51-645: Delhi Photo Festival is a biennial photography festival organised by the Nazar Foundation in Delhi . The third edition of DPF held from 30 October to 8 November 2015. The festival was held in Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) The Delhi Photo Festival was started in 2011, curated by photographers Prashant Panjiar and Dinesh Khanna under the aegis of the Nazar Foundation. The Nazar Foundation
102-611: A social group that is significantly associated with the group's identity. The English phrase "collective memory" and the equivalent French phrase "la mémoire collective" appeared in the second half of the nineteenth century. The philosopher and sociologist Maurice Halbwachs analyzed and advanced the concept of the collective memory in the book Les cadres sociaux de la mémoire (1925). Collective memory can be constructed, shared, and passed on by large and small social groups. Examples of these groups can include nations, generations, communities, among others. Collective memory has been
153-451: A bombing that occurred in the 1980s . The clock was later set at 10.25 to remember the tragic bomb (de Vito et al. 2009). The individuals were asked to remember if the clock at Bologna central station in Italy had remained functioning, everyone said no, in fact it was the opposite (Legge, 2018). There have been many instances in history where people create a false memory . In a 2003 study done in
204-453: A completely collective memory is at best an aspiration of politicians, which is never entirely fulfilled and is always subject to contestations. In its place, Beiner has promoted the term "social memory" and has also demonstrated its limitations by developing a related concept of "social forgetting". Historian David Rieff takes issue with the term "collective memory", distinguishing between memories of people who were actually alive during
255-487: A draw. The sociologist David Leupold draws attention to the problem of structural nationalism inherent in the notion of collective memory, arguing in favor of "emancipating the notion of collective memory from being subjected to the national collective" by employing a multi-collective perspective that highlights the mutual interaction of other memory collectives that form around generational belonging, family, locality or socio-political world-views. Pierre Lévy argues that
306-404: A few of these are introduced below. James E. Young has introduced the notion of 'collected memory' (opposed to collective memory), marking memory's inherently fragmented, collected and individual character, while Jan Assmann develops the notion of 'communicative memory', a variety of collective memory based on everyday communication. This form of memory resembles the exchanges in oral cultures or
357-415: A group recall, an individual might not remember as much as they would on their own, as their memory recall cues may be distorted because of other team members. Nevertheless, this has enhanced benefits, team members can remember something specific to the disruption of the group. Cross-cueing plays a role in formulation of group recall (Barber, 2011). In 2010, a study was done to see how individuals remembered
408-466: A group – also did not reduce collaborative inhibition. Therefore, group members' motivation to overcome the interference of group recall cannot be achieved by several motivational factors. Information exchange among group members often helps individuals to remember things that they would not have remembered had they been working alone. In other words, the information provided by person A may 'cue' memories in person B. This results in enhanced recall. During
459-420: A mix of city marketing , internationalism, gentrification issues and destination culture, and the spectacular, large scale of the event. The situation of biennials has changed in the contemporary context: while at its origin in 1895 Venice was a unique cultural event, but since the 1990s hundreds of biennials have been organized across the globe. Given the ephemeral and irregular nature of some biennials, there
510-447: A monetary incentive have been evidenced to fail to produce an increase in memory for groups. Further evidence from this study suggest something other than social loafing is at work, as reducing evaluation apprehension – the focus on one's performance amongst other people – assisted in individuals' memories but did not produce a gain in memory for groups. Personal accountability – drawing attention to one's own performance and contribution in
561-510: A percentage estimation from 0% to 100%, evidence for collective narcissism was found as many countries gave responses exaggerating their country's contribution. In another study where American's from the 50 states were asked similar questions regarding their state's contribution to the history of the United States, patterns of overestimation and collective narcissism were also found. Certain cognitive mechanisms involved during group recall and
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#1733085395842612-595: A pretext the wedding anniversary of the Italian king and followed up to several national exhibitions organised after Italy unification in 1861. The Biennale immediately put forth issues of city marketing, cultural tourism and urban regeneration, as it was meant to reposition Venice on the international cultural map after the crisis due to the end of the Grand Tour model and the weakening of the Venetian school of painting. Furthermore,
663-417: A similar memory of the past. Research on larger interactions show that collective memory in larger social networks can emerge due to cognitive mechanisms involved in small group interactions. With the ability of online data such as social media and social network data and developments in natural language processing as well as information retrieval it has become possible to study how online users refer to
714-405: A social group; or the continuous process by which collective memories of events change. The difference between history and collective memory is best understood when comparing the aims and characteristics of each. A goal of history broadly is to provide a comprehensive, accurate, and unbiased portrayal of past events. This often includes the representation and comparison of multiple perspectives and
765-422: A topic of interest and research across a number of disciplines, including psychology , sociology , history , philosophy , and anthropology . Collective memory has been conceptualized in several ways and proposed to have certain attributes. For instance, collective memory can refer to a shared body of knowledge (e.g., memory of a nation's past leaders or presidents); the image, narrative, values and ideas of
816-504: A tribute to photographer Prabuddha Dasgupta , who died in 2012, the theme of the 2nd Delhi Photo Festival was chosen as "Grace", inspired by a talk he gave describe his Longing series during at the 1st edition of the festival in 2011, "I want to have a long string of images, held together by grace, because grace is that undefineable, non rational, non linear word that I am looking for…." . Based on theme, 41 photographs and 50 digital exhibits were chosen from over 2,349 worldwide submissions for
867-576: Is held every five years, and Skulptur Projekte Münster every ten). The term has also derived a suffix for other creative events, as in "Berlinale" for the Berlin International Film Festival and " Viennale " for Vienna 's international film festival, both of which are held annually. According to author Federica Martini, what is at stake in contemporary biennales is the diplomatic and international relations potential as well as urban regeneration plans. Besides being mainly focused on
918-442: Is little consensus on the exact number of biennials in existence at any given time. Furthermore, while Venice was a unique agent in the presentation of contemporary art, since the 1960s several museums devoted to contemporary art are exhibiting the contemporary scene on a regular basis. Another point of difference concerns 19th century internationalism in the arts, that was brought into question by post-colonial debates and criticism of
969-698: Is the owner and parent body of the Delhi Photo Festival. The first two editions of the Delhi Photo Festival were in partnership with the India Habitat Centre and were hosted at the IHC. However, since early 2015 and onwards, this partnership with the IHC has since been dissolved. The first Delhi Photo Festival was held from 15 to 28 October at the India Habitat Centre (IHC). Organised by Prashant Panjiar and Dinesh Khanna, photographers and co-founders of
1020-409: Is with crude concepts of collectivity , which assume a homogeneity that is rarely, if ever, present, and maintain that, since memory is constructed, it is entirely subject to the manipulations of those invested in its maintenance, denying that there can be limits to the malleability of memory or to the extent to which artificial constructions of memory can be inculcated. In practice, the construction of
1071-621: The Venice Biennale , which was first held in 1895, but the concept of such a large scale, and intentionally international event goes back to at least the 1851 Great Exhibition in London. Although typically used to refer to art festivals or exhibitions which occur every two years, the term is not always applied strictly. Since the 1990s, the terms biennale and biennial have both been used to refer to large-scale international survey shows of contemporary art that recur at regular intervals ( Documenta
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#17330853958421122-789: The " Mandela effect ". The name "Mandela effect" comes from the name of South African civil rights leader Nelson Mandela whom many people falsely believed was dead. (Legge, 2018). The Pandora Box experiment explains that language complexes the mind more when it comes to false memories. Language plays a role with imaginative experiences, because it makes it hard for humans to gather correct information (Jablonka, 2017). Compared to recalling individually, group members can provide opportunities for error pruning during recall to detect errors that would otherwise be uncorrected by an individual. Group settings can also provide opportunities for exposure to erroneous information that may be mistaken to be correct or previously studied. Listening to group members recall
1173-474: The Claremont Graduate University, results demonstrated that during a stressful event and the actual event are managed by the brain differently. Other instances of false memories may occur when remembering something on an object that is not actually there or mistaking how someone looks in a crime scene (Legge, 2018). It is possible for people to remember the same false memories; some people call it
1224-532: The Gardens where the Biennale takes place were an abandoned city area that needed to be re-functionalised. In cultural terms, the Biennale was meant to provide on a biennial basis a platform for discussing contemporary art practices that were not represented in fine arts museums at the time. The early Biennale model already included some key points that are still constitutive of large-scale international art exhibitions today:
1275-526: The Havana Biennial in 1984 is widely considered an important counterpoint to the Venetian model for its prioritization of artists working in the Global South and curatorial rejection of the national pavilion model. In the term's most commonly used context of major recurrent art exhibitions : Collective memory Collective memory refers to the shared pool of memories, knowledge and information of
1326-665: The Nazar Foundation, a Delhi-based photography organisation and IHC. Its central exhibition based on the theme "Affinity, emphasising kinships and the movement of the inward gaze" included 35 Indian and 39 international photo portfolios from about 24 countries. It featured works of Kanu Gandhi , who extensively photographed Mahatma Gandhi and Raghu Rai , a veteran photographer, besides talks and workshops by Prabuddha Dasgupta , Raghu Rai, Dayanita Singh , Ketaki Sheth, Swapan Parekh, Ram Rahman, Pablo Bartholomew , Sam Harris, Shahidul Alam, Sohrab Hura , Vidura Jang Bahadur and Nitin Upadhye. As
1377-410: The analysis of collective memory in social networks such as investigation of over 2 million tweets (both quantitively and qualitatively) that are related to history to uncover their characteristics and ways in which history-related content is disseminated in social networks. Hashtags, as well as tweets, can be classified into the following types: The study of digital memorialization , which encompasses
1428-462: The attention to more distant years declines in news. Based on a topic modelling and analysis they then detected major topics portraying how particular years are remembered. Rather than news, Misplaced Pages was also the target of analysis. Viewership statistics of Misplaced Pages articles on aircraft crashes were analyzed to study the relation between recent events and past events, particularly for understanding memory-triggering patterns. Other studies focused on
1479-416: The brain are required for attaining new information, and if any of these structures are damaged you can get anterograde or retrograde amnesia (Anastasio et al.,p. 26, 2012). Amnesia could be anything that disrupts your memory or affects you psychologically. Over time, memory loss becomes a natural part of amnesia. Sometimes you can get retrograde memory of a recent or past event. Bottom-up approaches to
1530-436: The cognitive mechanisms involved in the formation and transmission of collective memory; and comparing the social representations of history between social groups. Research on collective memory have taken the approach to compare how different social groups form their own representations of history and how such collective memories can impact ideals, values, behaviors and vice versa. Developing social identity and evaluating
1581-526: The contemporary art "ethnic marketing", and also challenged the Venetian and World Fair's national representation system. As a consequence of this, Eurocentric tendency to implode the whole word in an exhibition space, which characterises both the Crystal Palace and the Venice Biennale, is affected by the expansion of the artistic geographical map to scenes traditionally considered as marginal. The birth of
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1632-415: The creation of moments of spectacle. In this respect, 19th century World fairs provided a visual crystallization of colonial culture and were, at the same time, forerunners of contemporary theme parks. The Venice Biennale , a periodical large-scale cultural event founded in 1895, served as an archetype of the biennales. Meant to become a World Fair focused on contemporary art , the Venice Biennale used as
1683-414: The events in question, and people who only know about them from culture or media. Rieff writes in opposition to George Santayana 's aphorism "those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it", pointing out that strong cultural emphasis on certain historical events (often wrongs against the group) can prevent resolution of armed conflicts, especially when the conflict has been previously fought to
1734-445: The formation of collective memories and what details are ultimately included and excluded by group members. This mechanism has been studied using the socially-shared retrieval induced forgetting paradigm, a variation of the retrieval induced forgetting method with individuals. The brain has many important brain regions that are directed at memory, the cerebral cortex, the fornix and the structures that they contain. These structures in
1785-456: The formation of collective memories investigate how cognitive-level phenomena allow for people to synchronize their memories following conversational remembering. Due to the malleability of human memory, talking with one another about the past results in memory changes that increase the similarity between the interactional partners' memories When these dyadic interactions occur in a social network, one can understand how large communities converge on
1836-496: The gigantic and futuristic London architecture that hosted the Great Exhibition in 1851. According to philosopher Peter Sloterdijk , the Crystal Palace is the first attempt to condense the representation of the world in a unitary exhibition space, where the main exhibit is society itself in an a-historical, spectacular condition. The Crystal Palace main motives were the affirmation of British economic and national leadership and
1887-438: The information recalled by group members disrupts the idiosyncratic organization one had developed. As each member's organization is disrupted, this results in the less information recalled by the group compared to the pooled recall of participants who had individually recalled (an equal number of participants as in the group). Despite the problem of collaborative inhibition, working in groups may benefit an individual's memory in
1938-473: The integration of these perspectives and details to provide a complete and accurate account. In contrast, collective memory focuses on a single perspective, for instance, the perspective of one social group, nation, or community. Consequently, collective memory represents past events as associated with the values, narratives and biases specific to that group. Studies have found that people from different nations can have major differences in their recollections of
1989-611: The interactions between these mechanisms have been suggested to contribute to the formation of collective memory. Below are some mechanisms involved during when groups of individuals recall collaboratively. When groups collaborate to recall information, they experience collaborative inhibition, a decrease in performance compared to the pooled memory recall of an equal number of individuals. Weldon and Bellinger (1997) and Basden, Basden, Bryner, and Thomas (1997) provided evidence that retrieval interference underlies collaborative inhibition, as hearing other members' thoughts and discussion about
2040-509: The long run, as group discussion exposes one to many different ideas over time. Working alone initially prior to collaboration seems to be the optimal way to increase memory. Early speculations about collaborative inhibition have included explanations, such as diminished personal accountability, social loafing and the diffusion of responsibility, however retrieval disruption remains the leading explanation. Studies have found that collective inhibition to sources other than social loafing, as offering
2091-454: The memories collected (and made collective) through oral tradition . As another subform of collective memories, Assmann mentions forms detached from the everyday; they can be particular materialized and fixed points as, e.g. texts and monuments. The theory of collective memory was also discussed by former Hiroshima resident and atomic-bomb survivor, Kiyoshi Tanimoto , in a tour of the United States as an attempt to rally support and funding for
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2142-475: The past and what they focus at. In an early study in 2010 researchers extracted absolute year references from large amounts of news articles collected for queries denoting particular countries. This allowed to portray so-called memory curves that demonstrate which years are particularly strongly remembered in the context of different countries (commonly, exponential shape of memory curves with occasional peaks that relate to commemorating important past events) and how
2193-651: The past in order to prevent past patterns of conflict and errors are proposed functions of why groups form social representations of history. This research has focused on surveying different groups or comparing differences in recollections of historical events, such as the examples given earlier when comparing history and collective memory. Differences in collective memories between social groups, such as nations or states, have been attributed to collective narcissism and egocentric/ethnocentric bias. In one related study where participants from 35 countries were questioned about their country's contribution to world history and provided
2244-731: The past. In one study where American and Russian students were instructed to recall significant events from World War II and these lists of events were compared, the majority of events recalled by the American and Russian students were not shared. Differences in the events recalled and emotional views towards the Civil War, World War II and the Iraq War have also been found in a study comparing collective memory between generations of Americans. The concept of collective memory, initially developed by Halbwachs , has been explored and expanded from various angles –
2295-441: The phenomenon of human collective intelligence undergoes a profound shift with the arrival of the internet paradigm, as it allows the vast majority of humanity to access and modify a common shared online collective memory. Though traditionally a topic studied in the humanities, collective memory has become an area of interest in psychology. Common approaches taken in psychology to study collective memory have included investigating
2346-458: The present (the "here and now" where the cultural event takes place and their effect of "spectacularisation of the everyday"), because of their site-specificity cultural events may refer back to, produce or frame the history of the site and communities' collective memory . A strong and influent symbol of biennales and of large-scale international exhibitions in general is the Crystal Palace ,
2397-411: The previously encoded information can enhance memory as it provides a second exposure opportunity to the information. Studies have shown that information forgotten and excluded during group recall can promote the forgetting of related information compared to information unrelated to that which was excluded during group recall. Selective forgetting has been suggested to be a critical mechanism involved in
2448-519: The reconstruction of his Memorial Methodist Church in Hiroshima. He theorized that the use of the atomic bomb had forever added to the world's collective memory and would serve in the future as a warning against such devices. See John Hersey 's 1946 book Hiroshima . Historian Guy Beiner (1968- ), an authority on memory and the history of Ireland, has criticized the unreflective use of the adjective "collective" in many studies of memory: The problem
2499-528: The theme exhibition. The festival will also host talks, seminars and workshops by Aveek Sen, Sumit Dayal, Munem Wasif and Raghu Rai . Apart from the venue, around 20 major galleries of Delhi city, including the National Gallery of Modern Art , Galerie Romain Rolland at Alliance Française , Delhi have partnered to host their own independent photography exhibitions during the festival period. The 2015 edition
2550-410: The topic at hand interferes with one's own organization of thoughts and impairs memory. The main theoretical account for collaborative inhibition is retrieval disruption . During the encoding of information, individuals form their own idiosyncratic organization of the information. This organization is later used when trying to recall the information. In a group setting as members exchange information,
2601-414: Was held at the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) from 30 October to 8 November 2015. The third edition's theme was "Aspire". The program for #DPF2015 included: Biennale In the art world , a Biennale ( Italian: [bi.enˈnaːle] ), Italian for "biennial" or "every other year", is a large-scale international contemporary art exhibition. The term was popularised by
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