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71-521: Cuauhtémoc ( Spanish pronunciation: [kwawˈtemok] ), named after the former Aztec Ruler Tlahtoani , is a borough ( demarcación territorial ) of Mexico City . It contains the oldest parts of the city, extending over what was the entire urban core of Mexico City in the 1920s. Cuauhtémoc is the historic and cultural center of the Capital, although it is not the geographical center. While it ranks only sixth in population, it generates about

142-406: A city or municipal government, which rents stands to private vendors. The largest is La Lagunilla Market , with nearly 2,000 vendors divided among three large warehouse type buildings. It is known for its large furniture and shoe market but most of the vendors sell food and everyday items. Designed to "modernize" the tradition of tianguis or street markets, some were even promoted through art, such as

213-549: A few days later. Tlacotzin , Cuauhtémoc's cihuacoatl , was appointed his successor as tlatoani . He died the next year before he could return to Tenochtitlan. The modern-day town of Ixcateopan in the state of Guerrero is home to an ossuary purportedly containing Cuauhtémoc's remains. Archeologist Eulalia Guzmán , a "passionate indigenista ", excavated the bones in 1949, which were discovered shortly after bones of Cortés, found in Mexico City, had been authenticated by

284-1688: A mayor. The seat of the borough government is located in Colonia Buenavista. These are the colonias and neighborhoods in Cuauhtémoc: Colonia Centro  • Colonia Doctores  • Colonia Obrera  • Tepito  • Colonia Algarín  • Colonia Ampliación Asturias  • Colonia Asturias  • Colonia Atlampa  • Colonia Buenavista  • Colonia Buenos Aires  • Centro Urbano Benito Juárez  • Colonia Condesa  • Colonia Cuauhtémoc  • Colonia Esperanza  • Colonia Exhipódromo de Peralvillo  • Colonia Felipe Pescador  • Colonia Guerrero  • Colonia Hipódromo  • Colonia Hipódromo Condesa  • Colonia Juárez  • Colonia Maza  • Colonia Morelos  • Colonia Paulino Navarro  • Colonia Peralvillo  • Colonia Roma  • Colonia San Rafael  • Colonia San Simón Tolnahuac  • Colonia Santa María Insurgentes  • Colonia Santa María la Ribera  • Unidad Habitacional Nonoalco-Tlatelolco  • Colonia Tabacalera  • Colonia Tránsito  • Colonia Valle Gómez  • Colonia Vista Alegre  • Zona Rosa The early history of

355-443: A number of discrepancies in the various accounts of the event. According to Cortés himself, on 27 February 1525, he learned from a citizen of Tenochtitlan , Mexicalcingo, that Cuauhtémoc, Coanacoch (the ruler of Texcoco ), and Tetlepanquetzal , the ruler of Tlacopan , were plotting his death. Cortés interrogated them until each confessed and then had Cuauhtémoc, Tetlepanquetzal, and another lord, Tlacatlec, hanged. Cortés wrote that

426-419: A poorhouse, a cigar factory, 19 restaurants, 2 inns, 28 corrals for horses and 2 official neighborhoods. After Mexico gained its Independence in 1824, Mexico City was designated as the capital of the new country, and the city and its surrounding area (11.5 km) were incorporated as a "Federal District," separate from the other states. By the late, 19th century, the city began to break its traditional confines with

497-709: A third of the entire city's GDP, mostly through commerce and services. It is home to the Mexican Stock Exchange , the important tourist attractions of the historic center and Zona Rosa , and various skyscrapers such as the Torre Mayor and the Mexican headquarters of HSBC. It also contains numerous museums, libraries, government offices, markets and other commercial centers which can bring in as many as 5 million people each day to work, shop or visit cultural sites. This area has had problems with urban decay , especially in

568-513: Is a bas relief showing the Spaniards' torture of the emperor. Eventually, some gold was recovered but far less than Cortés and his men expected. Cuauhtémoc, now baptized as Fernando Cuauhtémotzín, continued to hold his position under the Spanish, keeping the title of tlatoani, but he was no longer the sovereign ruler. From his surrender until his death, Cuauhtémoc was mostly kept in guarded custody by

639-532: Is a higher than average percentage of private schools, which tend to have better results. The dropout rate, at 7.54%, is better than average. In 2009, there were 1,737 students receiving special education full or part-time accounting for 4.66% of all special education students in Mexico City. Over 97% of these students get their services from public institutions. However, the borough has limited facilities for adult education, especially for those who do not speak Spanish as their first language or are undereducated. This

710-533: Is also one of the few non-Spanish given names for Mexican boys that is perennially popular. Individuals with this name include the politician Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas and footballer Cuauhtémoc Blanco . In the Aztec campaign of the PC game Age of Empires II: The Conquerors , the player plays as Cuauhtémoc, despite the name Montezuma for the campaign itself, and Cuauhtémoc narrates the openings and closings to each scenario. In

781-899: Is centered on the Zócalo or main square which contains the Aztec ruins of the Templo Mayor , the Metropolitan Cathedral and the National Palace of Mexico . The borough covers 32.44 km, divided into 34 colonias, 2,627 city blocks, 1,267,000 m of green areas, 1,500 buildings classified as national monuments, 2 archeological zones (Tlatelolco and Templo Mayor), 1,290 private buildings with official historic value ( valor patrimonial de propiedad privada ), 210 public buildings with official historic value, 120 government buildings, and two major planned-housing complexes ( Unidad Habitacional Nonoalco-Tlatelolco and Centro Urbano Benito Juárez ). In addition,

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852-550: Is entrusted with 'archaeological' (pre-Hispanic and paleontological) and 'historical' (post-Conquest 16th to 19th centuries) structures, zones and remnants, while INBAL is entrusted with 'artistic' buildings and monuments (properties that are of significant aesthetic value as deemed by a commission). Worthy edifices are catalogued in the Registro Público de Monumentos y Zonas Arqueológicos e Históricos (Public Register of Archeological and Historic Monuments and Zones). Currently,

923-690: Is home to a large number of federal and city government buildings, especially in the historic center, Colonia Tabacalera and Colonia Doctores. Paseo de la Reforma , especially the section which divides Colonia Juárez from Colonia Cuauhtémoc, is the most modern and constantly developing part of the borough. It is home to the Mexican Stock Exchange, the headquarters of HSBC in Mexico and Mexico City's tallest skyscrapers, Torre Reforma , Chapultepec Uno , Torre BBVA México and Torre Mayor . Construction of office buildings and high rise apartments continue in

994-448: Is inferred from knowledge of his age, and the likely events and life path of someone of his rank. Following education in the calmecac , the school for elite boys, and then his military service, he was named ruler of Tlatelolco, with the title cuauhtlatoani ("eagle ruler") in 1515. To have reached this position of rulership, Cuauhtemoc had to be a male of high birth and a warrior who had captured enemies for sacrifice. Cuauhtemoc married

1065-628: Is problematic due to the influx of indigenous people from rural parts of Mexico. Private schools: Colegio Alemán Alexander von Humboldt previously had a campus at 43 Benjamin G. Hill in Hipódromo Condesa , in what is now a part of Universidad La Salle . The U.S. Embassy, the British Embassy and Japan Embassy is in Colonia Cuauhtémoc , Cuauhtémoc. Cuauht%C3%A9moc Cuauhtémoc took power in 1520 as successor of Cuitláhuac and

1136-522: Is the Eje Central which runs north south and divides the historic center in half. Due to the large number of people who enter and leave this borough each day, up to 800,000 vehicles circulate the streets each day, making traffic jams, especially in the historic center, a frequent occurrence. The cycle rickshaw , known in Mexico as bicitaxi (from the English "bike taxi"), is a popular means of transport in

1207-516: The Abelardo L. Rodriguez Market . Tianguis still survive and can be found in most parts of the borough as well as in much of the rest of Mexico. In the borough, the best known tianguis is located in Tepito in which 12,000 people do business on the streets. Tourism plays a major role in the borough's economy. It contains some of the best-known landmarks of Mexico City, so it has become the most visited area of

1278-574: The Circuito Interior , Viaducto Miguel Alemán and San Antonio Abad, which were built for traffic passing through the center of the city. The Circuito Interior is a circular bypass and it is the second most important roadway in the city after the Anillo Periférico . The ejes viales are a series of north-south and west-east roads built by Carlos Hank González in the 1980s to make Mexico City more automobile-friendly. The largest of these

1349-642: The Cuauhtémoc borough of Mexico City . Smaller towns include Ciudad Cuauhtémoc, Veracruz and Ciudad Cuauhtémoc, Chiapas . The Cuauhtémoc is a vessel of the Mexican Navy that serves as a cultural ambassador with frequent visits to world ports. There is a Cuauhtémoc station on Line 1 of the Mexico City metro as well as one for Moctezuma. There is also a metro station in Monterrey named after him. Cuauhtémoc

1420-545: The Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH). Initially, Mexican scholars congratulated Guzmán, but after a similar examination by scholars at INAH, their authenticity as Cuauhtemoc's was rejected, as the bones in the ossuary belonged to several different persons, several of them seemingly women. The finding caused a public uproar. A panel assembled by Guzmán gave support to the initial contention. The Secretariat of Public Education (SEP) had another panel examine

1491-537: The State of Mexico . In the 2007–2008 school year, there were 22,651 K-12 students, about 6.36% of Mexico City's total. 70.64% attend public schools and 29.14% attend private schools. There are 264 public and private preschools, 116 middle schools, 102 technical and regular high schools, and 13 teachers’ colleges. The borough has the lowest level of illiteracy and the highest percentage of students who have finished primary and middle schools, in part because there

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1562-464: The historic center . Efforts to revitalize the historic center and some other areas have been ongoing since the 1990s, by both government and private entities. Such efforts have resulted in better public parks, such as the Alameda Central , which was renovated; the modification of streets such as 16 de Septiembre and Madero that have become car-free for pedestrians ( zona peatonal ). Cuauhtémoc

1633-530: The 5 million who come into this borough each day are there to work, visit the area's markets, shops and cultural attractions or are tourists. The borough is the most visited area of the city by tourists, who mostly come to see the historic center and Zona Rosa . People from other parts of the city come to visit the museums and large public markets such as La Lagunilla, Mixcalco, Hidalgo, Medellín and San Juan. The influx brings in 800,000 vehicles to circulate its streets each day, with traffic jams, especially in and near

1704-425: The Aztec princess who later became known as Isabel Moctezuma . When Cuauhtemoc was elected tlatoani in 1520, Tenochtitlan had already been rocked by the invasion of the Spanish and their indigenous allies, the death of Moctezuma II, and the death of Moctezuma's brother Cuitlahuac , who succeeded him as ruler, but died of smallpox shortly afterwards. In keeping with traditional practice, the most able candidate among

1775-627: The Deportivo Bicentennario has been started in Colonia Buenos Aires . There are 264 public and private preschools, 116 middle schools, 102 technical and regular high schools and 13 teachers' colleges. Because it is the oldest part of Mexico City, with buildings which are centuries old, deterioration is an ongoing concern. Currently, at least 789 inhabited buildings in twelve colonias have been listed as in danger of condemnation, due to structural damage caused by sinking into muddy soil of

1846-514: The INAH carries out its work through a Technical Secretariat which supervises the performance of its main duties and whose tasks are distributed among its seven National Coordination Offices and 31 Regional Centers throughout the states of the Mexico. This bureau is responsible for the over 110,000 historical monuments, built between the 16th and 19th centuries, and for 29,000 of Mexico's estimated 200,000 pre-Columbian archeological zones found throughout

1917-515: The Spaniards. In 1525, Cortés took Cuauhtémoc and several other indigenous nobles on his expedition to Honduras , as he feared that Cuauhtémoc could have led an insurrection in his absence. While the expedition was stopped in the Chontal Maya capital of Itzamkanac, known as Acalan in Nahuatl , Cortés had Cuauhtémoc executed for allegedly conspiring to kill him and the other Spaniards. There are

1988-557: The Zocalo as possible. The city soon became filled with mansions, large churches and monasteries and monumental public buildings which would eventually earn it the nickname of "City of Palaces." At the beginning of the 19th century, this city remained mostly within what is now called the historic center although various drainage projects had been enlarging the island. The city proper contained 397 streets and alleys, 12 bridges, 78 plazas, 14 parish churches, 41 monasteries, 10 colleges, 7 hospitals,

2059-706: The area was not particularly safe at night. Starting in the late 1990s, the city and federal governments, along with some private associations have worked to revitalize the borough, especially the historic center. Starting in the early 2000s, the government infused 500 million pesos (US$ 55 million) into the Historic Center Trust and entered into a partnership with a business group led by Carlos Slim , to buy dozens of centuries-old buildings and other real estate to rehabilitate. Work has concentrated on renovating historic buildings, repaving streets, and improving water, lighting and other infrastructure. A number of

2130-548: The area, causing it to become a distinctive neighborhood of its own: the high-rises that face the avenue are very distinct from the older ones behind them, mostly used for more traditional housing and small businesses. One of the newest major projects in the mid-2000s was Reforma 222, two towers combining office space with residential units. In the rest of the borough, commerce is more traditional with numerous public markets, informal markets called tianguis and street peddling. Public markets are buildings constructed and maintained by

2201-400: The bones, which gave support to INAH's original finding, but did not report on the finding publicly. A scholarly study of the controversy was published in 2011 and argued that the available data suggests that the grave is an elaborate hoax prepared by a local of Ichcateopan as a way of generating publicity, and that subsequently supported by Mexican nationalists such as Guzman who wished to use

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2272-1222: The borough contains 43 museums, 23 clock towers, 150 public and private libraries, 24 centers for infant development, 6 cultural centers sponsored by the borough, 38 publicly sponsored markets with 14,434 vendors, 25 stage theaters, 123 movie theaters and 9 public sports complexes. The sports facilities include Deportivo Cuauhtémoc in Colonia Buenavista , Deportivo José María Morelos y Pavón in Colonia Morelos , Deportivo Peñoles in Colonia Valle Gómez , Deportivo Guelatao in Colonia Centro , Deportivo Tepito in Colonia Morelos , Deportivo Antonio Caso in Tlatelolco , Deportivo Francisco Javier Mina in Colonia Guerrero , Deportivo Estado de Tabasco in Colonia Exhipódromo de Peralvillo and Deportivo 5 de Mayo in Tlatelolco. A new center called

2343-662: The borough's 34 colonias have been ranked in the Top 10 most lawless in the city by the Secretary of Public Safety of Mexico City, with a few, such as Tepito , are infamous for being so. Some of these run down areas are lower class colonias such as Colonia Guerrero and Colonia Morelos , but similar problems are also found upper middle class colonias such as the northern part of Colonia Roma . The most common crimes are muggings with 1.47 reports per day, robbery of businesses with .78 reports per day, and car theft with .71 reports per day. Most of

2414-520: The borough's problems. Many of the problems with urban decay (abandoned buildings, squatters, uncontrolled street vending, crime, etc.) continue. The continued migration of people into the area from rural parts of Mexico has increased illiteracy rates, in addition to poorer areas where dropout rates are high. The borough government has been accused of corruption by the Cámara de Comercio, Servicios y Turismo (Chamber of Commerce, Services and Tourism), especially in

2485-576: The borough. Within Cuauhtémoc, Aeroméxico and HSBC Mexico have their headquarters in Colonia Cuauhtémoc . Cablemás and Magnicharters have their headquarters in Colonia Juárez . The borough has 14 million meters of roadways with 314 main intersections. The vast majority of these are current and former residential streets, but there are also three expressways and various axis roads ( ejes viales ) for through traffic. The three main arteries are

2556-629: The city by tourists. The most popular areas are the historic center, Alameda Central/Bellas Artes, Reforma, and Zona Rosa. The borough also has the most developed hotel infrastructure, with 389 hotels out of the 6,464 in the city. About half of all four and five-star hotels are located here. Government is also one of the main employers: the National Government Palace , the Senate of the Republic and Mexico City administrative buildings are located in

2627-444: The city such as Colonia Morelos, and Colonia Doctores . In 1928, President Álvaro Obregón divided the rapidly growing Federal District area into thirteen boroughs (delegaciones), with what was then the city proper designated as the Cuauhtémoc borough. While the borough still remained the center of city's commerce, politics, academia and culture during the first half of the 20th century, this historic center began going into decline as

2698-503: The construction of new neighborhoods, called colonias, in the still drying lakebed. This was especially true in the areas west of the historic area, with the creation of "modern" colonias for the wealthy along the Paseo de la Reforma , built earlier by Maximilian I . These colonias include Colonia Juárez , Colonia Roma , Colonia Cuauhtémoc and Colonia San Rafael . Colonias for poorer and working-class people were built mostly north and south of

2769-464: The country and a significant percentage speak an indigenous language with Spanish as a second language, or do not speak Spanish at all. As of 2005, seven percent of the borough's population is made up of these migrants. These migrants have put strains on services such as education. The borough was the hardest hit by the 1985 earthquake with 258 buildings completely crumbled, 143 partially collapsed and 181 were seriously damaged. The result

2840-413: The country. One hundred and fifty of the archeological sites are open to the public. The INAH also supervises over a hundred museums. These are found across the country and are categorized according to the extension and quality of their collections, geographical locations, and number of visitors. Over 500 Teotihuacan murals are in storage at the INAH. The INAH recognises its most famous researchers with

2911-491: The countryside to aid the defense of Tenochtitlán, after eighty days of warfare against the Spanish. Of all the Nahuas, only Tlatelolcas remained loyal, and the surviving Tenochcas looked for refuge in Tlatelolco , where even women took part in the battle. Cuauhtémoc was captured on August 13, 1521, while fleeing Tenochtitlán by crossing Lake Texcoco with his wife, family, and friends. He surrendered to Hernán Cortés along with

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2982-602: The damage caused by uneven sinking. A large part of this borough is divided between commercial zones and historic and cultural sites. While the borough does not have the highest crime rate in the city, with 13.9% of all Mexico City crime committed here, it is considered to be fairly dangerous because of its urbanization and the fact that most of the people found in the borough are there only to work or visit. In some older neighborhoods, people live and raise children along with street vending, squatting, and takeover of public spaces by drug addicts, drug dealers, and prostitutes. Seven of

3053-600: The damaged structures were never fixed or rebuilt, leading to slums or garbage-strewn vacant lots. As late as the 2000s, buildings damaged from the event have collapsed. In 2003, the city government expropriated sixty four properties thought to be in danger of sudden collapse due to damage suffered nearly 20 years earlier after a collapse of an apartment building in Colonia Vista Alegre , but in 2010 an apartment building partially collapsed in Colonia San Rafael, due to

3124-453: The defeated Mexica to depart the city unmolested. Subsequently, however, when the booty found did not measure up to the Spaniards' expectations, Cuauhtémoc was subjected to " torture by fire", whereby the soles of his bare feet were slowly broiled over red-hot coals, in an unsuccessful attempt to discover its whereabouts. On the statue to Cuauhtemoc, on the Paseo de la Reforma in Mexico City, there

3195-558: The delegation coincides with the history of Aztec Tenochtitlan and colonial Mexico City . Tenochitlan was founded on a marshy island in Lake Texcoco . It was divided into four capuillis or neighborhoods centering on the Templo Mayor. This temple's ruins are located very close to the modern main square or Zocalo today. When the Spanish conquered Tenochtitlan in 1521 , they destroyed most of

3266-399: The early colonial period, European-style construction would replace Aztec ones over the entire island city, with the most important public buildings concentrated on the blocks adjoining the Zocalo. As the center of New Spain, the city held the greatest prestige, prompting those who had made their fortunes through conquest, mining, commerce and other means to have homes in the city, as close to

3337-598: The find for political purposes. Cuauhtemoc is the embodiment of indigenist nationalism in Mexico, being the only Aztec emperor who survived the conquest by the Spanish Empire (and their native allies). He is honored by a monument on the Paseo de la Reforma , his face has appeared on Mexican coins, banknotes, and he is celebrated in paintings, music, and popular culture. Many places in Mexico are named in honour of Cuauhtémoc. These include Ciudad Cuauhtémoc in Chihuahua and

3408-513: The former lakebed. These are mostly located in the historic center and the colonias immediately surrounding it. Some of these have been classified as having historic or artistic value by the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes or Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia . This has been a problem for the area for centuries and has involved famous structures such as the Metropolitan Cathedral, which had major foundation work done to stop

3479-417: The high noblemen was chosen by vote of the highest noblemen, and Cuauhtemoc assumed the rulership. Although under Cuitlahuac Tenochtitlan began mounting a defense against the invaders, it was increasingly isolated militarily and largely faced the crisis alone, as the numbers of Spanish allies increased with the desertion of many polities previously under its control. Cuauhtémoc called for reinforcements from

3550-403: The historic center nearly a daily occurrence. While it is the most important borough economically , bringing millions of people into its territory on any given day, its population of 545,884 in 2020 ranks only sixth out of the city's 16 boroughs. This population has been steadily decreasing even as the population of the rest of the city has remained static, although there was a slight increase in

3621-611: The historic center. The borough has the largest number of Metro lines running through it. These include Line 1 , Line 2 , Line 3 , Line 5 , Line 8 , Line 9 and Line B . There are also trolleybus lines running north-south and east-west, Lines 1 and 3 of the Metrobus as well as numerous bus routes. Another important public transportation service is the Tren Suburbano commuter railway, which has its southern terminal in Colonia Buenavista with service north as far as Cuautitlán in

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3692-400: The historic center. This made the area unpalatable for tourists. As the historic center is the city's main tourist attraction, the city lost its standing as a destination for international visitors, instead becoming an airport connection for other areas of the country. Until recently, many of the restaurants of the area, even the best, would close early to allow employees time to get home because

3763-444: The issuance of business permits with exorbitant fee and fines. Most of the problem is with small torilla operations, paper stores and small grocery stores which operate completely at the discretion of borough agents. Cuauhtémoc alone accounts for 35.1% of Mexico City's entire GDP, and by itself, has the seventh largest economy in Mexico. Most of the borough's economy is based on commerce (52.2%), followed by services (39.4%). The borough

3834-429: The last 10 years. A fairly large percentage of the population is either over 60 years of age and over half of the residents are either single or living with a partner. The borough contains only seven percent of all housing units in the city. Those who do live here are mostly employed in services (57.5%) and commerce (23.4%). The borough was first established on December 30, 1970, after the circumscription of Mexico City

3905-648: The next installment to the series, Age of Empires 3: The War Chiefs , Cuauhtémoc is the leader of Aztecs. In the 1996 Rage Against the Machine single People of the Sun , lyricist Zack De La Rocha rhymes "When the fifth sun sets get back reclaimed, The spirit of Cuauhtémoc alive and untamed". Cuauhtémoc, in the name Guatemoc, is portrayed sympathetically in the adventure novel Montezuma's Daughter , by H. Rider Haggard . First appearing in Chapter XIV, he becomes friends with

3976-466: The old Aztec public buildings but kept the basic layout of the city, which roughly extends over what is now known as the historic center or Colonia Centro. The Cathedral was built over a portion of the sacred precinct (teocalli) of the destroyed Templo Mayor, the National Palace was built over Moctezuma 's New Palace and the Zocalo was built over what was an open space near the sacred temple space. Over

4047-574: The oldest streets near the Zocalo have been made into pedestrian only and most street vendors have been forced to move out of the historic center. This paved the way for the opening of upscale eateries, bars and fashionable stores. Also, young people are moving into downtown lofts. To attract more tourists, there are new red double-decker buses. There have been other efforts in other parts of the borough such as in Colonia Juarez and Colonia Obrera but with mixed results. However, this has not resolved all of

4118-459: The other lords would be too frightened to plot against him again, as they believed he had uncovered the plan through magic powers. Cortés's account was accepted by contemporary historian Francisco López de Gómara . According to Bernal Díaz del Castillo , a conquistador serving under Cortés who recorded his experiences in his book The True History of the Conquest of New Spain , the supposed plot

4189-490: The position. Cuauhtemoc's date of birth is unknown, as he does not enter the historical record until he became emperor. He was the eldest legitimate son of Emperor Ahuitzotl and may well have attended the last New Fire ceremony, marking the beginning of a new 52-year cycle in the Aztec calendar . According to several sources his mother, Tiyacapantzin, was a Tlatelolcan princess. Like the rest of Cuauhtemoc's early biography, that

4260-599: The prehistoric, archaeological , anthropological , historical , and paleontological heritage of Mexico . Its creation has played a key role in preserving the Mexican cultural heritage. Its current national headquarters are housed in the Palace of the Marqués del Apartado . INAH and the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes y Literatura are tasked with cataloging and protecting monuments and buildings regarded as cultural patrimony. INAH

4331-421: The protagonist after they save each other's lives. His coronation, torture, and death are described in the novel. Instituto Nacional de Antropolog%C3%ADa e Historia The Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia ( INAH , National Institute of Anthropology and History ) is a Mexican federal government bureau established in 1939 to guarantee the research, preservation, protection, and promotion of

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4402-490: The same cause. Since the quake, the borough has invested in its own early warning system, which was created for it by UNAM . Between the flight of wealthier residents from the historic center and the colonias that immediately surround it and the damage from the 1985 earthquake, parts of the borough became deserted at night. Former mansions had been converted into tenements for the poor, and the sidewalks and streets were taken over by pickpockets and street vendors, especially in

4473-528: The same prices they were in the 1950s.With no financial incentive to keep up their properties, landlords let their buildings disintegrate. Most of this occurred in the historic center, but this phenomenon also presented itself in other areas such as Colonia San Rafael and the Centro Urbano Benito Juárez as well. Since the 1950s, the city has received the highest number of migrants from other parts of Mexico. Most of these come from very rural areas of

4544-415: The surviving pipiltin (nobles) and, according to Spanish sources, he asked Cortés to take his knife and "strike me dead immediately". According to the same Spanish accounts, Cortés refused the offer and treated his foe magnanimously. "You have defended your capital like a brave warrior," he declared. "A Spaniard knows how to respect valor, even in an enemy." At Cuauhtémoc's request, Cortés also allowed

4615-540: The three lords were joking cheerfully with one another because of a rumor that Cortés had decided to return the expedition to Mexico, when Cortés asked a spy to tell him what they were talking about. The spy reported honestly, but Cortés invented the plot himself. Cuauhtémoc, Coanacoch, and Tetlepanquetzal were hanged as well as eight others. However, Cortés cut down Coanacoch, the last to be hanged, after his brother began rallying his warriors. Coanacoch did not have long to enjoy his reprieve, as Ixtlilxóchitl wrote that he died

4686-408: The wealthy moved out into the new western colonias as early as the end of 19th century. By the 1950s, the country's main university UNAM moved almost all of its facilities out of the borough and into the newly built Ciudad Universitaria in the south of the city. In the 1940s, the city government froze rents in the borough and by the late 1990s, when this was finally repealed, many tenants were paying

4757-553: Was a cousin of the late emperor Moctezuma II . His young wife, who was later known as Isabel Moctezuma , was one of Moctezuma's daughters. He ascended to the throne when he was around 25 years old, while Tenochtitlan was being besieged by the Spanish and devastated by an epidemic of smallpox brought to the Americas by Spanish conquerors. After the killings in the Great Temple , there were probably few Aztec captains available to take

4828-468: Was revealed by two men, named Tapia and Juan Velásquez. Díaz portrays the executions as unjust and based on no evidence, and he admits to having liked Cuauhtémoc personally. He also records Cuauhtémoc giving the following speech to Cortés through his interpreter Malinche : Oh Malinzin [i.e., Cortés]! Now I understand your false promises and the kind of death you have had in store for me. For you are killing me unjustly. May God demand justice from you, as it

4899-421: Was split in 4 boroughs. Before the political reforms of 2016, it was governed by a borough chief ( jefe delegacional )) and a cabinet consisting of a Secretaria Particular, Coordinacion de Asesores, Dirección Interinstitucional y de Fomento Economico, Subdirección Técnica, Subdirección de Comunicación Social and Subdirección de Unidades Habitacionales. After becoming an alcaldía , the head of government became

4970-431: Was taken from me when I entrusted myself to you in my city of Mexico! Díaz wrote that afterwards, Cortés suffered from insomnia because of guilt and badly injured himself while he was wandering at night. Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl , a castizo historian and descendant of Coanacoch, wrote an account of the executions in the 17th century partly based on Texcocan oral tradition . According to Ixtlilxóchitl,

5041-407: Was the loss of 100,000 residents, just in the historic center. Another area with major damage was Colonia Roma with a number of buildings collapsing completely. Even areas that did not suffer significant damage, such as Colonia San Rafael, were affected when homeless from other parts of the borough moved in, or Colonia Condesa , when wealthier residents moved out. Because of the rent situation, most of

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