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65-463: Delta Theta Phi is the only law fraternity with an authoritatively recognized law review , The Adelphia Law Journal . Membership is the only requirement to submit a note for consideration for publication. The governing body for the fraternity, called the Supreme Senate, has overseen the operation of the fraternity since 1913. The Supreme Senate was originally composed of seven elected officers until

130-472: A Lord Chief Justice of England , 33 current or former U.S. Senators and 77 current or former U.S. Representatives and at least one state representative (Illinois) David Ivar Swanson . Law review A law review or law journal is a scholarly journal or publication that focuses on legal issues. A law review is a type of legal periodical . Law reviews are a source of research, imbedded with analyzed and referenced legal topics; they also provide

195-578: A "legal newspaper", folded after just one year. Its spiritual successor, the current Albany Law Review was later published in 1936. The Columbia Jurist was created by students in 1885 but ceased publication in 1887. Despite its short lifespan, the Jurist is credited with inspiring creation of the Harvard Law Review , first published in 1887 . The current Columbia Law Review , was founded in 1901. The National Law Review also started during

260-729: A "write on competition" at the end of their first year of law school. Grades and class standing are often considered during the application process. Law professor Erwin N. Griswold noted the concern some have about the unusual nature of a publication being run by students and celebrated the impact that it has had in law and legal education. In 1995, Richard Posner argued law reviews had a higher standard of fact-checking to faculty-run journals or published books, and described them as indispensable resources for law clerks, judges, practitioners and professors. He also argued that faculty-run journals are generally better at aspects including article selection and editing interdisciplinary papers. In Canada,

325-461: A category-leading specialized journal. Often the best indicator is the age of the journal; a newer journal will rarely have the same clout with employers that the older journal has, even when the older journal is specialized. In any case, membership on any such journal is a valuable credential when searching out employment after law school. The paths to membership vary from law school to law school, and also from journal to journal, but generally contain

390-499: A few of the same basic elements. Most law reviews select members after their first year of studies either through a writing competition (often referred to as "writing on" to the law review), their first-year grades (referred to as "grading on" to the law review) or some combination thereof. Most Canadian law reviews, however, do not take grades into considerations and cannot be submitted with the application. A number of schools will also grant membership to students who independently submit

455-415: A joint competition with the main law review. A law review's membership is normally divided into staff members and editors. On most law reviews, all 2Ls (second-year students) are staff members while some or all 3Ls (third-year students) serve as editors. 3Ls also typically fill the senior editorial staff positions, including senior articles editor, senior note & comment editor, senior managing editor, and

520-413: A justice dies, retires, resigns, or is impeached and convicted . Each Supreme Court justice has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before it, and the chief justice's vote counts no more than that of any other justice; however, the chief justice leads the discussion of the case among the justices. Furthermore, the chief justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the court's opinion; otherwise,

585-817: A new national law fraternity. Students at the Detroit College of Law, after seeing the article formed the Cooley chapter to actually make the fraternity national. In November 1903, Theta Lambda Phi started The Paper Book as its official form of communication. Delta Theta Phi still uses that name for its official publication mailed to all members. Sigma Nu Phi was founded in 1903 at National University School of Law . In 1916, Sigma Nu Phi started publishing The Owl . Delta Theta Phi merged with Sigma Nu Phi in 1989, taking all of Sigma Nu Phi members into membership and gaining The Adelphia Law Journal , giving Delta Theta Phi its own authoritatively recognized law review. As of 1920,

650-431: A number of reasons why journal membership is desired by some students: At schools with more than one law review, membership on the main or flagship journal is normally considered more prestigious than membership on a specialty law journal. This is not the case at all schools, however. At many schools, the more prestigious journal is the specialty journal; a low-ranked general journal will rarely attract as much attention as

715-500: A particular applicant. A student who has been selected for law review membership is said to have "made the law review". Secondary journals vary widely in their membership process. For example, at Yale Law School , the only one of its nine journals that has a competitive membership process is the flagship Yale Law Journal  – all others are open to any Yale Law student who wishes to join. By contrast, other secondary journals may have their own separate membership competition or may hold

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780-512: A portion of prospective editors in order to increase the diversity of the journal’s membership. In 2018, a self-styled group of "faculty, alumni, and students opposed to racial preferences" sued New York University Law Review and Harvard Law Review over this practice. Both suits were dismissed in 2019 for lack of standing. In 2019, the top 16 law schools in the United States all reported female editors-in-chief of their law reviews. For

845-855: A publication by the state Bar Association started in 1894. In 1917, editorship was taken over by the West Virginia College of Law and became the West Virginia Law Review in 1949. The first law review originating outside the Northeast was the Michigan Law Review , beginning in 1902. The Northwestern University Law Review —formerly the Illinois Law Review —followed shortly thereafter in 1906. Both Michigan and Northwestern were launched by faculty and only later turned over to student editors. Following these publications, there

910-440: A publishable article. The write-on competition usually requires applicants to compose a written analysis of a specific legal topic, often a recent Supreme Court decision. The written submissions are often of a set length, and applicants are sometimes provided with some or all of the background research. Submissions normally are graded blindly, with submissions identified only by a number which the graders will not be able to connect to

975-485: A scholarly analysis of emerging legal concepts from various topics. The primary function of a law review is to publish scholarship in the field of law. Law reviews publish lengthy, comprehensive treatments of subjects (referred to as "articles"), that are generally written by law professors , and to a lesser extent judges, or legal practitioners. The shorter pieces, attached to the articles, commonly called "notes" and "comments", often are written by law student members of

1040-477: A set of chambers in the Supreme Court building, and employ law clerks. The names of retired associate justices continue to appear alongside those of the active justices in the bound volumes of Supreme Court decisions. Federal statute ( 28 U.S.C.   § 294 ) provides that retired Supreme Court justices may serve—if designated and assigned by the chief justice—on panels of the U.S. courts of appeals, or on

1105-689: A student was added to the board to assure a more complete student representation. In the 1970s, a second student position was added. Delta Theta Phi was established September 26, 1913 , by the amalgamation or union of three previously existing professional fraternities, viz.: Alpha Kappa Phi , Delta Phi Delta and Theta Lambda Phi . Delta Phi Delta (law) was founded at the Cleveland Law School of Baldwin University, September 15, 1900, by C. E. Schmick, E. Quigley, F. W. Sinram, J. L. Barrett, W. F. Mackay, J. H. Orgill and Arthur Born. It went national with

1170-500: Is also tasked with carrying out the chief justice's duties when he is unable to, or if that office is vacant. There are currently eight associate justices on the Supreme Court. The justices, ordered by seniority, are: An associate justice who leaves the Supreme Court after attaining the age and meeting the service requirements prescribed by federal statute ( 28 U.S.C.   § 371 ) may retire rather than resign. After retirement, they keep their title, and by custom may also keep

1235-411: Is always considered to be the most senior justice. If two justices are commissioned on the same day, the elder is designated the senior justice of the two. Currently, the senior associate justice is Clarence Thomas . By tradition, when the justices are in conference deliberating the outcome of cases before the Supreme Court, the justices state their views in order of seniority. The senior associate justice

1300-709: Is an attempt to create a legal publication, that is produced from all groups related to law, including lawyers, academics, students, members of the judiciary, procurators and anyone else in related fields with an interest in China. Examples include the NALSAR Student Law Review and the National Law School of India Review . The Mexican Law Review , the law review of the National Autonomous University of Mexico , Mexico's preeminent university,

1365-654: Is an example of a professionally edited law review in Ireland, while some leading student law reviews include the Trinity College Law Review and the UCD Law Review . Bocconi Legal Papers is a student-edited law journal in Italy. It is a project sponsored by Bocconi School of Law and is published by a group of students belonging to the same institution, under the supervision of several faculty advisors. They adopted

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1430-565: Is competitive and traditionally confers honor and prestige. Selection for law review membership is usually based on a combination of students' grades, their performance on a short article-writing competition, as well as an examination on Bluebook legal citation rules. In the US, law reviews are normally edited and published by an organization of students at a law school or through a bar association , in close collaboration with faculty members. Law reviews can provide insight and ideas that contribute to

1495-618: Is edited by professors and is therefore a closer cousin to peer-reviewed social science journals than to typical student-run law journals. RUPTURA, is the law review of the Law School Association of the Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador . This law review is edited by students who maintain an annual publication standard. RUPTURA is considered the oldest magazine in the region. Online legal research providers such as Westlaw and LexisNexis give users access to

1560-618: Is unique of law schools. North American law schools usually have flagship law reviews and several secondary journals dedicated to specific topics. For example, Harvard Law School 's flagship journal is the Harvard Law Review , and it has 16 other secondary journals such as the Harvard Journal of Law & Technology and the Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review . Membership and editorial positions on law journals, especially flagship law reviews,

1625-531: The University of Pennsylvania Law Review , it is the oldest surviving law review in the US. By the 1870s, these early commercial legal periodicals established the format for a more "modern style of legal writing" and led to today's student-edited law reviews. The first student-edited law periodical in the US was the Albany Law School Journal , founded in 1875. This journal, described as something like

1690-634: The Judiciary Act of 1869 . Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the Constitution of the United States grants plenary power to the president to nominate, and with the advice and consent (confirmation) of the Senate , appoint justices to the Supreme Court. Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution effectively grants life tenure to associate justices, and all other federal judges , which ends only when

1755-842: The Review of the Academic Center Afonso Pena from the Federal University of Minas Gerais (published since 1996), and the Alethes Periodic from Federal University of Juiz de Fora . To pursue academic recognition by the Brazilian Ministry of Education, review bodies must include post-graduated and ranked academics, which prevents student law reviews to even be recognized or compared to other similar legal periodicals. In China, there are law reviews run by academics, as well as law reviews run by students. The China Law Journal

1820-635: The Washington and Lee University Law School rankings, the average US News Peer Reputation score from the last 10 years, the average ranking of the School in US News of the last 10 years, and Google Scholar metrics for all Law reviews in the United States. There has been a weak correlation between law school ranking and law review citation metrics. In the United States, law reviews are typically edited by students who are selected to join after successfully completing

1885-434: The 1880's, but was not student or academically produced, but published by Pennsylvania reporter and legal book publisher Kay & Brother and included editorially reviewed contributions by practicing attorneys focusing on the interpreting court decisions on a nationwide basis versus regionally and was not an academic law review. It continues today as on-line only daily legal news service with analysis contributed by lawyers and

1950-559: The African context," including "legal and institutional regional and sub-regional developments, post conflict resolution, constitutionalism, commercial law and environmental law". In spite of some few exceptions, in Argentina almost all law reviews are run by publishing houses or law professors. In both cases, the involvement of students in the day to day creation of these reviews is fully narrowed. Among these few exceptions, it should be mentioned

2015-733: The Commonwealth more generally are the Law Quarterly Review (first published 1885), the Modern Law Review (first published 1937), the Cambridge Law Journal (first published 1973), The Oxford Journal of Legal Studies (first published 1981) and Legal Studies (first published 1981). In Africa, the Journal of African Law has published articles focusing on "legal pluralism and customary law'" to "issues of international law in

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2080-528: The Faculty of Law at the University of Oslo and one student from the Faculty of Law at the University of Bergen. Its articles are mainly related to the curriculum at these universities. Within the United Kingdom, as in much of the Commonwealth outside North America (a notable exception being Australia), all of the leading law reviews are edited and run by academics. The leading law reviews in the United Kingdom and

2145-686: The International Chamber of Commerce - Italy. Its editorial board is composed of more than 150 members, including students, scholars, and professionals from all over the world. It is a double-blind peer reviewed law journal, run by University of Bologna, School of Law students, which follows The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation. The Trento Student Law Review is a student-run law review based in Trento, Italy. Established in 2017, it published its first issue, titled "Number Zero", in January 2018. In

2210-651: The Netherlands ( Ars Aequi  [ nl ] ), Groningen Journal of International Law ) and the Czech Republic ( Common Law Review ). In Belgium, the oldest and most prominent student-edited law review is Jura Falconis . It was founded by a group of students from the Law Faculty of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven who, in 1964, conceived the idea of producing their own law journal grafted on

2275-765: The Netherlands, Ars Aequi  [ nl ] is one of the few general legal journals. It has been published since 1951. It is edited by students from all faculties of law of Dutch universities, who review and edit submitted articles ( peer review is not common in Dutch law journals). The quality of its publications is considered top-ranked in the Dutch legal discipline. Ars Aequi publishes articles written by established scholars, researchers and students. The editorial board does however not set different quality standards for student articles. Ars Aequi  [ nl ] has published its Black Issue in 1970, criticizing legal aid. It resulted in reforms of accessible legal aid in

2340-535: The Netherlands. In Iceland, Úlfljótur Law Review , has been in publication since 1947. In 2007 it celebrated its 60th anniversary. Since its creation in 1947 it has been edited and run by students at the Department of Law, University of Iceland. Úlfljótur Law Review is the most senior of all academic journals still in publication at the university and held in great respect by Icelandic jurists and legal scholars. In Finland, Helsinki Law Review , edited by students at

2405-431: The U.S. district courts. Retired justices are not, however, authorized to take part in the consideration or decision of any cases before the Supreme Court (unlike other retired federal judges who may be permitted to do so in their former courts); neither are they known or designated as a "senior judge". When, after his retirement, William O. Douglas attempted to take a more active role than was customary, maintaining that it

2470-536: The University of Helsinki, has been active since 2007. Earlier, the University of Turku published Turku Law Journal from 1999 to 2003. Sweden's first law review is Juridisk Publikation . The first number of Juridisk Publikation was published in April 2009. It originated as a review by students from Stockholm University. It is now delivered to Swedish law students from all universities, as well as to most legal libraries in

2535-506: The advantage of an earlier date of origin its founders took the name of an old undergraduate fraternity called Alpha Kappa Phi which originated at Centre College, Ky., in 1858 and established a number of chapters in the South, the last one of which at the University of Mississippi became Beta Beta chapter of Beta Theta Pi in 1879, becoming extinct a few years later. They also sought to secure some sanction for their conduct by securing permission of

2600-568: The bedrock of jurisprudence. For example, Justice Stanley Mosk of the Supreme Court of California admitted that he got the idea for market share liability from the Fordham Law Review comment cited extensively in the court's landmark decision in Sindell v. Abbott Laboratories (1980). A 2012 study found that the Supreme Court has increased its use of citing law journals and reviews over

2665-648: The case of Revista Lecciones y Ensayos , a law review ran by students at the School of Law of the University of Buenos Aires . In Australia, as of 2017, the leading student-edited peer-reviewed academic law reviews are the Melbourne University Law Review , Melbourne Journal of International Law , University of New South Wales Law Journal , and Monash University Law Review . The Melbourne University Law Review generally outperforms Sydney Law Review on reputation, impact, citation in journal and cases and combined rankings. These publications are among

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2730-492: The complete text of most law reviews published beginning from the late 1980s. Another such service, Heinonline , provides actual scans of the pages of law reviews going back to the 1850s. Membership on the law review staff is highly sought after by some law students, as it often has a significant impact on their subsequent careers as attorneys. Many U.S. federal judges and partners at the most prestigious law firms were members or editors of their school's law review. There are

2795-569: The country. Juridisk Publikation is edited by top students from the law schools in Lund, Stockholm Uppsala, Gothenborg and Umeå. The publication is anonymously peer reviewed by a board of leading Swedish legal practitioners and academics. In Norway, the first student edited law review Jussens Venner was founded in 1952 by students Carsten Smith and Torkel Opsahl (both of whom later became distinguished academics). Occasionally it features peer-reviewed articles, but its editors are composed of one student from

2860-496: The establishment of a Beta chapter (now the Harlan-McKusick Senate ) at the University of South Dakota School of Law in 1904. Delta Phi Delta's Magazine was The Syllabus , first published in 1911. Delta Theta Phi now uses that name for the newsletter distributed to elected members of the administrative organization. Alpha Kappa Phi was founded at the law school of Northwestern University October 6, 1902. Seeking to secure

2925-458: The exception rather than the norm. In Continental Europe law reviews are almost uniformly edited by academics. However, a small number of student-edited law reviews have recently sprung into existence in Germany ( Ad Legendum , Bucerius Law Journal , Freilaw Freiburg Law Students Journal , Goettingen Journal of International Law , Hanse Law Review , Heidelberg Law Review , Marburg Law Review ),

2990-536: The famous American law reviews. Since then, Jura Falconis has grown into a very solid and most unusual value in the Belgian legal literature. The articles in the leading law reviews in France are written by academics and lawyers, the principal editors are Dalloz , LexisNexis, Lamy Liaisons  [ fr ] (part of the international Wolters Kluwer group) and Francis Lefebvre  [ fr ] . Irish Law Times

3055-467: The first time in history, women led all of the law journals of the most prestigious U.S. law schools. Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States An associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States is a justice of the Supreme Court of the United States , other than the chief justice of the United States . The number of associate justices is eight, as set by

3120-440: The following senates (chapters) existed, with fourteen having been established after consolidation. There are now more than 150 student senates of Delta Theta Phi. Schools in italics are now closed. Delta Theta Phi has chartered a number of additional chapters since 1920. The national website does not list its chapters, so until a current reference is established this list does not include those new chapters nor those gained through

3185-402: The format of a working paper series, as a way to complement – rather than compete with – peer-reviewed publications and offer scholars an additional round of feedback. The University of Bologna Law Review is a student-run law journal published by the Department of Legal Studies of the University of Bologna , and officially sponsored by Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP and

3250-875: The fully student-run law reviews (without a Faculty editor-in-chief) include, in order of the frequency they are cited by the Supreme Court of Canada: the McGill Law Journal , the Osgoode Hall Law Journal , the Queen's Law Journal , the Alberta Law Review , University of British Columbia Law Review , the University of Ottawa Law Review , the Saskatchewan Law Review , and the University of Toronto Faculty of Law Review . The country also has several specialized publications run entirely by students. Outside North America, student-run law reviews are

3315-402: The last 61 years in majority, concurring or dissenting opinions, especially for important or difficult cases, despite claims by some judges to the contrary. In addition to rankings that measure impact factor , a number of methods can be used to assess the notability of a law review. A professor at the University of Oregon School of Journalism and Communication averages the annual rankings of:

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3380-414: The law review. Law review articles often express the thinking of specialists or experts with regard to problems, in a legal setting, with potential solutions to those problems. Historically, law review articles have been influential in the development of the law; they have been frequently cited as persuasive authority by courts. Some law schools publish specialized reviews, dealing with a particular area of

3445-425: The law school, students may receive academic credit for their work on the law review, although some journals are entirely extracurricular. English and US law education in the early 19th century was dominated by the study of "discursive" treatises which examined older English case law. These treatises were written by eminent scholars of the era but had diminishing relevance to a newly founded nation. The treatise format

3510-424: The law, such as civil rights and civil liberties , international law , environmental law , and human rights. Some specialized reviews focus on statutory, regulatory, and public policy issues. Law reviews are generated in almost all law bodies/institutions worldwide. In the United States and Canada, most law journals are housed at individual law schools and are edited by students, not professional scholars, which

3575-535: The living members of the extinct society to such assumption of their abandoned name. But no expedient of this kind could alter the date of the organization of this fraternity or serve as a basis for a claim to an earlier date than 1902. The fraternity became national in 1904 with the installation of the Beta chapter at Illinois College of Law (now the Warvelle Senate at DePaul University College of Law). Theta Lambda Phi

3640-456: The most prestigious of all, editor-in-chief of the law review. (Upon graduation, the editor-in-chief of the law review can often expect to be highly recruited by the most prestigious law firms.) As members, students are normally expected to edit and cite-check the articles that are being published by the law review, ensuring that references support what the author claims they support and that footnotes are in proper Bluebook format, depending on

3705-630: The most-cited law reviews by the High Court of Australia and among the most cited non-US reviews by US journals. The top international law journal in Australia is the Melbourne Journal of International Law , also a student-edited peer-reviewed academic law review. In Brazil, law reviews are usually run by academics as well, but there are efforts by students to change this; for example: University of Brasilia Law Students Review (re-established in 2007),

3770-622: The national merger in 1989 with Sigma Nu Phi. Notable initiates of Delta Theta Phi Law Fraternity include four U.S. Presidents ( Theodore Roosevelt , William Taft , Calvin Coolidge , and Lyndon B. Johnson ), Robert Menzies , an Australian Prime Minister , nine Chief or Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States , including among them Edward Douglass White Jr. , Charles Evans Hughes , Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. , Harry Blackmun , John Paul Stevens , Sandra Day O’Connor , and William K. Suter , Alfred Lawrence, 1st Baron Trevethin ,

3835-502: The publication's journalists. The success of the Harvard Law Review provided a model that was followed by later journals: faculty-written articles solicited and published by student editors. Yale Law Journal , first published in 1891, used this format to great success. Other contemporary journals were launched by faculty with varying degrees of student input including Dickinson Law Review in 1897. The West Virginia Bar ,

3900-448: The publication's preference. On some law reviews, students may be expected to write a note or comment of publishable quality (although it need not actually be published), although other law reviews often pull from a broader pool for submissions. The editorial staff is normally responsible for reviewing and selecting articles for publication, managing the editing process, and assisting members in writing their notes and comments. Depending on

3965-401: The senior justice in the majority assigns the writing of a decision. The chief justice also has certain administrative responsibilities that the other justices do not and is paid slightly more ($ 298,500 per year as of 2023, compared to $ 285,400 per year for an associate justice). Associate justices have seniority in order of the date their respective commissions bear, although the chief justice

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4030-877: Was a lull in new journals broken in 1908 by publication of the Maine Law Review which unfortunately ceased publication when the school closed in 1920. The California Law Review , beginning in 1912, was the nation's first law review published west of Illinois. The Georgetown Law Journal was launched that same year. Additional US law reviews During the 1990s, the American Bar Association began coordinating its own practitioner journals with law schools, courting student editorial bodies for publications including Administrative Law Review , The International Lawyer , Public Contract Law Journal , and The Urban Lawyer . Some law reviews also consider race, gender, and other demographic characteristics of all or

4095-466: Was also unsuited to communicate the rapid decisions of a young court system to an expanding population of lawyers. By the 1850s a number of legal periodicals had arisen in the US which "typically highlighted recent court decisions, local news, and editorial comments". One of these periodicals, the American Law Register , was founded in 1852 and has been published continually since. Now known as

4160-525: Was founded February 18, 1903, at the law school of Dickinson College by Thomas S. Lanard and Walter P. Bishop. The first chapter was founded as the Holmes chapter with permission of Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. A representative of West Publishing when visiting the law school learned of the formation of the fraternity, and the next issue of the Docket (published by West) announced the organization of Theta Lambda Phi as

4225-571: Was his prerogative to do so because of his senior status, he was rebuffed by Chief Justice Warren Burger and admonished by the whole Court. There are currently three living retired associate justices: David Souter , retired June 29, 2009; Anthony Kennedy , retired July 31, 2018; and Stephen Breyer , retired June 30, 2022. Souter has served on panels of the First Circuit Courts of Appeals following his retirement; Kennedy and Breyer have not performed any judicial duties since retiring. Since

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