145-547: Dendy ( Russian : Де́нди ) is a series of home video game consoles that were unofficial hardware clones of Nintendo 's third-generation Famicom system. Produced from late 1992, Dendy consoles were manufactured in Taiwan using Chinese components on behalf of the Russian company Steepler. These consoles were primarily sold in Russia. Over time, production expanded to include assembly at
290-599: A constitutional referendum on whether to adopt Russian as a second official language. According to the Central Election Commission, 74.8% voted against, 24.9% voted for and the voter turnout was 71.1%. Starting in 2019, instruction in Russian will be gradually discontinued in private colleges and universities in Latvia, and in general instruction in Latvian public high schools. On 29 September 2022, Saeima passed in
435-461: A new education law which requires all schools to teach at least partially in Ukrainian, with provisions while allow indigenous languages and languages of national minorities to be used alongside the national language. The law faced criticism from officials in Russia and Hungary. The 2019 Law of Ukraine "On protecting the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state language" gives priority to
580-532: A system-on-a-chip architecture. TXC Corporation custom-designed this model for Steepler to compete with inexpensive, low-quality Chinese clones. The Junior's appearance was based on the original Famicom, with packaging designed by Rustem Adagamov . With a wholesale price of $ 29, the Junior's release had the effect of increasing Classic model sales. The next model in the series was the Dendy Junior II, which featured
725-499: A brief hiatus, the show returned on ORT channel with a shortened title, Novaya Realnost' . The second season placed less emphasis on Dendy games. The program concluded in January 1996. The cancellation was attributed to multiple factors, including an unfavorable broadcast time (3:45 PM on Fridays) that limited the target audience's ability to watch, and increased production costs, which doubled from $ 50,000 to $ 100,000 per episode. Following
870-573: A formula with V standing for the nucleus (vowel) and C for each consonant, the maximal structure can be described as follows: (C)(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C) Russian ruble The ruble or rouble ( Russian : рубль , romanized : rublʹ ; symbol : ₽ ; abbreviation: руб or р. in Cyrillic , Rub in Latin ; ISO code : RUB ) is the currency of the Russian Federation . The ruble
1015-625: A fragment of the painting " Russian Squadron on the Roads of Sevastopol " by Ivan Aivazovsky . The Crimea side of the note features the Swallow's Nest , a decorative castle and local landmark. In the lower part of the Sevastopol side of the banknote in the green stripe there is a QR-code containing a link to the Bank of Russia's webpage, which lists historical information related to the banknote. The predominant colour of
1160-554: A joint venture called AOZT "Dendy". The agreement stipulated that Incombank would provide capital investment and receive 30% of the profits. Two operational units were established: one handling wholesale distribution with Inkombank's financial support, and another managing retail operations in Moscow. As part of this expansion, Steepler purchased shares in the Tensor factory located in Dubna . Initially,
1305-479: A language that "belongs to the European cultural space". The financing of Russian-language content by the state will cease, which the concept says create a "unified information space". However, one inevitable consequence would be the closure of public media broadcasts in Russian on LTV and Latvian Radio, as well as the closure of LSM's Russian-language service. In Lithuania , Russian has no official or legal status, but
1450-456: A largely untapped market, as major global video game and console manufacturers showed little interest in Russia at the time. The company's main competition came from the " grey " import market of similar Chinese-made products. By the end of 1994, Steepler's annual turnover had reached 75-80 million US dollars. Eventually, the company suspended its advertising campaign due to demand exceeding supply. Steepler's market research into print media led to
1595-572: A lesser extent the languages to the south and the east: Uralic , Turkic , Persian , Arabic , and Hebrew . According to the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California , Russian is classified as a level III language in terms of learning difficulty for native English speakers, requiring approximately 1,100 hours of immersion instruction to achieve intermediate fluency. Feudal divisions and conflicts created obstacles between
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#17330852521731740-607: A minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities . 30% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 2% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. In Azerbaijan , Russian has no official status, but is a lingua franca of the country. 26% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 5% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. In Georgia , Russian has no official status, but it
1885-490: A new series of banknotes dated 1997 was released in denominations of 5 ₽, 10 ₽, 50 ₽, 100 ₽ and 500 ₽. The 1,000 ₽ banknote was first issued on 1 January 2001 and the 5,000 ₽ banknote was first issued on 31 July 2006. Modifications to the series were made in 2001, 2004, and 2010. In April 2016, the Central Bank of Russia announced that it will introduce two new banknotes – 200 ₽ and 2,000 ₽ — in 2017. In September 2016,
2030-443: A partnership with the publishers of Video-Ace Computer Games ( Russian : Видео-Асс Компьютерные Игры ) magazine. This collaboration gave rise to Video-Ace Dendy , a new publication that debuted in summer 1993 under the editorship of Valery Polyakov. Initially, the magazine functioned largely as a promotional vehicle for Steepler's product line, with the first seven issues focusing heavily on Dendy-related content. The magazine's scope
2175-404: A portable console called Ken-Boy. In 1996, Bitman secured an official agreement with Sega, allowing them to sell licensed Mega Drive 2, Mega CD 2, Mega Drive 32X , Game Gear , Sega Saturn , and the educational Sega Pico consoles. Both companies closed their game businesses a year and a half later; Kenga restructured its business to focus on children's goods stores, while Bitman was acquired by
2320-546: A programming education center. Shortly thereafter, Steepler underwent a reorganization, resulting in the separation of the Steepler Trading retail network into an independent company called Lamport. Steepler sought to establish a partnership with Nintendo , attempting to contact the company's European division through its regional office in Germany. Initially, Nintendo did not respond to these overtures. However, upon learning of
2465-516: A qualitatively new entity can be said to emerge—the general language of the working class... capitalism has the tendency of creating the general urban language of a given society. In 2010, there were 259.8 million speakers of Russian in the world: in Russia – 137.5 million, in the CIS and Baltic countries – 93.7 million, in Eastern Europe – 12.9 million, Western Europe – 7.3 million, Asia – 2.7 million, in
2610-678: A rounded case similar to the original Junior, but with non-detachable controllers. The second controller lacked Start and Select buttons. Alongside this model, Steepler released the Dendy Junior IIP, which included a light gun resembling the NES Zapper and a multi-game cartridge. Following the Junior II, Steepler introduced the Dendy Junior IVP, skipping the Junior III designation. This decision
2755-579: A short animated film titled The Adventures of Dendy the Elephant was produced by the Argus animation studio. Although a 13-episode series was planned, it never materialized. Savyuk later revealed that the company discovered a user loyalty rate exceeding 80%, rendering further advertising unnecessary. Steepler expanded its operations by establishing three new divisions: Steepler Graphic Center for computer graphics creation, Steepler Trading for computer hardware sales, and
2900-577: A single added horizontal stroke, though the abbreviation "руб." is in wide use. On 4 February 2014, the Unicode Technical Committee during its 138th meeting in San Jose accepted U+20BD ₽ RUBLE SIGN symbol for Unicode version 7.0; the symbol was then included into Unicode 7.0 released on 16 June 2014. In August 2014, Microsoft issued updates for all of its mainstream versions of Microsoft Windows that enabled support for
3045-407: A turnover of 500 million rubles (US$ 722,000). By autumn of 1993, daily sales reached up to 4,000 units. A consumer demand survey revealed that Dendy ranked third in the "home electronics" category, behind only refrigerators and televisions. The Dendy brand name became genericized , often used to refer to other Famicom hardware clones and even different gaming consoles. Steepler had effectively cornered
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#17330852521733190-583: A vote was held to decide which symbols and cities will be displayed on the new notes. In February 2017, the Central Bank of Russia announced the new symbols. The 200 ₽ banknote will feature symbols of Crimea : the Monument to the Sunken Ships , a view of Sevastopol , and a view of Chersonesus . The 2,000 ₽ banknote will bear images of the Russian Far East : the bridge to Russky Island and
3335-559: A Р with a horizontal stroke below the top similar to the Philippine peso sign, was proposed unofficially. Proponents of the new sign claimed that it is simple, recognizable and similar to other currency signs. This symbol is also similar to the Armenian letter ք or the Latin letter Ꝑ . On 11 December 2013, the official symbol for the ruble became [REDACTED] , a Cyrillic letter Er with
3480-527: Is Belarusian, among ethnic Belarusians this share is 28.5%; the highest share of those who speak Belarusian at home is among ethnic Poles — 46.0%. In Estonia , Russian is spoken by 29.6% of the population, according to a 2011 estimate from the World Factbook, and is officially considered a foreign language. School education in the Russian language is a very contentious point in Estonian politics, and in 2022,
3625-475: Is a co-official language per article 5 of the Constitution of Kyrgyzstan . The 2009 census states that 482,200 people speak Russian as a native language, or 8.99% of the population. Additionally, 1,854,700 residents of Kyrgyzstan aged 15 and above fluently speak Russian as a second language, or 49.6% of the population in the age group. In Tajikistan , Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication under
3770-401: Is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian , and a moderate degree of it in all modern Slavic languages, at least at the conversational level. Russian is written using a Cyrillic alphabet. The Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters. The following table gives their forms, along with IPA values for each letter's typical sound: Older letters of
3915-544: Is a post-posed definite article -to , -ta , -te similar to that existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian. In the Southern Russian dialects , instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [ɪ] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. несл и is pronounced [nʲaˈslʲi] , not [nʲɪsˈlʲi] ) – this
4060-485: Is being used less frequently by Russian-speaking typists in favor of the extension of Unicode character encoding , which fully incorporates the Russian alphabet. Free programs are available offering this Unicode extension, which allow users to type Russian characters, even on Western 'QWERTY' keyboards. The Russian language was first introduced to computing after the M-1 , and MESM models were produced in 1951. According to
4205-613: Is called yakanye ( яканье ). Consonants include a fricative /ɣ/ , a semivowel /w⁓u̯/ and /x⁓xv⁓xw/ , whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants /ɡ/ , /v/ , and final /l/ and /f/ , respectively. The morphology features a palatalized final /tʲ/ in 3rd person forms of verbs (this is unpalatalized in the Standard and Northern dialects). During the Proto-Slavic (Common Slavic) times all Slavs spoke one mutually intelligible language or group of dialects. There
4350-515: Is featured on three banknotes that are currently in circulation – the 100 ₽ commemorative notes issued in 2015 and 2018, as well as the 200 ₽ note issued in 2017. On 16 October 2023, the day of unveilling of the new design of the 1,000-ruble note, the design of the note was criticised by the Russian Orthodox Church for displaying the Islamic crescent on one of the buildings on the reverse of
4495-563: Is more spoken than English. Sizable Russian-speaking communities also exist in North America, especially in large urban centers of the US and Canada, such as New York City , Philadelphia , Boston , Los Angeles , Nashville , San Francisco , Seattle , Spokane , Toronto , Calgary , Baltimore , Miami , Portland , Chicago , Denver , and Cleveland . In a number of locations they issue their own newspapers, and live in ethnic enclaves (especially
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4640-564: Is odd") – чу́дно ( chúdno – "this is marvellous"), молоде́ц ( molodéts – "well done!") – мо́лодец ( mólodets – "fine young man"), узна́ю ( uznáyu – "I shall learn it") – узнаю́ ( uznayú – "I recognize it"), отреза́ть ( otrezát – "to be cutting") – отре́зать ( otrézat – "to have cut"); to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words, especially personal and family names, like афе́ра ( aféra , "scandal, affair"), гу́ру ( gúru , "guru"), Гарси́я ( García ), Оле́ша ( Olésha ), Фе́рми ( Fermi ), and to show which
4785-402: Is recognized as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities . Russian is the language of 9% of the population according to the World Factbook. Ethnologue cites Russian as the country's de facto working language. In China , Russian has no official status, but it is spoken by the small Russian communities in the northeastern Heilongjiang and
4930-569: Is sometimes considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. Also, Russian has notable lexical similarities with Bulgarian due to a common Church Slavonic influence on both languages, but because of later interaction in the 19th and 20th centuries, Bulgarian grammar differs markedly from Russian. Over the course of centuries, the vocabulary and literary style of Russian have also been influenced by Western and Central European languages such as Greek, Latin , Polish , Dutch , German, French, Italian, and English, and to
5075-576: Is spoken by 14.2% of the population according to an undated estimate from the World Factbook. In 2005, Russian was the most widely taught foreign language in Mongolia, and was compulsory in Year 7 onward as a second foreign language in 2006. Around 1.5 million Israelis spoke Russian as of 2017. The Israeli press and websites regularly publish material in Russian and there are Russian newspapers, television stations, schools, and social media outlets based in
5220-568: Is subdivided into 100 kopecks (sometimes written as copeck or kopek ; Russian : копе́йка , romanized : kopeyka , pl. копе́йки , kopeyki ). It is used in Russia as well as in the parts of Ukraine under Russian military occupation and in Russian-occupied parts of Georgia . The ruble was the currency of the Russian Empire and of the Soviet Union (as
5365-518: Is the stressed word in a sentence, for example Ты́ съел печенье? ( Tý syel pechenye? – "Was it you who ate the cookie?") – Ты съе́л печенье? ( Ty syél pechenye? – "Did you eat the cookie?) – Ты съел пече́нье? ( Ty syel pechénye? "Was it the cookie you ate?"). Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners. The Russian syllable structure can be quite complex, with both initial and final consonant clusters of up to four consecutive sounds. Using
5510-464: Is usually shown in writing not by a change of the consonant but rather by changing the following vowel. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels . Stress , which is often unpredictable, is not normally indicated orthographically , though an optional acute accent may be used to mark stress – such as to distinguish between homographic words (e.g. замо́к [ zamók , 'lock'] and за́мок [ zámok , 'castle']), or to indicate
5655-467: The 2010s oil glut . After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , it declined further to US$ 1 = 110 ₽ due to sanctions . The ruble was subject to fluctuation when, in April 2022, the ruble went above its pre- war level after falling as low as 150 ₽ per dollar in early March, with the longer-term trend showing a steady decline from mid-2022 to mid-2023, falling from 60 ₽ to 90 ₽ per dollar. On 15 July 2024
5800-461: The 2011 Lithuanian census , Russian was the native language for 7.2% of the population. In Moldova , Russian was considered to be the language of interethnic communication under a Soviet-era law. On 21 January 2021, the Constitutional Court of Moldova declared the law unconstitutional and deprived Russian of the status of the language of interethnic communication. 50% of the population
5945-966: The Apollo–Soyuz mission, which first flew in 1975. In March 2013, Russian was found to be the second-most used language on websites after English. Russian was the language of 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian was used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Soviet Union domain .su . Websites in former Soviet Union member states also used high levels of Russian: 79.0% in Ukraine, 86.9% in Belarus, 84.0% in Kazakhstan, 79.6% in Uzbekistan, 75.9% in Kyrgyzstan and 81.8% in Tajikistan. However, Russian
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6090-562: The Central Bank of the Russian Federation closed the statistics of the over-the-counter currency market, and three days later the sale of ruble-note artwork on toilet paper was banned by a judge from Moscow. On 18 November 2024, the Ruble fell below the US$ 1 = 100 RUB, a benchmark the Russian government was attempting to maintain. By 27 November, the Ruble had fallen to US$ 1 = 114.5 RUB, with
6235-413: The Constitution of Tajikistan and is permitted in official documentation. 28% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 7% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. The World Factbook notes that Russian is widely used in government and business. In Turkmenistan , Russian lost its status as the official lingua franca in 1996. Among 12% of the population who grew up in
6380-676: The Micro Genius brand. The first console sold by Steepler under the Dendy brand was the Micro Genius IQ-501 model, marketed as the Dendy Classic . When choosing the brand name, Savyuk selected the English word for Dandy , referring to a man who pays meticulous attention to aesthetic appearance, behavior, and refined speech. The letter "a" was replaced with "e" for easier reading in Russian. The logo
6525-411: The Micro Genius consoles produced by Taiwan's TXC Corporation and were manufactured in the same factory. The Junior models, developed specifically for Steepler, employed a cost-effective design based on a system-on-a-chip architecture. Steepler also planned to release a Pro version featuring one wired and one wireless gamepad . However, this model was only produced in a single, limited batch. Because
6670-509: The Russian letters " Р " (rotated 90° anti-clockwise) and " У " (written on top of it). The symbol was placed over the amount number it belonged to. This symbol, however, fell into disuse by the mid-19th century. No official symbol was used during the final years of the Empire, nor was one introduced in the Soviet Union . The abbreviations Rbl (plural: Rbls ) in Latin and руб. (Cyrillic) and
6815-708: The Shredder boss in the Technodrome level became invincible. [REDACTED] Media related to Dendy (console) at Wikimedia Commons Russian language Russian is an East Slavic language belonging to the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family . It is one of the four extant East Slavic languages, and is the native language of the Russians . It was the de facto and de jure official language of
6960-587: The Soviet ruble ). In 1992, the currency imagery underwent a redesign as a result of the fall of the Soviet Union . The first Russian ruble (code: RUR) replaced the Soviet ruble (code: SUR) in September 1993 at par . On 1 January 1998, preceding the Russian financial crisis , the ruble was redenominated with the new code "RUB" and was exchanged at the rate of 1 RUB = 1,000 RUR. The ruble has been used in
7105-472: The Teatralnaya metro station to Red Square near GUM department store . By February 1993, sales had reached up to 3,000 units per month. Game sales also proved profitable, prompting Steepler managers to travel to various regions to seek out local dealers and purchase advertising. Demand for Dendy consoles proved exceptionally high. By April 1993, Steepler had established four regional dealerships and achieved
7250-575: The Ukrainian language in more than 30 spheres of public life: in particular in public administration , media, education, science, culture, advertising, services . The law does not regulate private communication. A poll conducted in March 2022 by RATING in the territory controlled by Ukraine found that 83% of the respondents believe that Ukrainian should be the only state language of Ukraine. This opinion dominates in all macro-regions, age and language groups. On
7395-694: The United States Census , in 2007 Russian was the primary language spoken in the homes of over 850,000 individuals living in the United States. Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the following: The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station – NASA astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses. This practice goes back to
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#17330852521737540-604: The Vostochny Cosmodrome in the Amur Oblast . In 2018, the Central Bank issued a 100 ₽ "commemorative" banknote designed to recognize Russia's role as the host of the 2018 World Cup soccer tournament. The banknote is printed on a polymer substrate, and has several transparent portions as well as a hologram. Despite the note being intended for legal tender transactions, the Central Bank has simultaneously refused to allow
7685-451: The fourth most widely used language on the Internet . Russian is written using the Russian alphabet of the Cyrillic script ; it distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without—the so-called "soft" and "hard" sounds. Almost every consonant has a hard or soft counterpart, and the distinction is a prominent feature of the language, which
7830-461: The "0" of the denomination 10. In 2008, the Bank of Russia proposed withdrawing 1 and 5 kopeck coins from circulation and subsequently rounding all prices to multiples of 10 kopeks, although the proposal has not been realized yet (though characteristic "x.99" prices are treated as rounded in exchange). The Bank of Russia stopped minting one-kopeck and five-kopeck coins in 2012, and kopecks completely in 2018. The material of 1 ₽, 2 ₽ and 5 ₽ coins
7975-508: The 20th century, Russian was a mandatory language taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey, fluency in Russian remains fairly high (20–40%) in some countries, in particular former Warsaw Pact countries. In Armenia , Russian has no official status, but it is recognized as
8120-490: The Bank of Russia Elvira Nabiullina to immediately change the design of the banknote. Khudyakov, a member of parliament for the LDPR party stated, "You can clearly see that Apollo is naked, you can see his genitalia. I submitted a parliamentary request and forwarded it directly to the head of the central bank asking for the banknote to be brought into line with the law protecting children and to remove this Apollo." Khudyakov's efforts did not lead to any changes being made to
8265-412: The Belarusian society the Russian language prevails, so according to the 2019 census 6,718,557 people (71.4% of the total population) stated that they speak Russian at home, for ethnic Belarusians this share is 61.4%, for Russians — 97.2%, for Ukrainians — 89.0%, for Poles — 52.4%, and for Jews — 96.6%; 2,447,764 people (26.0% of the total population) stated that the language they usually speak at home
8410-439: The Chinese Subor factory and the Russian Tensor factory in Dubna , Moscow Oblast. The Dendy consoles were based on Japanese hardware designs and cartridge formats, which differed slightly from their American counterparts. The Dendy product line was divided into two categories: the main Classic series and the budget-oriented Junior series. These categories differed in design, quality, and price. The Classic models were replicas of
8555-562: The Chinese government, Subor established an office in Moscow and engaged in price dumping . Subsequently, Subor proposed that Steepler transfer production to Subor's factory, making the wholesale price $ 8–9 per unit as compared to the previous $ 12 at the Taiwanese factory. Steepler accepted these terms and placed an order for 80,000 Dendy consoles from Chinese factories. Additionally, Steepler secured exclusive distribution rights for Subor SB-225 and SB-225B consoles through its stores. These measures restored sales to previous levels. By November 1995,
8700-399: The Classic II saw limited consumer interest. Steepler also planned to release the Dendy Pro, based on the Micro Genius IQ-1000, which would have included one wired and one wireless controller. Savyuk described it to Kommersant newspaper as a console that would "provide worthy competition to the best Japanese 8-bit consoles." However, according to Savyuk, only a limited run of 1,000-1,200 units
8845-411: The CyrWin package. Savyuk proposed the development and sale of television game consoles and interchangeable game cartridges under the Dendy brand. The company's founders, who were also doing in system integration , recognized the potential for expansion into the gaming industry. As a result, Steepler established a "Video Games Department" ( Russian : Отдел видеоигр ) in September 1992, with Savyuk joining
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#17330852521738990-574: The Dendy brand. However, these plans were derailed when Steepler won a tender to automate the State Duma . The company subsequently faced opposition from the Federal Agency of Government Communications and Information , as well as assassination attempts on its employees. As a result, Steepler lost its government contracts and filed for bankruptcy in 1996. The Dendy division survived as an independent entity, despite its working capital being tied up in Steepler's accounts. It faced significant challenges, initially relying on credit from suppliers. When this option
9135-487: The Dendy company had established 10 regional subsidiaries and 80 dealers. Retail prices for consoles decreased to approximately $ 20. By the mid-1990s, 16-bit consoles like Mega Drive and Super Nintendo were being superseded in Western markets by next-generation systems such as the original PlayStation . In Russia, the era of 8-bit consoles was also drawing to a close. Steepler had plans to diversify into consumer electronics, intending to market products like DVD players under
9280-401: The Duma Regional Political Committee Roman Khudyakov alleged that the image of the Greek god Apollo driving a Quadriga on the portico of the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow on the 100 ₽ banknote constitutes pornography that should only be available to persons over the age of 18. Since it is impractical to limit the access of minors to banknotes, he requested in his letter to the Governor of
9425-419: The Famicom and Nintendo Entertainment System were never officially sold in post-Soviet states , the Dendy achieved great popularity in the region. Its marketing strategy included television shows and video game publications. The brand name "Dendy" became genericized in Russia, referring not only to other Famicom hardware clones, colloquially called Famiclones , but also to various gaming consoles. Production of
9570-409: The Great and developed from the Moscow ( Middle or Central Russian ) dialect substratum under the influence of some of the previous century's Russian chancery language. Prior to the Bolshevik Revolution , the spoken form of the Russian language was that of the nobility and the urban bourgeoisie. Russian peasants, the great majority of the population, continued to speak in their own dialects. However,
9715-455: The IQ-501 as the Dendy Classic and launched it on December 17, 1992. Steepler launched the Dendy Junior in the summer of 1993 as a more economical alternative to the Classic, aimed at younger children. The company's goal was to offer a console at a price point that would make it more attractive for wholesalers to source from Steepler rather than Chinese manufacturers. To achieve this, the Junior utilized cost-effective production methods, including
9860-468: The Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent ( знак ударения ) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress . For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: замо́к ( zamók – "lock") – за́мок ( zámok – "castle"), сто́ящий ( stóyashchy – "worthwhile") – стоя́щий ( stoyáshchy – "standing"), чудно́ ( chudnó – "this
10005-411: The Middle East and North Africa – 1.3 million, Sub-Saharan Africa – 0.1 million, Latin America – 0.2 million, U.S., Canada , Australia, and New Zealand – 4.1 million speakers. Therefore, the Russian language is the seventh-largest in the world by the number of speakers , after English, Mandarin, Hindi -Urdu, Spanish, French, Arabic, and Portuguese. Russian is one of the six official languages of
10150-400: The Olympic venues of the Sochi coastal cluster. The back of the note features the Fisht Olympic Stadium in Sochi. The predominant colour of the note is blue. On 23 December 2015, another commemorative 100 ₽ banknote was issued to celebrate the "reunification of Crimea and Russia" . The banknote is printed on light-yellow-coloured cotton paper. One side of the note is devoted to Sevastopol ,
10295-417: The R-Style retail chain. In January 1995, sales dropped noticeably, and an investigation revealed that competitors had begun importing consoles from China, allowing them to undercut Dendy's prices. At this time, Dendy consoles were still manufactured in Taiwan. Concurrently, Chinese company Subor entered the market. Subor had previously approached Steepler for collaboration but was rejected. With support from
10440-807: The Russian alphabet include ⟨ ѣ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ е ⟩ ( /je/ or /ʲe/ ); ⟨ і ⟩ and ⟨ ѵ ⟩ , which both merged to ⟨ и ⟩ ( /i/ ); ⟨ ѳ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ф ⟩ ( /f/ ); ⟨ ѫ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ у ⟩ ( /u/ ); ⟨ ѭ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ю ⟩ ( /ju/ or /ʲu/ ); and ⟨ ѧ ⟩ and ⟨ ѩ ⟩ , which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨ я ⟩ and merged phonetically to /ja/ or /ʲa/ . While these older letters have been abandoned at one time or another, they may be used in this and related articles. The yers ⟨ ъ ⟩ and ⟨ ь ⟩ originally indicated
10585-458: The Russian principalities before and especially during Mongol rule. This strengthened dialectal differences, and for a while, prevented the emergence of a standardized national language. The formation of the unified and centralized Russian state in the 15th and 16th centuries, and the gradual re-emergence of a common political, economic, and cultural space created the need for a common standard language. The initial impulse for standardization came from
10730-401: The Russian ruble was redenominated with the new ISO 4217 code "RUB" and number 643 and was exchanged at the rate of 1 RUB = 1,000 RUR. All Soviet coins issued between 1961 and 1991, as well as 1-, 2- and 3-kopeck coins issued before 1961, also qualified for exchange into new rubles. The redenomination was an administrative step that reduced the unwieldiness of the old ruble but occurred on
10875-499: The Russian territories since the 14th century, and is the second-oldest currency still in circulation, behind sterling . Initially an uncoined unit of account, the ruble became a circulating coin in 1704 just before the establishment of the Russian Empire . It was also the first currency in Europe to be decimalised in 1704, when it was divided into 100 kopecks. The ruble has seen several incarnations and redenominations during its history,
11020-454: The Soviet era can speak Russian, other generations of citizens that do not have any knowledge of Russian. Primary and secondary education by Russian is almost non-existent. In Uzbekistan , Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication. It has some official roles, being permitted in official documentation and is the lingua franca of the country and the language of the elite. Russian
11165-534: The Soviet ruble at par and was assigned the ISO 4217 code RUR and number 810. The ruble's exchange rate versus the U.S. dollar depreciated significantly from US$ 1 = 125 RUR in July 1992 to approximately US$ 1 = 6,000 RUR when the currency was redenominated in 1998. After the fall of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation introduced new coins in 1992 in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 rubles. The coins depict
11310-489: The State Bank took over production of 1, 3 and 5-ruble notes and also introduced 200, 500 and 1,000-ruble notes, although the 25-ruble note was no longer issued. In 1992, a final issue of notes was made bearing the name of the USSR before the Russian Federation introduced 5,000 and 10,000-ruble notes. These were followed by 50,000-ruble notes in 1993, 100,000 rubles in 1995 and, finally, 500,000 rubles in 1997 (dated 1995). Since
11455-460: The United Nations. Education in Russian is still a popular choice for both Russian as a second language (RSL) and native speakers in Russia, and in many former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics. In Belarus , Russian is a second state language alongside Belarusian per the Constitution of Belarus . 77% of
11600-464: The biggest Russian bank, Sberbank , completing 80% of the transfer by June 2022. Russian banks will start purchasing domestic ATMs with Elbrus processors in 2023, the mandatory share of Russian products in the purchase of ATMs was to be at least 18% for banks with state partnership, since 2022 it has grown to 20%. On 30 October 2013, a special banknote in honour of the 2014 Winter Olympics held in Sochi
11745-452: The brink of the 1998 Russian financial crisis . The ruble lost 70% of its value against the US dollar in the six months following this financial crisis, from US$ 1 = 6 ₽ to approximately 20 ₽. After stabilizing at around US$ 1 = 30 ₽ from 2001 to 2013, it depreciated to the range of US$ 1 = 60-80 ₽ from 2014 to 2021 as a result of the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in 2014 and
11890-403: The broader sense of expanding the use of Russian alongside or in favour of other languages. The current standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language ( современный русский литературный язык – "sovremenny russky literaturny yazyk"). It arose at the beginning of the 18th century with the modernization reforms of the Russian state under the rule of Peter
12035-519: The collectors' market. Many pirated games for the Dendy were created by combining elements from various titles and were often named after popular franchises, despite having no actual connection to them. Examples include Street Fighter V (made long before the real Street Fighter V ), Contra 6 , and Robocop IV. Many Chinese developers copied games from other consoles for the Dendy and other Famiclones, such as Street Fighter II , Mortal Kombat , and various variants of Disney Interactive games. One of
12180-455: The contract for publishing Video-Ace Dendy was terminated. Steepler then launched its own magazine, Dendy: Novaya Realnost' ( Russian : Денди: Новая Реальность , lit. 'Dendy: The New Reality'), produced by the editorial team of Ptyuch magazine. Content for this new publication was primarily written by Steepler's advertising department staff. Six issues later, Dendy: Novaya Realnost' ceased publication entirely. Meanwhile,
12325-414: The country's automated teller machines (ATMs) to recognize or accept it. In March 2021, the Central Bank announced plans to gradually update the designs of the 10 ₽, 50 ₽, 100 ₽, 1,000 ₽ and 5,000 ₽ banknotes and make them more secure; this is expected to be completed in 2025. The first new design, for the 100 ₽ note, was unveiled on 30 June 2022. The design of the new note includes symbols of Moscow on
12470-562: The country. There is an Israeli TV channel mainly broadcasting in Russian with Israel Plus . See also Russian language in Israel . Russian is also spoken as a second language by a small number of people in Afghanistan . In Vietnam , Russian has been added in the elementary curriculum along with Chinese and Japanese and were named as "first foreign languages" for Vietnamese students to learn, on equal footing with English. The Russian language
12615-571: The cultural significance of Nintendo and Sega consoles in the United States, Japan, and Europe during the same period. Dendy became synonymous with TV-connected gaming consoles in Russia. It is credited with establishing the video game and console market in the country and fostering the first generation of Russian gamers. The console's popularity led to the emergence of counterfeit Dendy clones produced by other manufacturers. As of 2021, Dendy consoles have become collectible items among enthusiasts and remain popular in Russian retrogaming communities. Dendy
12760-453: The currency continuing to devalue at a rate of nearly 2% per day. On 27 November 2024 in response to the currency collapse, the Bank of Russia halted formal foreign currency purchases from 28 November until year-end 2024, in "an effort to reduce the volatility on financial markets." A currency symbol was used for the ruble between the 16th century and the 18th century. The symbol consisted of
12905-582: The design. On 13 October 2017, the National Bank of Ukraine issued a decree forbidding the country's banks, other financial institutions and Ukraine's state postal service to circulate Russian banknotes which use images of Crimea , a territory that is regarded as Russian-occupied by Ukraine and whose annexation by Russia is not recognised by most UN member states. The NBU stated that the ban applies to all financial operations, including cash transactions, currency exchange activities and interbank trade. Crimea
13050-477: The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russian ruble banknotes and coins have been notable for their lack of portraits, which traditionally were included under both the Tsarist and Communist regimes. With the issue of the 500-ruble note depicting a statue of Peter I and then the 1,000-ruble note depicting a statue of Yaroslav , the lack of recognizable faces on the currency has been partially alleviated. In 1998,
13195-672: The double-headed eagle without a crown, sceptre and globus cruciger above the legend "Банк России" ("Bank of Russia"). It is exactly the same eagle that the artist Ivan Bilibin painted after the February Revolution as the coat of arms for the Russian Republic . The 1 and 5-ruble coins were minted in brass-clad steel, the 10 and 20-ruble coins in cupro-nickel, and the 50 and 100-ruble coins were bimetallic (aluminium-bronze and cupro-nickel-zinc). In 1993, aluminium-bronze 50-ruble coins and cupro-nickel-zinc 100-ruble coins were issued, and
13340-493: The end of Novaya Realnost' , MTK TV Channel launched Mir Dendy ( Russian : Мир Денди , lit. 'Dendy World'), hosted by Semyon Furman and Sergey Gvozdev. This program ran for 12 episodes before being closed. In 1994, Dendy console sales reached 100,000-125,000 units per month, generating a monthly turnover of $ 5 million. By 1995, the company expanded its marketing efforts, hiring Russian singer Oleg Gazmanov and his son Rodion as brand ambassadors. Additionally,
13485-448: The facility produced consoles and cartridges using partially Taiwanese components. However, high production costs led to the plant's conversion into a warranty repair center for the gaming systems. In late 1994, Steepler faced new competition from two companies: Lamport, which began producing its own console called Kenga, and Bitman, which imported Famicom, Mega Drive , and Game Boy clones from Taiwan. Kenga distinguished itself by offering
13630-413: The factory and the industrial plant their local peasant dialects with their phonetics, grammar, and vocabulary, and the very process of recruiting workers from peasants and the mobility of the worker population generate another process: the liquidation of peasant inheritance by way of leveling the particulars of local dialects. On the ruins of peasant multilingual, in the context of developing heavy industry,
13775-451: The final reading amendments that state that all schools and kindergartens in the country are to transition to education in Latvian . From 2025, all children will be taught in Latvian only. On 28 September 2023, Latvian deputies approved The National Security Concept, according to which from 1 January 2026, all content created by Latvian public media (including LSM ) should be only in Latvian or
13920-582: The former Soviet Union . Russian has remained an official language of the Russian Federation , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , and Tajikistan , and is still commonly used as a lingua franca in Ukraine , Moldova , the Caucasus , Central Asia , and to a lesser extent in the Baltic states and Israel . Russian has over 258 million total speakers worldwide. It is the most spoken native language in Europe ,
14065-646: The former editorial team of Video-Ace Dendy resumed publication independently of Steepler under the Velikiy Drakon name. Dendy: Novaya Realnost' , a television program focused on video games, premiered on Channel 2x2 in September 1994. The show was produced by Steepler and hosted by Sergei Suponev , who had previously presented Star Hour and Call of the Jungles . Content featured games for Dendy, Mega Drive, and Super NES platforms. The initial run of 33 episodes garnered high ratings and significant popularity. After
14210-617: The generation of immigrants who started arriving in the early 1960s). Only about 25% of them are ethnic Russians, however. Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the overwhelming majority of Russophones in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn in New York City were Russian-speaking Jews. Afterward, the influx from the countries of the former Soviet Union changed the statistics somewhat, with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians immigrating along with some more Russian Jews and Central Asians. According to
14355-480: The government bureaucracy for the lack of a reliable tool of communication in administrative, legal, and judicial affairs became an obvious practical problem. The earliest attempts at standardizing Russian were made based on the so-called Moscow official or chancery language, during the 15th to 17th centuries. Since then, the trend of language policy in Russia has been standardization in both the restricted sense of reducing dialectical barriers between ethnic Russians, and
14500-409: The latest of which is the introduction in 1998 of the current Russian ruble (code: RUB) at the rate of 1 RUB = 1,000 RUR. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Soviet ruble remained the currency of the Russian Federation until 1992. A new set of coins was issued in 1992 and a new set of banknotes was issued in the name of Bank of Russia in 1993. The currency replaced
14645-561: The market launch resulted in the first batch of consoles using the PAL-I video standard, which was incompatible with the SECAM-DK standard used by most televisions in the Soviet Union. Consequently, the entire initial shipment required repair and video standard conversion in Moscow. The first branded stores opened in Moscow on Petrovka Street , Krasnaya Presnya , and in the underground passage connecting
14790-417: The material of 10 and 20-ruble coins was changed to nickel-plated steel. In 1995 the material of 50-ruble coins was changed to brass-plated steel, but the coins were minted with the old date 1993. As high inflation persisted, the lowest denominations disappeared from circulation and the other denominations became rarely used. During this period, the commemorative one-ruble coins were regularly issued continuing
14935-810: The most famous counterfeit Dendy games is Somari , based on Sonic the Hedgehog for the Sega Mega Drive and developed in Taiwan. This version featured slower gameplay, incorporated elements from Sonic the Hedgehog 2 , and replaced Sonic with Mario wearing Tails ' shoes. When copying official games, pirates often modified the code and removed company logos, frequently triggering copy protection mechanisms. This resulted in games becoming unbeatable or significantly more difficult. Notable examples include Bucky O'Hare which became extremely challenging, and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III: The Manhattan Project where
15080-414: The most spoken Slavic language , as well as the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia . It is the world's seventh-most spoken language by number of native speakers , and the world's ninth-most spoken language by total number of speakers . Russian is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station , one of the six official languages of the United Nations , as well as
15225-399: The music, while guitarist Andrey Guvakov developed the slogan. The group also contributed to the commercial's animation. The advertisement was broadcast through Video International company two weeks before the product launch. The Dendy console was first released on December 17, 1992, with a retail price of 39,000 rubles (equivalent to US$ 94 at the time). However, a technical oversight during
15370-501: The new ruble sign. The ruble sign can be entered on a Russian computer keyboard as AltGr + 8 on Windows and Linux , or AltGr + Р (Qwerty H position) on macOS . In 1998, the following coins were introduced in connection with the ruble revaluation and are currently in circulation: Kopeck coins are rarely used due to their low value and in some cases may not be accepted by stores or individuals. These coins were issued starting in 1998, although some of them bear
15515-517: The newly formed division. Savyuk established connections with Taiwanese console manufacturers and expressed interest in their products. Steepler did not consider selling the original Famicom, as it was three times more expensive than its bootleg clones, and Nintendo showed no interest in the market of Commonwealth of Independent States . Eventually, Steepler made a deal with the Taiwanese firm TXC Corporation, which produced Famiclones and sold them under
15660-516: The northwestern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region . Russian was also the main foreign language taught in school in China between 1949 and 1964. In Kazakhstan , Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of
15805-804: The note at the same time as excluding the Orthodox cross from a different building (a former church that is now a museum). The Bank of Russia claimed that the image was not selected to provoke or disregard any faith, but announced on the following day that the design would be revised and the notes would not be printed. Kommersant reported that the new 100 ₽ note introduced in 2022 will not work with an estimated 60% of cash registers and bank machines because they are imported and therefore must be updated by foreign companies, and this work may not be completed due to sanctions. However, Russian banks have been transferring their ATM networks to domestic software which does not require foreign specialists since at least 2018, with
15950-406: The note is olive green. On 22 May 2018, a special banknote to celebrate the 2018 FIFA World Cup was issued. The banknote is printed on polymer. The top part of the note bears a transparent window that contains a holographic element. The design of the note is vertically oriented. The main images of the obverse are a boy with a ball under his arm and a goalkeeper diving for a ball. The main image of
16095-637: The obverse - Red Square , Zaryadye Park , Moscow State University on Sparrow Hills , and Ostankino Tower - and the Rzhev Memorial to the Soviet Soldier on the reverse. In late 2022, the Central Bank resumed the printing of 5-ruble and 10-ruble notes for circulation; freshly printed notes began appearing in 2023. 2022 Re-issued in 2022. Rarely seen in circulation. Returned to circulation in 2023. Re-issued in 2022. Still in use, but rarely seen in circulation. Returned to circulation in 2023. For
16240-449: The original Dendy ceased in 1998 following Steepler's bankruptcy. By then, sales estimates ranged from 1.5 to 6 million units. The Dendy is regarded as the catalyst for the video game and console market in Russia . In 1992, entrepreneur Viktor Savyuk approached Steepler, a company primarily focused on distributing Hewlett-Packard products and localizing the Windows 3.x operating system using
16385-515: The other hand, before the war, almost a quarter of Ukrainians were in favour of granting Russian the status of the state language, while after the beginning of Russia's invasion the support for the idea dropped to just 7%. In peacetime, the idea of raising the status of Russian was traditionally supported by residents of the south and east . But even in these regions, only a third of the respondents were in favour, and after Russia's full-scale invasion , their number dropped by almost half. According to
16530-530: The other one — to Crimea . А wide security thread is embedded into the paper. It comes out on the surface on the Sevastopol side of the banknote in the figure-shaped window. A multitone combined watermark is located on the unprinted area in the upper part of the banknote. Ornamental designs run vertically along the banknote. The Sevastopol side of the note features the Monument to Sunken Ships in Sevastopol Bay and
16675-455: The other three languages in the East Slavic branch. In many places in eastern and southern Ukraine and throughout Belarus, these languages are spoken interchangeably, and in certain areas traditional bilingualism resulted in language mixtures such as Surzhyk in eastern Ukraine and Trasianka in Belarus. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect , although it vanished during the 15th or 16th century,
16820-446: The parliament approved a bill to close up all Russian language schools and kindergartens by the school year. The transition to only Estonian language schools and kindergartens will start in the 2024-2025 school year. In Latvia , Russian is officially considered a foreign language. 55% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 26% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. On 18 February 2012, Latvia held
16965-453: The peasants' speech was never systematically studied, as it was generally regarded by philologists as simply a source of folklore and an object of curiosity. This was acknowledged by the noted Russian dialectologist Nikolai Karinsky , who toward the end of his life wrote: "Scholars of Russian dialects mostly studied phonetics and morphology. Some scholars and collectors compiled local dictionaries. We have almost no studies of lexical material or
17110-790: The popularity of 8-bit console clones in Russia, Nintendo reached out to Steepler in spring 1994. The company invited Victor Savyuk to Seattle for a meeting with Nintendo of America executives Minoru Arakawa and Howard Lincoln . Following several days of negotiations, Steepler and Nintendo reached an agreement. Under its terms, Steepler ceased promoting Sega products and obtained exclusive distribution rights for Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy consoles in Commonwealth of Independent States and all post-Soviet states . The agreement also stipulated that Nintendo would refrain from pursuing legal action regarding Dendy sales. In August 1994, Inkombank and Steepler announced plans to establish
17255-455: The population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian, and understand the spoken language. In October 2023, Kazakhstan drafted a media law aimed at increasing the use of the Kazakh language over Russian, the law stipulates that the share of the state language on television and radio should increase from 50% to 70%, at a rate of 5% per year, starting in 2025. In Kyrgyzstan , Russian
17400-418: The population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 67% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. According to the 2019 Belarusian census , out of 9,413,446 inhabitants of the country, 5,094,928 (54.1% of the total population) named Belarusian as their native language, with 61.2% of ethnic Belarusians and 54.5% of ethnic Poles declaring Belarusian as their native language. In everyday life in
17545-427: The pronunciation of ultra-short or reduced /ŭ/ , /ĭ/ . Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz , and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš' . Once commonly used by the majority of those living outside Russia, transliteration
17690-466: The proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names. Russian is an East Slavic language of the wider Indo-European family . It is a descendant of Old East Slavic , a language used in Kievan Rus' , which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid-13th centuries. From the point of view of spoken language , its closest relatives are Ukrainian , Belarusian , and Rusyn ,
17835-491: The respondents), while according to the 2002 census – 142.6 million people (99.2% of the respondents). In Ukraine , Russian is a significant minority language. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 14,400,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 29 million active speakers. 65% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 38% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. On 5 September 2017, Ukraine's Parliament passed
17980-516: The rest of the 2017–2025 series, the following designs are planned: All Russian ruble banknotes are currently printed at the state-owned factory Goznak in Moscow, which was founded on 6 June 1919 and operated ever since. Coins are minted in the Moscow Mint and at the Saint Petersburg Mint , which has been operating since 1724. On 8 July 2014, State Duma deputy and vice-chairman of
18125-474: The reverse is a stylized image of the globe in the form of a football with green image of the Russian territory outlined on it. On the reverse there is the number 2018 that marks both the issue of the banknote and the World Cup, as well as the name of the host cities in the Russian language . The bottom right corner of the obverse bears a QR-code, which contains a link to the page of the Bank of Russia website with
18270-416: The simple characters R (Latin) and р (Cyrillic) were used. These are still used today, though are unofficial. In July 2007, the Central Bank of Russia announced that it would decide on a symbol for the ruble and would test 13 symbols. This included the symbol РР (the initials of Российский Рубль "Russian ruble"), which received preliminary approval from the Central Bank. However, one more symbol,
18415-643: The specifications of prior commemorative Soviet rubles (31 mm diameter, 12.8 grams cupronickel). It is nearly identical to those of the 5- Swiss franc coin (31.45 mm, 13.2 g cupronickel), worth approx. €4.39 or US$ 5.09 as of August 2018. For this reason, there have been several instances of (now worthless) Soviet and Russian ruble coins being used on a large scale to defraud automated vending machines in Switzerland. In 1961, new State Treasury notes were introduced for 1, 3 and 5 rubles, along with new State Bank notes worth 10, 25, 50, and 100 rubles. In 1991,
18560-675: The survey carried out by RATING in August 2023 in the territory controlled by Ukraine and among the refugees, almost 60% of the polled usually speak Ukrainian at home, about 30% – Ukrainian and Russian, only 9% – Russian. Since March 2022, the use of Russian in everyday life has been noticeably decreasing. For 82% of respondents, Ukrainian is their mother tongue, and for 16%, Russian is their mother tongue. IDPs and refugees living abroad are more likely to use both languages for communication or speak Russian. Nevertheless, more than 70% of IDPs and refugees consider Ukrainian to be their native language. In
18705-459: The syntax of Russian dialects." After 1917, Marxist linguists had no interest in the multiplicity of peasant dialects and regarded their language as a relic of the rapidly disappearing past that was not worthy of scholarly attention. Nakhimovsky quotes the Soviet academicians A.M Ivanov and L.P Yakubinsky, writing in 1930: The language of peasants has a motley diversity inherited from feudalism. On its way to becoming proletariat peasantry brings to
18850-770: The two. Others divide the language into three groupings, Northern , Central (or Middle), and Southern , with Moscow lying in the Central region. The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly, a phenomenon called okanye ( оканье ). Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /e⁓i̯ɛ/ in place of Proto-Slavic * ě and /o⁓u̯ɔ/ in stressed closed syllables (as in Ukrainian) instead of Standard Russian /e/ and /o/ , respectively. Another Northern dialectal morphological feature
18995-506: The use of the language has some presence in certain areas. A large part of the population, especially the older generations, can speak Russian as a foreign language. However, English has replaced Russian as lingua franca in Lithuania and around 80% of young people speak English as their first foreign language. In contrast to the other two Baltic states, Lithuania has a relatively small Russian-speaking minority (5.0% as of 2008). According to
19140-551: The year 1997. Kopeck denominations all depict St George and the Dragon, and all ruble denominations (with the exception of commemorative pieces) depict the double headed eagle. Mint marks are denoted by "СП" or "M" on kopecks and the logo of either the Saint Petersburg or Moscow mint on rubles. Since 2000, many bimetallic 10 ₽ circulating commemorative coins have been issued. These coins have a unique holographic security feature inside
19285-399: Was broadened through an agreement with French publisher Hachette Filipacchi-Press , which permitted the reprinting of articles from French gaming magazines Joypad and Joystick . As Steepler's product range expanded to include Sega Mega Drive and Super Nintendo Entertainment System consoles, the magazine's coverage grew to encompass these platforms as well. Following funding delays,
19430-408: Was exhausted, Dendy was forced to sell only existing inventory for several months. The company ceased operations during the 1998 Russian financial crisis . Estimates of Dendy console sales in Russia vary widely, ranging from 1.5 to 2 million units, with some sources suggesting figures as high as 6 million. The console has attained nostalgic status among Russians who grew up in the 1990s, comparable to
19575-405: Was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 18th century. Although most Russian colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day, although only a few elderly speakers of this unique dialect are left. In Nikolaevsk, Alaska , Russian
19720-421: Was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 19% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. According to the 2014 Moldovan census , Russians accounted for 4.1% of Moldova's population, 9.4% of the population declared Russian as their native language, and 14.5% said they usually spoke Russian. According to the 2010 census in Russia , Russian language skills were indicated by 138 million people (99.4% of
19865-453: Was further expanded by unofficial games from Chinese developers. However, the absence of battery-backed memory in Dendy cartridges meant that games requiring save functionality, such as Final Fantasy , The Legend of Zelda and Metroid , were not available in the Russian market. As of 2021, original Steepler Dendy cartridges had become sought-after collectibles, with some titles commanding prices of up to tens of thousands of rubles in
20010-418: Was issued. The banknote is printed on high-quality white cotton paper. A transparent polymer security stripe is embedded into the paper to make a transparent window incorporating an optically variable element in the form of a snowflake. The highlight watermark is visible in the upper part of the banknote. Ornamental designs run vertically along the banknote. The front of the note features a snowboarder and some of
20155-656: Was made after unknown competitors released a modified version of the Junior II under the Junior III name. To differentiate their product, Steepler launched the Junior IVP in black, using less expensive plastic and bundling it with a light gun modeled after the Beretta M9 . The Dendy Classic II, based on the Micro Genius IQ-502, was the final model in the series. It featured a new rounded design and updated controllers. Despite its higher price compared to standard Junior versions,
20300-646: Was manufactured in several variants, broadly categorized into two lines: the main Classic series and the budget-oriented Junior series. The first Dendy model was based on the Taiwanese Micro Genius IQ-501, which itself was based on the Twin Famicom from Sharp . TXC Corporation, a Taiwanese company, reimagined the Twin Famicom's design, creating a more compact console. The Russian company Steepler rebranded
20445-590: Was produced, which sold poorly. The Dendy, being a Famiclone , could run games originally designed for the Famicom. Additionally, a wide array of pirated NES game copies, custom-hacked versions, and low-quality "multi-game" cartridges were produced for the system. These multi-game cartridges, such as "99-in-1," often contained numerous non-functional games or slight variations of the same game. Initial Dendy cartridges were marketed in casings labeled "TV. GAME CARTRIDGE" and included dust protectors. A notably popular cartridge
20590-485: Was set in Cooper Black font in red. Russian artist Ivan Maximov designed the mascot for the Dendy console, which featured a small elephant. The console was promoted through a television advertisement in Russia with the "Dendy, Dendy, we all love Dendy! Dendy — everybody plays!" slogan. The musical group " Neschastny Sluchay " played a significant role in the commercial's creation. Keyboardist Sergey Chekryzhov composed
20735-910: Was switched from copper-nickel-zinc and copper-nickel clad to nickel-plated steel in the second quarter of 2009. 10 and 50 kopecks were also changed from brass to brass-plated steel. In October 2009, a new 10 ₽ coin made of brass-plated steel was issued, featuring optical security features. The 10 ₽ banknote would have been withdrawn in 2012, but a shortage of 10 ₽ coins prompted the Central Bank to delay this and put new ones in circulation. Bimetallic commemorative 10-ruble coins will continue to be issued. A series of circulating Olympic commemorative 25 ₽ coins started in 2011. The new coins are struck in cupronickel . A number of commemorative smaller denominations of these coins exist in circulation as well, depicting national historic events and anniversaries. The Bank of Russia issues other commemorative non-circulating coins ranging from 1 ₽ to 50,000 ₽. On 1 January 1998,
20880-491: Was the "Seagull Cartridge," purportedly offering "9999 games in 1." It featured a menu with animated seagulls and an 8-bit rendition of The Righteous Brothers ' " Unchained Melody ." During 1994–1995, AO "Elektronika" manufactured a series of cartridges that were half the height of standard cartridges and included Russian translations of games. Dendy's game collection comprised a blend of titles from different regions, including American, Japanese, and European releases. The library
21025-402: Was the sixth-most used language on the top 1,000 sites, behind English, Chinese, French, German, and Japanese. Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between
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