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161-697: The English term " demi- god" is a calque of the Latin word semideus , "half-god". The Roman poet Ovid probably coined semideus to refer to less important gods, such as dryads . Compare the Greek hemitheos . The term demigod first appeared in English in the late sixteenth or early seventeenth century, when it was used to render the Greek and Roman concepts of semideus and daemon. Since then, it has frequently been applied figuratively to people of extraordinary ability. In

322-499: A critical edition , relying mostly on a study of the "Bombay" edition, the "Poona" edition, the "Calcutta" edition and the "south Indian" editions of the manuscripts. The most accepted version is one prepared by scholars led by Vishnu Sukthankar at the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute , preserved at Kyoto University , Cambridge University and various Indian universities. Bhima also appears in few of

483-546: A mixed language or a creole —a theory called the Middle English creole hypothesis . Although the great influence of these languages on the vocabulary and grammar of Modern English is widely acknowledged, most specialists in language contact do not consider English to be a true mixed language. English is classified as a Germanic language because it shares innovations with other Germanic languages including Dutch , German , and Swedish . These shared innovations show that

644-635: A 2012 official Eurobarometer poll (conducted when the UK was still a member of the EU), 38 percent of the EU respondents outside the countries where English is an official language said they could speak English well enough to have a conversation in that language. The next most commonly mentioned foreign language, French (which is the most widely known foreign language in the UK and Ireland), could be used in conversation by 12 percent of respondents. A working knowledge of English has become

805-499: A Naga chieftain and his maternal relative. Recognising Bhima's divine heritage, Aryaka introduced him to Vasuki , the king of the Nagas. Impressed by Bhima's lineage and potential, Vasuki offered him a divine elixir. Bhima consumed eight pots of this elixir, thereby acquiring the strength of a thousand elephants. He spent eight days in the Naga realm to fully assimilate this power. On the ninth day,

966-506: A crucial role in this military campaign. He was tasked with subjugating the kingdoms in the eastern region of the sub-continent, since Bhishma —the Grandsire of the Kuru princes— thought the easterners were skilled in fighting from the backs of elephants and in fighting with bare arms. He deemed Bhima to be the most ideal person to wage wars in that region. The Mahabharata mentions several kingdoms to

1127-608: A desire to kill him for his transgression. However, Yudhishthira intervened, advocating for a less violent resolution. Consequently, Bhima and his brothers humiliated Jayadratha by shaving his head, leaving him with a mark of disgrace before releasing him. During their time in the forest, the Pandavas also encountered various sages and divine beings, from whom they received blessings and spiritual knowledge. These interactions not only provided them with guidance but also augmented their abilities to face future challenges. One significant episode

1288-407: A different state, Jimuta proved to be invincible. Much to the delight of King Virata and his subjects, Bhima challenged Jimuta and knocked him out in no time. This greatly enhanced the reputation of the Pandavas in unfamiliar territory. A significant incident during this period was Bhima's encounter with Kichaka, the brother-in-law of King Virata. Kichaka developed an infatuation with Draupadi, who

1449-447: A display of combat skill, Bhima threw Dronacharya off his chariot eight times (Chapter 128, Verse 18). Bhima engaged Karna in battle and succeeded in defeating him (Chapter 122). In a separate battle, Bhima killed Dussala, another warrior (Chapter 129). He later faced Karna once again (Chapter 131). In subsequent engagements, Bhima killed Durjaya (Chapter 133, Verse 13) and Durmukha (Chapter 134, Verse 20). He continued his campaign against

1610-651: A distinct language from Modern English and is virtually impossible for 21st-century unstudied English-speakers to understand. Its grammar was similar to that of modern German: nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs had many more inflectional endings and forms , and word order was much freer than in Modern English. Modern English has case forms in pronouns ( he , him , his ) and has a few verb inflections ( speak , speaks , speaking , spoke , spoken ), but Old English had case endings in nouns as well, and verbs had more person and number endings. Its closest relative

1771-417: A fierce battle, killed him. Moved by Hidimbi's plight, Kunti consented to Bhima's marriage to her, on the condition that he would rejoin his family after some time. Bhima and Hidimbi had a son, Ghatotkacha , who later became a significant ally of the Pandavas. Following this episode, the Pandavas proceeded to the village of Ekachakra, where they lived incognito. During their stay, Bhima encountered and killed

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1932-545: A fierce fight, was so impressed by Bhima's prowess that he was appointed commander of Bhima's forces. Bhima's conquest continued as he defeated Rochamana, the king of Aswamedha, subjugating the entire eastern region. He then marched into Pulinda , bringing the kings Sukumara and Sumitra under his sway. Bhima's encounter with Shishupala , the king of Chedi , was peaceful, as Sisupala welcomed him and offered his kingdom. Bhima stayed for thirty nights before continuing his campaign, subjugating King Srenimat of Kumara and Vrihadvala,

2093-487: A final compromise to avoid war. During these peace talks, Bhima expressed his opinion that peace was preferable to war ( Udyoga Parva , Chapter 74). However, he also asserted that he was prepared for battle and spoke confidently about his prowess in the upcoming conflict (Udyoga Parva, Chapter 76). When Duryodhana sent Uluka with a message to the Pandavas, Bhima responded with an insulting reply, rejecting any form of submission or negotiation (Udyoga Parva, Chapter 163). On

2254-484: A foreign language, make up the "expanding circle". The distinctions between English as a first language, as a second language, and as a foreign language are often debatable and may change in particular countries over time. For example, in the Netherlands and some other countries of Europe, knowledge of English as a second language is nearly universal, with over 80 percent of the population able to use it, and thus English

2415-413: A moment of distress, Bhima consoled Yudhishthira , who was facing a crisis of confidence (Chapter 126, Verse 32). Bhima confronted Drona again and was able to defeat him (Chapter 127, Verse 42). Following this battle, he killed a group of warriors, including Kundabhedi, Sushena, Dirghalochana, Vrindaraka, Abhaya, Raudrakarma, Durvimocana, Vinda, Anuvinda, Suvarma, and Sudarshana (Chapter 127, Verse 60). In

2576-520: A more standard version of English. They have many more speakers of English who acquire English as they grow up through day-to-day use and listening to broadcasting, especially if they attend schools where English is the medium of instruction. Varieties of English learned by non-native speakers born to English-speaking parents may be influenced, especially in their grammar, by the other languages spoken by those learners. Most of those varieties of English include words little used by native speakers of English in

2737-619: A mortal scholar. Abe no Seimei , a famous onmyōji from the Heian period was supposed to be one. His father, Abe no Yasuna (安倍 保名), was human. Still, his mother Kuzunoha , was a Kitsune , a divine fox, being this the origin of Abe no Seimei's magical prowess. In the indigenous religions originating from the Philippines , collectively called Anitism , demigods abound in various ethnic stories. Many of these demigods equal major gods and goddesses in power and influence. Notable examples include Mayari,

2898-688: A number of other Anglic languages, including Scots and the extinct Fingallian dialect and Yola language of Ireland. Like Icelandic and Faroese , the development of English in the British Isles isolated it from the continental Germanic languages and influences, and it has since diverged considerably. English is not mutually intelligible with any continental Germanic language, as it differs in vocabulary , syntax , and phonology . However, some of these, such as Dutch or Frisian, do show strong affinities with English, especially with its earlier stages. Unlike Icelandic and Faroese, which were isolated,

3059-629: A requirement in a number of occupations and professions such as medicine and computing. English has become so important in scientific publishing that more than 80 percent of all scientific journal articles indexed by Chemical Abstracts in 1998 were written in English, as were 90 percent of all articles in natural science publications by 1996 and 82 percent of articles in humanities publications by 1995. International communities such as international business people may use English as an auxiliary language , with an emphasis on vocabulary suitable for their domain of interest. This has led some scholars to develop

3220-407: A rich inflectional morphology and relatively free word order to a mostly analytic pattern with little inflection and a fairly fixed subject–verb–object word order . Modern English relies more on auxiliary verbs and word order for the expression of complex tenses , aspects and moods , as well as passive constructions , interrogatives , and some negation . The earliest form of English

3381-744: A significant minority speaks English. The countries with the most native English speakers are, in descending order, the United States (at least 231 million), the United Kingdom (60 million), Canada (19 million), Australia (at least 17 million), South Africa (4.8 million), Ireland (4.2 million), and New Zealand (3.7 million). In these countries, children of native speakers learn English from their parents, and local people who speak other languages and new immigrants learn English to communicate in their neighbourhoods and workplaces. The inner-circle countries provide

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3542-486: A significant role in the events leading up to the war and was a key combatant throughout the eighteen days of conflict, which are documented in four books of the Mahabharata- Bhisma Parva , Drona Parva , Karna Parva and Shalya Parva . Before the war commenced, discussions were held among the Pandavas and their allies regarding the strategy and leadership of the army. Bhima suggested that Shikhandi , who had

3703-474: A union that was sanctified by divine mandate. Bhima, being one of her husbands, was known for his deep affection and protective nature toward Draupadi throughout their lives. From Draupadi, Bhima fathered Sutasoma . Bhima's other wife Valandhara, the daughter of King of Kashi , was won by him at her svayamvara contest. They had a son named Savarga. The Bhagavata Purana records Valandhara as Kali and Savarga as Sarvagata. After their marriage to Draupadi,

3864-447: A verb ending ( present plural): From the 8th to the 11th centuries, Old English gradually transformed through language contact with Old Norse in some regions. The waves of Norse (Viking) colonisation of northern parts of the British Isles in the 8th and 9th centuries put Old English into intense contact with Old Norse , a North Germanic language. Norse influence was strongest in the north-eastern varieties of Old English spoken in

4025-504: A versatile warrior. Bhima was also renowned for his giant appetite – at times, half of the total food consumed by the Pandavas was eaten by him. The rivalry between the Pandavas and the Kauravas intensified as they grew older. Bhima's physical strength and assertiveness were sources of constant irritation for Duryodhana , who viewed him as a significant threat. The poisoning incident

4186-482: A worthy adversary in combat. Both Bhima and Jarasandha were renowned wrestlers, and their duel extended over several days, with neither willing to concede. Despite gaining the upper hand, Bhima found himself unable to kill Jarasandha. Seeking guidance, Bhima looked toward Krishna, who symbolically picked up a twig, split it into two halves, and threw the pieces in opposite directions. Bhima, interpreting this gesture, followed suit by bisecting Jarasandha's body and scattering

4347-552: Is Old Frisian , but even some centuries after the Anglo-Saxon migration, Old English retained considerable mutual intelligibility with other Germanic varieties. Even in the 9th and 10th centuries, amidst the Danelaw and other Viking invasions, there is historical evidence that Old Norse and Old English retained considerable mutual intelligibility, although probably the northern dialects of Old English were more similar to Old Norse than

4508-450: Is a divine hero and one of the most prominent figures in the Hindu epic Mahabharata , renowned for his incredible strength, fierce loyalty, and key role in the epic's narrative. As the second of the five Pandava brothers, Bhima was born to Kunti —the wife of King Pandu —through the blessings of Vayu , the wind god, which bestowed upon him superhuman strength from birth. His rivalry with

4669-400: Is also the most widely learned second language in the world, with more second-language speakers than native speakers. English is either the official language or one of the official languages in 59 sovereign states (such as India , Ireland , and Canada ). In some other countries, it is the sole or dominant language for historical reasons without being explicitly defined by law (such as in

4830-459: Is also undergoing change under the influence of American English, fuelled by the strong presence of American English in the media and the prestige associated with the United States as a world power. As of 2016 , 400 million people spoke English as their first language , and 1.1 billion spoke it as a secondary language. English is the largest language by number of speakers . English

4991-603: Is also widely used in media and literature, and the number of English language books published annually in India is the third largest in the world after the US and UK. However, English is rarely spoken as a first language, numbering only around a couple hundred-thousand people, and less than 5% of the population speak fluent English in India. David Crystal claimed in 2004 that, combining native and non-native speakers, India now has more people who speak or understand English than any other country in

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5152-407: Is an official language of countries populated by few descendants of native speakers of English. It has also become by far the most important language of international communication when people who share no native language meet anywhere in the world. The Indian linguist Braj Kachru distinguished countries where English is spoken with a three circles model . In his model, Kachru based his model on

5313-528: Is called Old English or Anglo-Saxon ( c.  450–1150 ). Old English developed from a set of West Germanic dialects, often grouped as Anglo-Frisian or North Sea Germanic , and originally spoken along the coasts of Frisia , Lower Saxony and southern Jutland by Germanic peoples known to the historical record as the Angles , Saxons , and Jutes . From the 5th century, the Anglo-Saxons settled Britain as

5474-527: Is often arbitrarily defined as beginning with the conquest of England by William the Conqueror in 1066, but it developed further in the period from 1150 to 1500. With the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the now-Norsified Old English language was subject to another wave of intense contact, this time with Old French , in particular Old Norman French , influencing it as a superstrate. The Norman French spoken by

5635-424: Is routinely used to communicate with foreigners and often in higher education. In these countries, although English is not used for government business, its widespread use puts them at the boundary between the "outer circle" and "expanding circle". English is unusual among world languages in how many of its users are not native speakers but speakers of English as a second or foreign language. Many users of English in

5796-517: Is spoken by communities on every continent and on islands in all the major oceans. The countries where English is spoken can be grouped into different categories according to how English is used in each country. The "inner circle" countries with many native speakers of English share an international standard of written English and jointly influence speech norms for English around the world. English does not belong to just one country, and it does not belong solely to descendants of English settlers. English

5957-777: Is the third person pronoun group beginning with th- ( they, them, their ) which replaced the Anglo-Saxon pronouns with h- ( hie, him, hera ). Other core Norse loanwords include "give", "get", "sky", "skirt", "egg", and "cake", typically displacing a native Anglo-Saxon equivalent. Old Norse in this era retained considerable mutual intelligibility with some dialects of Old English, particularly northern ones. Englischmen þeyz hy hadde fram þe bygynnyng þre manner speche, Souþeron, Northeron, and Myddel speche in þe myddel of þe lond, ... Noþeles by comyxstion and mellyng, furst wiþ Danes, and afterward wiþ Normans, in menye þe contray longage ys asperyed, and som vseþ strange wlaffyng, chyteryng, harryng, and garryng grisbytting. Although, from

6118-451: The Mahabharata , Bhima is renowned for his vast size, immense physical strength and fierce nature. The suffix sena is often appended to his name, forming Bhīmasena , which can be literally interpreted as "one who possesses a formidable army.". In the Mahabharata , Bhima is referred to by several synonyms, including: Bhima is a significant character in the Mahabharata , one of

6279-472: The Ashvins ). Queen Kunti had previously conceived another son, Karna , when she had tested the mantra out. Despite her protests, Surya the sun god was compelled by the mantra to impregnate her. Bhishma is another figures who fits the western definition of demigod, as he was the son of King Shantanu and Goddess Ganga . The Vaishnavites (who often translate deva as "demigod") cite various verses that speak of

6440-479: The Augustinian canon Orrm , which highlights the blending of both Old English and Anglo-Norman elements in English for the first time. In Wycliff'e Bible of the 1380s, the verse Matthew 8:20 was written: Foxis han dennes, and briddis of heuene han nestis . Here the plural suffix -n on the verb have is still retained, but none of the case endings on the nouns are present. By the 12th century Middle English

6601-537: The Danelaw area around York, which was the centre of Norse colonisation; today these features are still particularly present in Scots and Northern English . The centre of Norsified English was in the Midlands around Lindsey . After 920 CE, when Lindsey was incorporated into the Anglo-Saxon polity, English spread extensively throughout the region. An element of Norse influence that continues in all English varieties today

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6762-532: The European Free Trade Association , Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) set English as their organisation's sole working language even though most members are not countries with a majority of native English speakers. While the European Union (EU) allows member states to designate any of the national languages as an official language of

6923-525: The Germanic language branch, and as of 2021 , Ethnologue estimated that there were over 1.5 billion speakers worldwide. Old English emerged from a group of West Germanic dialects spoken by the Anglo-Saxons . Late Old English borrowed some grammar and core vocabulary from Old Norse , a North Germanic language . Then, Middle English borrowed vocabulary extensively from French dialects , which are

7084-698: The Kalingas . In this engagement, he killed the Kalinga prince Shakradeva (Chapter 54, Verse 24). Continuing his assault on the Kalinga army, Bhima also killed another key warrior, Bhanuman (Chapter 54, Verse 39). In the same battle, Bhima targeted the chariot of King Shrutayus, slaying warriors named Satyadeva and Shalya (distinct from another warrior also named Shalya ), who were guarding the chariot wheels (Chapter 54, Verse 76). Following these encounters, Bhima proceeded to kill Ketuman (Chapter 54, Verse 77). In addition to fighting individual warriors, Bhima turned his attention to

7245-581: The Kamyaka forest, inhabited by the Rakshasa (here, man-eating race) Hidimba and his sister Hidimbi . While the Pandavas rested under a tree, Hidimba, who desired to consume them, dispatched his sister Hidimbi to lure them. However, upon encountering Bhima, Hidimbi was struck by his physical appearance and power, and she proposed marriage to him. When Hidimba discovered her intentions, he became enraged and attacked Bhima. Bhima engaged in combat with Hidimba and, after

7406-600: The Kauravas , especially Duryodhana , defined much of his life, with this tension ultimately erupting in the Kurukshetra War , where Bhima killed all hundred Kaurava brothers. Bhima's life was filled with extraordinary episodes that showcased his unmatched strength and bravery. From childhood, where he was rescued by the Nagas (divine serpents) after being poisoned, to his victories over formidable foes like Bakasura , Hidimba , and Jarasandha , Bhima's adventures are integral to

7567-670: The Kiratas near the Indra mountain, as well as the Submas and Prasuhmas. On his way to Magadha , he subdued the kings Danda and Dandadhara. Jarasandha , ruler of the Magadha empire and an enemy of the Pandavas' main ally Krishna , posed a significant obstacle to Yudhishthira when the latter sought to perform the Rajasuya Yajna. As a formidable and powerful warrior, his elimination was deemed essential for

7728-731: The Low Saxon and Frisian languages . English is an Indo-European language and belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages . Old English originated from a Germanic tribal and linguistic continuum along the Frisian North Sea coast, whose languages gradually evolved into the Anglic languages in the British Isles , and into the Frisian languages and Low German /Low Saxon on

7889-581: The Mahabharata ’s storyline. His raw, earthy nature is reflected in the brutal slaying of his enemies, his immense appetite and his marriage with Hidimbi , a rakshasi (a supernatural being known to consume humans), who bore him a son, Ghatotkacha , a powerful warrior who would later play a significant role in the Kurukshetra War. Despite his immense physical strength, Bhima was deeply loyal and protective towards his family, particularly towards Draupadi ,

8050-653: The Sanskrit epics from the Indian subcontinent . It mainly narrates the events and aftermath of the Kurukshetra War , a war of succession between two groups of princely cousins, the Kauravas and the Pandavas . The work is written in Classical Sanskrit and is a composite work of revisions, editing and interpolations over many centuries. The oldest parts in the surviving version of the text may date to near 400 BCE. The Mahabharata manuscripts exist in numerous versions, wherein

8211-641: The United Nations at the end of World War II , English had become pre-eminent and is now the main worldwide language of diplomacy and international relations. It is one of six official languages of the United Nations. Many other worldwide international organisations, including the International Olympic Committee , specify English as a working language or official language of the organisation. Many regional international organisations such as

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8372-409: The ancient Greek and Roman world, the concept of a demigod did not have a consistent definition and associated terminology rarely appeared. The earliest recorded use of the term occurs in texts attributed to the archaic Greek poets Homer and Hesiod . Both describe dead heroes as hemitheoi , or "half gods". In these cases, the word did not literally mean that these figures had one parent who

8533-511: The palatalisation of consonants that were velar consonants in Proto-Germanic (see Phonological history of Old English § Palatalization ). The earliest varieties of an English language, collectively known as Old English or "Anglo-Saxon", evolved from a group of North Sea Germanic dialects brought to Britain in the 5th century. Old English dialects were later influenced by Old Norse -speaking Viking invaders and settlers , starting in

8694-505: The "outer circle" countries are countries such as the Philippines , Jamaica , India , Pakistan , Singapore , Malaysia and Nigeria with a much smaller proportion of native speakers of English but much use of English as a second language for education, government, or domestic business, and its routine use for school instruction and official interactions with the government. Those countries have millions of native speakers of dialect continua ranging from an English-based creole to

8855-596: The 8th and 9th centuries. Middle English began in the late 11th century after the Norman Conquest of England, when a considerable amount of Old French vocabulary was incorporated into English over some three centuries. Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the start of the Great Vowel Shift and the Renaissance trend of borrowing further Latin and Greek words and roots, concurrent with

9016-595: The Angles. English may have a small amount of substrate influence from Common Brittonic, and a number of possible Brittonicisms in English have been proposed, but whether most of these supposed Brittonicisms are actually a direct result of Brittonic substrate influence is disputed. Old English was divided into four dialects: the Anglian dialects ( Mercian and Northumbrian ) and the Saxon dialects ( Kentish and West Saxon ). Through

9177-512: The British Empire in the 1950s and 1960s, former colonies often did not reject English but rather continued to use it as independent countries setting their own language policies. For example, the view of the English language among many Indians has gone from associating it with colonialism to associating it with economic progress, and English continues to be an official language of India. English

9338-764: The Devas are stated to be subordinate to Vishnu, or God. A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada , the founder of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) translates the Sanskrit word "deva" as "demigod" in his literature when the term referred to a God other than the Supreme Lord . This is because the Vaishnava tradition teaches that there is only one Supreme Lord and that all others are but His servants. In an effort to emphasize their subservience, Prabhupada uses

9499-537: The Early Modern period includes the works of William Shakespeare and the translation of the Bible commissioned by King James I . Even after the vowel shift the language still sounded different from Modern English: for example, the consonant clusters /kn ɡn sw/ in knight , gnat , and sword were still pronounced. Many of the grammatical features that a modern reader of Shakespeare might find quaint or archaic represent

9660-628: The English Language , which introduced standard spellings of words and usage norms. In 1828, Noah Webster published the American Dictionary of the English language to try to establish a norm for speaking and writing American English that was independent of the British standard. Within Britain, non-standard or lower class dialect features were increasingly stigmatised, leading to the quick spread of

9821-543: The English-speaking inner circle countries outside Britain helped level dialect distinctions and produce koineised forms of English in South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The majority of immigrants to the United States without British ancestry rapidly adopted English after arrival. Now the majority of the United States population are monolingual English speakers. English has ceased to be an "English language" in

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9982-788: The Hindu epic Mahabharata , the five Pandava brothers and their half brother Karna , fit the Western definition of demigods though they are generally not referred to as such. Queen Kunti , the wife of King Pandu , was given a mantra that, when recited, meant that one of the gods would give her his child. When her husband was cursed to die if he ever engaged in sexual relations, Kunti used this mantra to provide her husband with children fathered by various deities. These children were Yudhishthira (child of Dharmaraj ), Bhima (child of Vayu ) and Arjuna (child of Indra ). She taught this mantra to Madri , King Pandu's other wife, and she immaculately conceived twin boys named Nakula and Sahadeva (children of

10143-507: The Kaurava army in a single battle (Chapter 113). Dhritarashtra , the Kaurava patriarch, acknowledged Bhima's prowess in the Drona Parva (Chapter 10). Bhima fought with Vivinsati in a combat engagement (Chapter 14, Verse 27). He then entered into a club fight with Shalya , defeating him (Chapter 15, Verse 8). Following this, Bhima fought with Durmarshana (Chapter 25, Verse 5). In this phase of

10304-651: The Kaurava army, in combat on multiple occasions (Chapter 63, Verse 1). This battle was marked by intensity, with Bhima attempting to overpower Bhishma, though Bhishma remained undefeated. Bhima then targeted the Kaurava brothers in a specific engagement, where he killed eight sons of Dhritarashtra . The names of those killed in this battle were Senapati, Jarasandha, Sushena, Ugra, Virabahu, Bhima, Bhimaratha, and Sulocana (Chapter 64, Verse 32). In another subsequent battle, Bhima fought against Bhishma once more (Chapter 72, Verse 21). He continued to engage Duryodhana, defeating him again in another encounter (Chapter 79, Verse 11). In

10465-476: The Kaurava brothers, killing Durmarshana, Dussaha, Durmada, Durdhara, and Jaya (Chapter 135, Verse 30). Bhima fought Karna repeatedly, destroying many of his bows during their encounters (Chapter 139, Verse 19). In an aggressive maneuver, Bhima attempted to capture Karna by jumping into his chariot (Chapter 139, Verse 74). However, during this engagement, Karna struck Bhima with such force that Bhima fell unconscious (Chapter 139, Verse 91). Subsequently, Bhima killed

10626-412: The Kaurava elephant division. He decimated the division, causing a significant number of casualties and resulting in what was described as rivers of blood flowing on the battlefield (Chapter 54, Verse 103). Later in the war, Bhima once again faced Duryodhana in combat. In this confrontation, he successfully defeated Duryodhana (Chapter 58, Verse 16). Bhima also engaged Bhishma , the commander-in-chief of

10787-534: The Kauravas and Trigartas raided the Matsya kingdom's cattle in an attempt to expose the Pandavas. Bhima, along with his brothers, defended the kingdom, ensuring that their true identities remained hidden until the incognito period concluded. Following the Pandavas' return from their exile, the Kauravas refused to restore their share of the kingdom. This refusal led to the inevitability of the Kurukshetra War . Bhima played

10948-405: The Kauravas. After their escape from the burning Lakshagraha, the Pandavas, accompanied by their mother Kunti, traversed the forest to avoid further threats from the Kauravas. During their journey, Kunti and her sons, except Bhima, were overcome with fatigue. Demonstrating his exceptional strength, Bhima carried his mother and brothers on his shoulders through the forest. Their journey led them to

11109-521: The Nagas, honouring his newfound strength, returned Bhima to Hastinapura, where he rejoined his family. In Hastinapura, Bhima, along with his brothers, was trained in the arts of warfare under the tutelage of Dronacharya , the royal guru. Bhima specialised in the use of the mace ( gada ) and became an unmatched mace fighter. Additionally, he received advanced training from Balarama , known for his expertise in mace combat. Bhima's training also included proficiency in various other weapons, establishing him as

11270-413: The Pandavas intervened and freed Duryodhana from captivity. Although reluctant to assist their adversary, the Pandavas acted in accordance with their dharma, thereby upholding their principles. In another minor incident in the epic, Jatasura , a rakshasa disguised as a Brahmin abducted Yudhishthira, Draupadi and the twin brothers, Nakula, and Sahadeva during their stay at Badarikashrama . His objective

11431-529: The Pandavas were raised alongside their cousins, Kauravas , in Hastinapura , the capital of Kuru . During his childhood, Bhima's strength was frequently displayed, often to the dismay of the Kauravas, particularly Duryodhana . Bhima's physical prowess frequently led to his victories in their childhood games, resulting in animosity and jealousy among the Kauravas. This enmity culminated in a plot by Duryodhana, who conspired to eliminate Bhima. In one such plot, Bhima

11592-411: The Pandavas' success. To address this challenge, Krishna, Bhima, and Arjuna, disguised as Brahmins, traveled to Magadha to confront Jarasandha. Upon meeting him, Jarasandha inquired about their true intentions, at which point the trio revealed their identities. Krishna then issued a challenge to Jarasandha for a duel, offering him the choice of any one opponent. Jarasandha selected Bhima, recognizing him as

11753-519: The Pandavas' survival was disclosed in Hastinapura. This was followed by the division of the kingdom, with Pandavas establishing a new city called Indraprastha . Yudhishthira, the eldest Pandava, aspired to perform the Rajasuya Yajna, a royal sacrifice that would establish him as an emperor. For this endeavour, he needed to assert his dominance over other kings and obtain their allegiance. Bhima played

11914-421: The Pandavas. Ghatotkacha carried the Pandavas on his shoulders, allowing them to continue their journey with greater ease. Their journey eventually led them to the ashrama of Nara and Narayana . While resting there, Bhima noticed a fragrant Saugandhika flower, which had been carried to Draupadi by the northeast wind. Draupadi expressed her desire to possess more of these flowers. To fulfil her wish, Bhima set out in

12075-643: The Rakshasa Baka , who had been terrorising the villagers by eating them one by one. The Mahabhrata mentions three wives of Bhima- Hidimbi , Draupadi and Valandhara , with whom he had one son each. Bhima's first wife, Hidimbi , also known as Hidimbā, was from the Rakshasa race—supernatural beings typically associated with evil deeds, such as consuming humans. Together, they had a son named Ghatotkacha (see previous section for details). Both Hidimbi and Ghatotkacha are notable exceptions, exhibiting benevolent qualities despite their Rakshasa origins. Draupadi

12236-550: The Roman economy and administration collapsed . By the 7th century, this Germanic language of the Anglo-Saxons became dominant in Britain , replacing the languages of Roman Britain (43–409): Common Brittonic , a Celtic language , and British Latin , brought to Britain by the Roman occupation. At this time, these dialects generally resisted influence from the then-local Brittonic and Latin languages. England and English (originally Ænglaland and Ænglisc ) are both named after

12397-752: The Roman writer Martianus Capella ( fl. 410-420) proposed a hierarchy of gods as follows: The Celtic warrior Cú Chulainn , a major protagonist in the Irish national epic the Táin Bo Cuailnge , ranks as a hero or as a demigod. He is the son of the Irish god Lugh and the mortal princess Deichtine . In the immediate pre-Roman period, the Celtic Gallaceian tribe in Portugal made powerful, large stone statues of deified local heroes , which stood on hill forts in

12558-694: The Saugandhika forest. Following this encounter, Bhima ventured into the forest, overcame the Rakshasas known as Krodhavasas guarding it, and successfully collected the flowers, which he later presented to Draupadi. Another notable event during the Pandavas' exile involved the abduction attempt by Jayadratha , the king of Sindhu . While the Pandavas were away hunting, Jayadratha encountered Draupadi alone and abducted her. On learning of this, Bhima, along with his brothers, pursued and confronted Jayadratha. Bhima overpowered Jayadratha's forces, captured him, and expressed

12719-672: The Somadheyas. His campaign in the north included the conquest of Vatsabhumi, Bhargas, Nishadas , and Manimat, along with Southern Mallas and the Bhagauanta mountains. Diplomatically, Bhima subdued the Sarmakas and Varmakas, while in Videha , he easily brought King Janaka under his control. He also conquered the Sakas and various barbarian tribes. His military prowess continued with the defeat of seven kings of

12880-551: The Tagalog moon goddess who governs the world every night, Tala, the Tagalog star goddess, Hanan, the Tagalog morning goddess, Apo Anno, a Kankanaey demigod hero, Oryol, a Bicolano half-snake demi-goddess who brought peace to the land after defeating all beasts in Ibalon, Laon, a Hiligaynon demigod who can talk to animals and defeated the mad dragon at Mount Kanlaon, Ovug, an Ifugao thunder and lightning demigod who has separate animations in both

13041-490: The Union, in practice English is the main working language of EU organisations. Although in most countries English is not an official language, it is currently the language most often taught as a foreign language . In the countries of the EU, English is the most widely spoken foreign language in nineteen of the twenty-five member states where it is not an official language (that is, the countries other than Ireland and Malta ). In

13202-507: The United States and United Kingdom ). It is a co-official language of the United Nations , the European Union , and many other international and regional organisations. It has also become the de facto lingua franca of diplomacy, science , technology, international trade, logistics, tourism, aviation, entertainment, and the Internet . English accounts for at least 70% of total speakers of

13363-449: The ability to challenge Bhishma due to Bhishma's oath not to fight against a woman or someone perceived as a woman, should lead the Pandava forces. However, Yudhishthira and Arjuna decided to appoint Dhrishtadyumna as the commander-in-chief. Bhima's chariot was driven by his charioteer, Vishoka, and bore a flag with a gigantic lion in silver, its eyes made of lapis lazuli . His chariot

13524-427: The archery challenge, winning Draupadi's hand. The Pandavas, who were in exile and disguised as Brahmins at the time, returned to their temporary abode with Draupadi. In a twist of events, Kunti, unaware of what Arjuna had won, instructed her sons to "share the alms" equally among them. Adhering to their mother's words, the Pandavas agreed to marry Draupadi collectively. Thus, Draupadi became the wife of all five Pandavas,

13685-516: The attempt to disrobe her in the assembly hall, provoked Bhima's fury. Bhima was the only one from the Pandavas' side to protest against the wrongdoing, with Vidura and Vikarna raising objections from the Kauravas' side. Unable to act due to his bondage through the game, Bhima became extremely upset with Yudhishthira and asked Sahadeva to bring fire so that he could "burn Yudhishthira's hands." When Arjuna pacified, Bhima responded by stating that when elders committed mistakes, verbally insulting them

13846-407: The base from which English spreads to other countries in the world. Estimates of the numbers of second language and foreign-language English speakers vary greatly from 470 million to more than 1 billion, depending on how proficiency is defined. Linguist David Crystal estimates that non-native speakers now outnumber native speakers by a ratio of 3 to 1. In Kachru's three-circles model,

14007-449: The basis for the required controlled natural languages Seaspeak and Airspeak, used as international languages of seafaring and aviation. English used to have parity with French and German in scientific research, but now it dominates that field. It achieved parity with French as a language of diplomacy at the Treaty of Versailles negotiations in 1919. By the time of the foundation of

14168-400: The beginning, Englishmen had three manners of speaking, southern, northern and midlands speech in the middle of the country, ... Nevertheless, through intermingling and mixing, first with Danes and then with Normans, amongst many the country language has arisen, and some use strange stammering, chattering, snarling, and grating gnashing. John Trevisa , c.  1385 Middle English

14329-448: The common wife of the Pandavas. When Draupadi was humiliated in the Kaurava court, Bhima swore vengeance. He vowed to drink Dushasana 's blood and smash Duryodhana's thigh, and years later, he fulfilled these vows during the Kurukshetra War. Bhima's fierce devotion to Draupadi was also evident when he killed Kichaka , who had molested her during the Pandavas' year in disguise at the court of King Virata . A master of mace combat , Bhima

14490-638: The consensus of educated English speakers around the world, without any oversight by any government or international organisation. American listeners readily understand most British broadcasting, and British listeners readily understand most American broadcasting. Most English speakers around the world can understand radio programmes, television programmes, and films from many parts of the English-speaking world. Both standard and non-standard varieties of English can include both formal or informal styles, distinguished by word choice and syntax and use both technical and non-technical registers. The settlement history of

14651-682: The continent. The Frisian languages, which together with the Anglic languages form the Anglo-Frisian languages , are the closest living relatives of English. Low German/Low Saxon is also closely related, and sometimes English, the Frisian languages, and Low German are grouped together as the North Sea Germanic languages, though this grouping remains debated. Old English evolved into Middle English , which in turn evolved into Modern English. Particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into

14812-587: The counsel of his maternal uncle Shakuni , invited Yudhishthira to a game of dice . Despite his misgivings, Yudhishthira accepted the challenge, driven by the codes of Kshatriya honour and hospitality. The game of dice was a turning point in the epic. Shakuni, who played on behalf of Duryodhana, used deceitful means to ensure Yudhishthira's defeat. As the game progressed, Yudhishthira lost his kingdom, wealth, and even his brothers, including Bhima, one by one. Eventually, he wagered Draupadi and lost her as well. The Kauravas' subsequent treatment of Draupadi, especially

14973-421: The course of the war, Bhima defeated Kritavarma (Chapter 82, Verse 60). Later, in his engagement with Bhishma, Bhima killed Bhishma's charioteer (Chapter 88, Verse 12). Following this, Bhima killed eight more sons of Dhritarashtra in another fierce confrontation (Chapter 88, Verse 13). Bhima's clashes also included a direct engagement with Dronacharya . In this battle, Bhima struck Dronacharya with such force that

15134-633: The demigods in Chinese mythology , Erlang Shen and Chen Xiang are most prominent. In the Journey to the West , the Jade Emperor 's younger sister Yaoji is mentioned to have descended to the mortal realm and given birth to a child named Yang Jian. He would eventually grow up to become a deity himself known as Erlang Shen. Chen Xiang is nephew of Erlang Shen, birth by his younger sister Huayue Sanniang who married with

15295-600: The devas' subordinate status. For example, the Rig Veda (1.22.20) reads, " oṃ tad viṣṇoḥ paramam padam sadā paśyanti sūrayaḥ ", which translates to, "All the suras [i.e., the devas] look always toward the feet of Lord Vishnu". Similarly, in the Vishnu Sahasranama, the concluding verses, read, "The Rishis [great sages], the ancestors, the devas, the great elements, in fact, all things moving and unmoving constituting this universe, have originated from Narayana," (i.e., Vishnu). Thus

15456-476: The development of English was influenced by a long series of invasions of the British Isles by other peoples and languages, particularly Old Norse and French dialects . These left a profound mark of their own on the language, so that English shows some similarities in vocabulary and grammar with many languages outside its linguistic clades —but it is not mutually intelligible with any of those languages either. Some scholars have argued that English can be considered

15617-467: The distinct characteristics of Early Modern English. In the 1611 King James Version of the Bible, written in Early Modern English, Matthew 8:20 says, "The Foxes haue holes and the birds of the ayre haue nests." This exemplifies the loss of case and its effects on sentence structure (replacement with subject–verb–object word order, and the use of of instead of the non-possessive genitive), and

15778-401: The early period of Old English were written using a runic script . By the 6th century, a Latin alphabet was adopted, written with half-uncial letterforms . It included the runic letters wynn ⟨ ƿ ⟩ and thorn ⟨ þ ⟩ , and the modified Latin letters eth ⟨ ð ⟩ , and ash ⟨ æ ⟩ . Old English is essentially

15939-551: The east of Indraprastha which were conquered by Bhima. In his eastern campaign, Bhima, with the support of a mighty army, first moved diplomatically, beginning with the Panchalas , where he conciliated the tribe without conflict. From there, he swiftly vanquished the Gandakas, Videhas , and Dasarnas . In the Dasarna region, Bhima engaged in a notable battle with King Sudharman, who, after

16100-539: The educational reforms of King Alfred in the 9th century and the influence of the kingdom of Wessex , the West Saxon dialect became the standard written variety . The epic poem Beowulf is written in West Saxon, and the earliest English poem, Cædmon's Hymn , is written in Northumbrian. Modern English developed mainly from Mercian, but the Scots language developed from Northumbrian. A few short inscriptions from

16261-684: The elite in England eventually developed into the Anglo-Norman language . Because Norman was spoken primarily by the elites and nobles, while the lower classes continued speaking English, the main influence of Norman was the introduction of a wide range of loanwords related to politics, legislation and prestigious social domains. Middle English also greatly simplified the inflectional system, probably in order to reconcile Old Norse and Old English, which were inflectionally different but morphologically similar. The distinction between nominative and accusative cases

16422-413: The ensuing altercation with Shishupala, a vocal critic of Krishna and an antagonist to the Pandavas. Later, Duryodhana fell into a water pool, Bhima, along with the twins, laughed at him. The splendour of Yudhishthira's Rajasuya Yajna and the prosperity of the Pandavas caused intense jealousy among the Kauravas, particularly Duryodhana . Seeking to usurp the Pandavas' power and wealth, Duryodhana, with

16583-575: The ever-present threat of the Kauravas during their exile. On one occasion, the Kauravas, led by Duryodhana, encamped near the Pandavas' dwelling in Dvaitavana . During this encampment, Duryodhana and his forces clashed with the Gandharva Chitrasena . Duryodhana was captured by the Gandharvas, and upon hearing this, Bhima expressed amusement at his plight. However, at Yudhishthira's behest, Bhima and

16744-408: The expanding circle use it to communicate with other people from the expanding circle, so that interaction with native speakers of English plays no part in their decision to use the language. Non-native varieties of English are widely used for international communication, and speakers of one such variety often encounter features of other varieties. Very often today a conversation in English anywhere in

16905-402: The first day of the Kurukshetra War , Bhima confronted Duryodhana in a direct duel. The clash between the two warriors set the stage for the fierce rivalry that would continue throughout the battle (Chapter 45, Verse 19). During this early phase, Bhima's war cry was described as so powerful that it caused the world to shudder (Chapter 44, Verse 8). Bhima then engaged in combat with the forces of

17066-469: The genitals ) and commanded Draupadi to sit on his lap. Bhima also swore to avenge Draupadi's humiliation by drinking the blood of Dushasana , who had forcibly dragged her by her hair and attempted to disrobe her in the Kauravas' assembly. During their twelve-year exile in the forest following their loss in the game of dice, the Pandavas encountered numerous adversities and engaged in various significant events. Bhima, with his immense strength and courage,

17227-710: The growing economic and cultural influence of the United States and its status as a superpower following the Second World War has, along with worldwide broadcasting in English by the BBC and other broadcasters, caused the language to spread across the planet much faster. In the 21st century, English is more widely spoken and written than any language has ever been. As Modern English developed, explicit norms for standard usage were published, and spread through official media such as public education and state-sponsored publications. In 1755, Samuel Johnson published his A Dictionary of

17388-512: The halves apart, preventing them from reuniting. As a result, Jarasandha was killed. Jarasandha had previously imprisoned 100 kings, preparing them for sacrifice as part of his enmity with Krishna. His death at Bhima's hands liberated these kings, who, in gratitude, pledged their allegiance to Yudhishthira, acknowledging him as the Chakravarti, or universal ruler. Afterwards, Bhima then conquered Anga after defeating it king Karna . He later slew

17549-479: The history of English was Early Modern English (1500–1700). Early Modern English was characterised by the Great Vowel Shift (1350–1700), inflectional simplification, and linguistic standardisation. The Great Vowel Shift affected the stressed long vowels of Middle English. It was a chain shift , meaning that each shift triggered a subsequent shift in the vowel system. Mid and open vowels were raised , and close vowels were broken into diphthongs . For example,

17710-407: The history of how English spread in different countries, how users acquire English, and the range of uses English has in each country. The three circles change membership over time. Countries with large communities of native speakers of English (the inner circle) include Britain, the United States, Australia, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand, where the majority speaks English, and South Africa, where

17871-403: The inner-circle countries, and they may show grammatical and phonological differences from inner-circle varieties as well. The standard English of the inner-circle countries is often taken as a norm for use of English in the outer-circle countries. In the three-circles model, countries such as Poland, China, Brazil, Germany, Japan, Indonesia, Egypt, and other countries where English is taught as

18032-524: The introduction of loanwords from French ( ayre ) and word replacements ( bird originally meaning "nestling" had replaced OE fugol ). By the late 18th century, the British Empire had spread English through its colonies and geopolitical dominance. Commerce, science and technology, diplomacy, art, and formal education all contributed to English becoming the first truly global language. English also facilitated worldwide international communication. English

18193-467: The introduction of the printing press to London. This era notably culminated in the King James Bible and the works of William Shakespeare . The printing press greatly standardised English spelling, which has remained largely unchanged since then, despite a wide variety of later sound shifts in English dialects. Modern English has spread around the world since the 17th century as a consequence of

18354-483: The island of Great Britain . The namesake of the language is the Angles , one of the ancient Germanic peoples that migrated to Britain . It is the most spoken language in the world, primarily due to the global influences of the former British Empire (succeeded by the Commonwealth of Nations ) and the United States . English is the third-most spoken native language , after Standard Chinese and Spanish ; it

18515-700: The king of Kosala , followed by the conquest of Ayodhya , where he defeated King Dirghayaghna. His victories extended to Northern Kosalas, Gopalakaksha, and the Mallas . As he approached the foothills of the Himalayas, he subjugated Bhallata and the Suktimanta mountains. Bhima's next set of conquests involved the kingdom of Kasi , where he vanquished King Suvahu, followed by the defeat of King Kratha of Suparsa. He continued to subdue regions like Matsya , Maladas, and Pasubhumi, before moving on to conquer Madahara, Mahidara, and

18676-465: The kingdom of Matsya, ruled by King Virata, and assumed various disguises. Bhima took on the role of Vallabha, a cook, and wrestler in King Virata's palace. Within themselves, Pandavas called him Jayanta. His primary duties involved working in the royal kitchens, though his position as a wrestler occasionally necessitated the display of his physical prowess. There was a wrestling bout where a wrestler from

18837-431: The languages have descended from a single common ancestor called Proto-Germanic . Some shared features of Germanic languages include the division of verbs into strong and weak classes, the use of modal verbs , and the sound changes affecting Proto-Indo-European consonants, known as Grimm's and Verner's laws . English is classified as an Anglo-Frisian language because Frisian and English share other features, such as

18998-623: The later written Puranic scriptures , most prominent being the Krishna-related Bhagavata Purana . Bhima was the second of the five Pandava brothers, the putative sons of retired Kuru king Pandu , and was born to Kunti with divine intervention due to Pandu's inability to conceive. According to the epic, Kunti invoked the wind god, Vayu , using a mantra provided by the sage Durvasa , resulting in Bhima's birth. This divine connection bestowed upon him immense physical strength. At

19159-564: The mighty king of Madagiri. He further vanquished powerful rulers such as Vasudeva of Pundra , Mahaujah of Kausika-kachchha, and the king of Vanga . Additional conquests included Samudrasena, Chandrasena, and Tamralipta, as well as the kings of Karvatas and Suhmas. Finally, Bhima subdued the Mlechchha tribes along the sea coast and in marshy regions, gathering vast amounts of wealth from the Lohity region before returning to Indraprastha, where he offered

19320-565: The mountainous regions of - what is today - Northern Portugal and Spanish Galicia . In Hinduism , the term demigod is used to refer to deities who were once human and later became devas (gods). There are two notable demigods in Vedic Scriptures : Nandi (the divine vehicle of Shiva ), and Garuda (the divine vehicle of Vishnu ). Examples of demigods worshiped in South India are Madurai Veeran and Karuppu Sami . The heroes of

19481-505: The northeast direction toward the Saugandhika forest. This journey brought Bhima to Kadalivana, where he encountered Hanuman , his half-brother, as both were sons of the wind god, Vayu . Initially, Hanuman tested Bhima's strength and humility by blocking his path with his tail. Despite Bhima's efforts, he was unable to move Hanuman's tail. Recognising the limits of his strength, Bhima humbled himself, prompting Hanuman to reveal his true identity. Hanuman blessed Bhima and provided him guidance to

19642-467: The other Pandavas on their final journey to the Himalayas , where he eventually succumbed to his flaw of gluttony . His character endures in Indian and Javanese cultures as a symbol of immense power, righteous anger, and unwavering loyalty. The word Bhīma in Sanskrit means "terrifying," "formidable," or "fearsome," describing someone who inspires awe or fear through their sheer strength or power. In

19803-435: The preceptor fell unconscious (Chapter 94, Verse 18). Bhima continued his assault on the Kaurava brothers, killing nine more sons of Dhritarashtra (Chapter 96, Verse 23). In another encounter, Bhima faced Bahlika, whom he defeated in combat (Chapter 104, Verse 18). He also engaged Bhurishravas in a duel (Chapter 110, Verse 10). Bhima's continued offensive efforts led to the killing of ten Maharathis (great chariot warriors) of

19964-426: The prestige varieties among the middle classes. In modern English, the loss of grammatical case is almost complete (it is now only found in pronouns, such as he and him , she and her , who and whom ), and SVO word order is mostly fixed. Some changes, such as the use of do-support , have become universalised. (Earlier English did not use the word "do" as a general auxiliary as Modern English does; at first it

20125-406: The prince of Kalinga by thrashing and kicking him (Chapter 155, Verse 24). He continued his offensive against key warriors, pushing and beating Jayarata, Dhruva, Durmada, and Dushkarna to death (Chapter 155). Bhima also rendered the great hero Somadatta unconscious with his club (Chapter 157, Verse 10). Bhima encountered Vikarna along with seven Kaurava brothers . In the battle that ensued, Vikarna

20286-657: The reign of Henry V . Around 1430, the Court of Chancery in Westminster began using English in its official documents , and a new standard form of Middle English, known as Chancery Standard , developed from the dialects of London and the East Midlands . In 1476, William Caxton introduced the printing press to England and began publishing the first printed books in London, expanding the influence of this form of English. Literature from

20447-440: The riches to Yudhishthira. Yudhishthira was able to perform the Rajasuya Yajna successfully. During the grand ceremony, Bhima's valor was acknowledged, and he played a prominent role in the various rituals and the protection of the sacrificial arena. However, the Rajasuya Yajna also sowed the seeds of future conflict. During the ceremony, a dispute arose regarding the distribution of royal honours. Bhima notably supported Krishna in

20608-464: The sense of belonging only to people who are ethnically English . Use of English is growing country-by-country internally and for international communication. Most people learn English for practical rather than ideological reasons. Many speakers of English in Africa have become part of an "Afro-Saxon" language community that unites Africans from different countries. As decolonisation proceeded throughout

20769-478: The source of approximately 28% of Modern English words , and from Latin , which is the source of an additional 28% . As such, though most of its total vocabulary comes from Romance languages , Modern English's grammar, phonology, and most commonly used words in everyday use keep it genealogically classified under the Germanic branch. It exists on a dialect continuum with Scots and is then most closely related to

20930-474: The southern dialects. Theoretically, as late as the 900s AD, a commoner from certain (northern) parts of England could hold a conversation with a commoner from certain parts of Scandinavia. Research continues into the details of the myriad tribes in peoples in England and Scandinavia and the mutual contacts between them. The translation of Matthew 8:20 from 1000 shows examples of case endings ( nominative plural, accusative plural, genitive singular) and

21091-593: The specifics and details of major characters and episodes vary, often significantly. Except for the sections containing the Bhagavad Gita which is remarkably consistent between the numerous manuscripts, the rest of the epic exists in many versions. The differences between the Northern and Southern recensions are particularly significant, with the Southern manuscripts more profuse and longer. Scholars have attempted to construct

21252-455: The study of English as an auxiliary language. The trademarked Globish uses a relatively small subset of English vocabulary (about 1500 words, designed to represent the highest use in international business English) in combination with the standard English grammar. Other examples include Simple English . The increased use of the English language globally has had an effect on other languages, leading to some English words being assimilated into

21413-650: The threat he posed. Another significant event involved the Pandavas' quest to obtain divine weapons. At one point, Arjuna departed to the Himalayas to undertake severe penance in order to acquire celestial weapons from the god Shiva . During Arjuna's prolonged absence, Bhima and the remaining Pandavas grew increasingly concerned for his safety. The Pandavas ventured to Mount Gandhamadana in search of Arjuna. During this arduous journey, they encountered numerous challenges, including fatigue and harsh terrains. At one point, Draupadi fainted from exhaustion. Bhima then invoked his son Ghatotkacha , who promptly arrived and assisted

21574-403: The time of his birth, a celestine prophecy declared that he would become the mightiest warrior. A notable incident in his infancy underscored his extraordinary strength: when he accidentally fell from his mother's lap onto a rock, the rock shattered into pieces while Bhima remained unscathed. This event served as an early indication of his formidable abilities. After Pandu's demise in the forest,

21735-457: The upper and earth worlds, Takyayen, a Tinguian demigod and son of the star goddess Gagayoma, and the three Suludnon demigod sons of Alunsina, namely Labaw Dongon, Humadapnon, and Dumalapdap. Māui Māui English language English is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family , whose speakers, called Anglophones , originated in early medieval England on

21896-537: The vocabularies of other languages. This influence of English has led to concerns about language death , and to claims of linguistic imperialism , and has provoked resistance to the spread of English; however the number of speakers continues to increase because many people around the world think that English provides them with opportunities for better employment and improved lives. Bhima Bhima ( Sanskrit : भीम , IAST : Bhīma ), also known as Bhimasena ( Sanskrit : भीमसेन , IAST : Bhīmasena ),

22057-715: The war, Bhima also killed Anga, the King of the Mleccha tribe (Chapter 26, Verse 17). Bhima's confrontation with Bhagadatta's elephant was a notable encounter in which he was defeated and forced to retreat temporarily (Chapter 26, Verse 19). Later, he targeted Karna 's forces, attacking them and killing fifteen warriors in the process (Chapter 32, Verse 32). Bhima then fought against Vivinsati, Chitrasena, and Vikarṇa (Chapter 96, Verse 31). In another engagement, Bhima fought Alambusha and emerged victorious (Chapter 106, Verse 16). Bhima then clashed with Kritavarma (Chapter 114, Verse 67). During

22218-473: The word bite was originally pronounced as the word beet is today, and the second vowel in the word about was pronounced as the word boot is today. The Great Vowel Shift explains many irregularities in spelling since English retains many spellings from Middle English, and it also explains why English vowel letters have very different pronunciations from the same letters in other languages. English began to rise in prestige, relative to Norman French, during

22379-496: The word "demigod" as a translation of deva . However, there are at least three occurrences in the eleventh chapter of Bhagavad-Gita where the word deva, used in reference to Lord Krishna , is translated as "Lord". The word deva can be used to refer to the Supreme Lord, celestial beings, and saintly souls depending on the context. This is similar to the word Bhagavan , which is translated according to different contexts. Among

22540-785: The world may include no native speakers of English at all, even while including speakers from several different countries. This is particularly true of the shared vocabulary of mathematics and the sciences. English is a pluricentric language , which means that no one national authority sets the standard for use of the language. Spoken English, including English used in broadcasting, generally follows national pronunciation standards that are established by custom rather than by regulation. International broadcasters are usually identifiable as coming from one country rather than another through their accents , but newsreader scripts are also composed largely in international standard written English . The norms of standard written English are maintained purely by

22701-539: The world, but the number of English speakers in India is uncertain, with most scholars concluding that the United States still has more speakers of English than India. Modern English, sometimes described as the first global lingua franca , is also regarded as the first world language . English is the world's most widely used language in newspaper publishing, book publishing, international telecommunications, scientific publishing, international trade, mass entertainment, and diplomacy. English is, by international treaty,

22862-438: The worldwide influence of the British Empire and the United States. Through all types of printed and electronic media in these countries, English has become the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions and professional contexts such as science, navigation , and law. Its modern grammar is the result of a gradual change from a dependent-marking pattern typical of Indo-European with

23023-405: Was adopted in parts of North America, parts of Africa, Oceania, and many other regions. When they obtained political independence, some of the newly independent states that had multiple indigenous languages opted to continue using English as the official language to avoid the political and other difficulties inherent in promoting any one indigenous language above the others. In the 20th century

23184-400: Was carried out discreetly to avoid compromising the Pandavas' incognito status. Kichaka's brothers blamed Sairandhri (Draupadi) for his death and tried to forcefully cremate her along with Kichaka, but Bhima slew them and rescued Draupadi. Despite Kichaka's death raising suspicions within the palace, the Pandavas successfully maintained their disguises. Towards the end of their incognito year,

23345-429: Was considered one of the strongest warriors of his time, with his strength often compared to that of thousands of elephants. Yet, despite his brute force, Bhima also embodied a strong sense of justice and duty, which guided his actions throughout the epic. After the war, Bhima aided his brother Yudhishthira in ruling the kingdom and stood by his brother when he later renounced the throne. Bhima accompanied Yudhishthira and

23506-513: Was divine and one who was mortal. Instead, those who demonstrated "strength, power, good family, and good behavior" were termed heroes , and after death they could be called hemitheoi , a process that has been referred to as "heroization". Pindar also used the term frequently as a synonym for "hero". According to the Roman author Cassius Dio , the Roman Senate declared Julius Caesar a demigod after his 46 BCE victory at Thapsus . However, Dio

23667-443: Was equivalent to punishing them. Bhima also contemplated killing the Kauravas on the spot. However, Arjuna calmed him down, and Yudhisthira firmly prohibited any confrontation. After the Kauravas exiled the Pandavas for thirteen years, Bhima swore terrible oaths of vengeance. He vowed to kill Duryodhana by breaking his thigh, a reference to Duryodhana's insulting gesture during the dice game, when he exposed his thigh (a euphemism for

23828-511: Was fully developed, integrating both Norse and French features; it continued to be spoken until the transition to early Modern English around 1500. Middle English literature includes Geoffrey Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales , and Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur . In the Middle English period, the use of regional dialects in writing proliferated, and dialect traits were even used for effect by authors such as Chaucer. The next period in

23989-457: Was given poisoned food and thrown into the Ganges River while unconscious. However, this plan inadvertently led to Bhima's encounter with the Nagas (divine serpents) in their underwater realm. As Bhima descended into the river's depths, he reached the Naga realm, where the serpents bit him. Their venom neutralised the poison in his body, effectively reviving him. In this realm, Bhima met Aryaka,

24150-539: Was instrumental in addressing many challenges that arose during this period. A prominent encounter during their exile was with the Rakshasa Kirmira , the brother of the Rakshasa Baka , whom Bhima had previously slain in Ekachakra. Kirmira, seeking revenge for his brother's death, confronted the Pandavas in the Kamyaka forest. Bhima engaged in a fierce battle with Kirmira and ultimately killed him, thereby eliminating

24311-510: Was killed by Karna, leading to Bhima lament over his death. Bhima then killed the elephant named Ashvatthama as part of a strategic deception to spread the false news that Drona's son, Ashvatthama , had been killed (Chapter 190, Verse 15). This ruse led to Drona's surrender and eventual downfall. Bhima then fought against the Narayanastra , a celestial weapon deployed by Ashvatthama (Chapter 199, Verse 45). During this encounter, Bhima's charioteer

24472-420: Was killed. Bhima grieved Vikarna's death by praising his noble deeds. In this chapter, Bhima also killed Bahlika (Chapter 157, Verse 11) and other warriors including Nagadatta, Dridharatha, Mahabahu, Ayobhuja, Dridha, Suhastha, Viraja, Pramathi, Ugra, and Anuyayi (Chapter 157, Verse 16). On the 15th day of the war, Bhima attacked Duryodhana and defeated him after a fierce exchange. Bhima's son Ghatotkacha

24633-500: Was lost except in personal pronouns, the instrumental case was dropped, and the use of the genitive case was limited to indicating possession . The inflectional system regularised many irregular inflectional forms, and gradually simplified the system of agreement, making word order less flexible. The transition from Old to Middle English can be placed during the writing of the Ormulum . The oldest Middle English texts that were written by

24794-466: Was one of several attempts by the Kauravas to eliminate Bhima. Another major scheme involved sending the Pandavas, along with Kunti, to Varanavata, where they were placed in a palace made of lac, known as Lakshagraha , with the intention of burning them alive. However, the Pandavas, forewarned by their uncle Vidura , managed to escape through a secret tunnel they had prepared, marking the beginning of their period of concealment to avoid further problems from

24955-533: Was only used in question constructions, and even then was not obligatory. Now, do-support with the verb have is becoming increasingly standardised.) The use of progressive forms in -ing , appears to be spreading to new constructions, and forms such as had been being built are becoming more common. Regularisation of irregular forms also slowly continues (e.g. dreamed instead of dreamt ), and analytical alternatives to inflectional forms are becoming more common (e.g. more polite instead of politer ). British English

25116-459: Was serving in the palace under the guise of a maid named Sairandhri. Kichaka's advances toward Draupadi escalated and he tried to sexually assault her, prompting her to seek Bhima's protection. Bhima devised a plan to eliminate Kichaka without revealing their true identities. He arranged for Draupadi to lure Kichaka into a secluded area, where Bhima, disguised, awaited him. A physical confrontation ensued, during which Bhima killed Kichaka. This incident

25277-415: Was the daughter of King Drupada of Panchala , who held a svayamvara , an ancient ceremony in which a princess could choose her husband from among assembled suitors. During their hiding, they heard of it and went to Panchala to attend it in disguise. During the svayamvara, numerous princes and warriors failed to fulfil the challenge set by King Drupada. However, Arjuna, disguised as a Brahmin , succeeded in

25438-460: Was their encounter with Nahusha , a former king who had been transformed into a python due to a curse. Bhima, while traversing the forest, was captured by this python. Despite his strength, Bhima was unable to free himself. Yudhishthira arrived and, recognising the being as Nahusha, engaged in a dialogue with him. Through Yudhishthira's wisdom, Nahusha was released from his curse and restored to his original form. The Pandavas also had to contend with

25599-472: Was to seize the weapons of the Pandavas. Bhima, who was gone hunting during the abduction, was deeply upset when he came to know of Jatasura's evil act on his return. A fierce encounter followed between the two gigantic warriors, where Bhima emerged victorious by decapitating Jatasura and crushing his body. After completing their twelve-year exile, the Pandavas entered their thirteenth year, during which they were required to live incognito. They sought refuge in

25760-546: Was writing in the third century CE — centuries after the death of Caesar — and modern critics have cast doubt on whether the Senate really did this. The first Roman to employ the term "demigod" may have been the poet Ovid (17 or 18 CE), who used the Latin semideus several times in reference to minor deities. The poet Lucan (39-65) also uses the term to speak of Pompey attaining divinity upon his death in 48 BCE. In later antiquity,

25921-410: Was yoked to horses described as being as black as bears or black antelopes. Bhima wielded a celestial bow named Vayavya, gifted to him by his divine father, Vayu, and also possessed the massive conch named Paundra. Additionally, he wielded a colossal mace, said to have the strength of a hundred thousand maces, which had been presented to him by Mayasura . Before hostilities broke out, Krishna sought

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