1998-441: The following series: / ɓ ᶑ ʄ ɠ /. The "palatal" /ʄ/ is denti-alveolar and laminal , articulated further forward than most other palatals. The " retroflex " /ᶑ/ is articulated with the tip or the underside of the tongue, further forward in the mouth than the plain retroflex stops. It has been described as post-alveolar , pre-palatal or pre-retroflex . Bahl (1936 , p. 30) reports that this sound
2052-547: The former is the Multani dialect and "Derawali" in the latter is the Thaḷi dialect. When consulting sources before 2000, it is important to know that Pakistani administrative boundaries have been altered frequently. Provinces in Pakistan are divided into districts , and sources on "Saraiki" often describe the territory of a dialect or dialect group according to the districts. Since the founding of Pakistan in 1947, several of these districts have been subdivided, some multiple times. In
2106-502: The implosives and the extra nasals. In Sindh the Sindhi alphabet is used. The calligraphic styles used are Naskh and Nastaʿlīq . Historically, traders or bookkeepers wrote in a script known as kiṛakkī or laṇḍā , although use of this script has been significantly reduced in recent times. Likewise, a script related to the Landa scripts family, known as Multani , was previously used to write Saraiki. A preliminary proposal to encode
2160-720: The linguistic botany of India". Grierson died in Camberley , Surrey, England at Rathfarnham, the house he built and named after his grandfather's castle in Dublin. Grierson was an honorary member of the Nagari Pracharini Sabha at Benares. He was an honorary fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal , the Bihar and Orissa Research Society, the Modern Language Association, Linguistic Society of India, and
2214-573: The lovers with no excuse My appearance in ruins, I sit and wait While the beloved has settled in Malheer I feel the sting of the cruel dart My heart the, abode of pain and grief A life of tears, I have led Farid Shakir Shujabadi ( Kalam-e-Shakir , Khuda Janey , Shakir Diyan Ghazlan , Peelay Patr , Munafqan Tu Khuda Bachaway , and Shakir De Dohray are his famous books) is a very well recognized modern poet. Ataullah Khan Esakhelvi and Shafaullah Rokhri are considered legends of Saraiki music and
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2268-553: The major developments: Within South Asia, implosives were first described for Sindhi by Stake in 1855. Later authors have noted their existence in Multani and have variously called them "recursives" or "injectives", while Grierson incorrectly treated them as "double consonants". In the province of Punjab, Saraiki is written using the Arabic -derived Urdu alphabet with the addition of seven diacritically modified letters to represent
2322-471: The meaning "the language of the north", from the Sindhi word siro 'up-river, north'. This name can ambiguously refer to the northern dialects of Sindhi, but these are nowadays more commonly known as "Siroli" or "Sireli". An alternative hypothesis is that Sarākī originated in the word sauvīrā , or Sauvira , an ancient kingdom which was also mentioned in the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata . Currently,
2376-485: The meaning of Sirāikī is a recent development, and the term most probably gained its currency during the nationalist movement of the 1960s. It has been in use for much longer in Sindh to refer to the speech of the immigrants from the north, principally Siraiki-speaking Baloch tribes who settled there between the 16th and the 19th centuries. In this context, the term can most plausibly be explained as originally having had
2430-412: The monotheistic devotion of the country folk". He also published on literary texts and writers, including a paper on Kalidasa in 1877. Most of Grierson's later work deals with linguistics. In a celebratory account of his life, F. W. Thomas and R. L. Turner refer to the extensive publications of the Linguistic Survey of India as "a great Imperial museum, representing and systematically classifying
2484-592: The most common rendering of the name is Saraiki . However, Seraiki and Siraiki have also been used in academia until recently. Precise spelling aside, the name was first adopted in the 1960s by regional social and political leaders. Saraiki is a member of Western Punjabi sub family of the Indo-Aryan subdivision of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. In 1919, Grierson maintained that
2538-704: The most popular singers from the Saraiki belt . Former Pakistan Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani had said southern Punjab is rich in cultural heritage which needs to be promoted for next generations. In a message on the launch of Saraiki channel by Pakistan Television (PTV) in Multan , he is reported to have said that the step would help promote the rich heritage of 'Saraiki Belt'. These are not dedicated Saraiki channels but most play programmes in Saraiki. George Abraham Grierson Sir George Abraham Grierson OM KCIE FBA (7 January 1851 – 9 March 1941)
2592-403: The rest of the Punjabi area. A stressed syllable is distinguished primarily by its length : if the vowel is peripheral /i ɛ a o u/ then it is lengthened, and if it is a "centralised vowel" ( /ɪ ʊ ə/ ) then the consonant following it is geminated. Stress normally falls on the first syllable of a word. The stress will, however, fall on the second syllable of a two-syllable word if the vowel in
2646-432: The states of Punjab , Haryana , Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh , Delhi and Jammu and Kashmir . There is also a smaller group of Muslim pastoralists who migrated to India, specifically Andhra Pradesh , prior to Partition. There are census figures available – for example, in the 2011 census, 29,000 people reported their language as " Bahawal Puri ", and 62,000 as "Hindi Multani". However, these are not representative of
2700-414: The stops, especially /k/ , /g/ and /dʒ/ , are frequently rendered as fricatives – respectively [x] , [ɣ] and [z] . Of the nasals , only /n/ and /m/ are found at the start of a word, but in other phonetic environments there is a full set of contrasts in the place of articulation: /ŋ ɲ ɳ n m/ . The retroflex ɳ is a realised as a true nasal only if adjacent to a retroflex stop, elsewhere it
2754-595: The verb'. The survey classified the languages of 290,000,000 people. In 1900 he moved to England "for convenience of consulting European libraries and scholars". By 1903 most of the data had come in and he retired from the Indian Civil Service. He spent the following thirty years editing the enormous amount of material gathered and worked briefly in collaboration with the Norwegian linguist Sten Konow (who contributed to volume III on Tibetan languages). On 8 May 1928
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#17330858078662808-425: Was 9.83. In the census of 1998, it was 10.53% out of a national population of 132 million, for a figure of 13.9 million Saraiki speakers resident in Pakistan. Also according to the 1998 census, 12.8 million of those, or 92%, lived in the province of Punjab. After Partition in 1947, Hindu and Sikh speakers of Saraiki migrated to India, where they are currently widely dispersed, though with more significant pockets in
2862-585: Was an Irish administrator and linguist in British India . He worked in the Indian Civil Service but an interest in philology and linguistics led him to pursue studies in the languages and folklore of India during his postings in Bengal and Bihar. He published numerous studies in the journals of learned societies and wrote several books during his administrative career but proposed a formal linguistic survey at
2916-407: Was educated at St. Bees School , and from the age of 13 at Shrewsbury . He then went up to Trinity College, Dublin , where he was a student of mathematics. Grierson qualified for the Indian Civil Service in 1871 ranking twenty-eighth for the year. He continued studies at Trinity College for two probationary years where he was influenced by Robert Atkinson , professor of oriental languages. He took
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