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57-579: The Delano Record began as the Delano Holograph in 1908. George Keyzers bought the newspaper in 1950, and operated it until its sale to Reed Print Co. in 1985. During the late 1960s it was known for supporting grape growers over workers during the Delano grape strike . Cesar Chavez recalled that the Record accused him of using "vicious dogs" to scare workers into signing up for the newly formed union. In fact,

114-448: A collective bargaining agreement was reached with major table grape growers, affecting more than 10,000 farm workers. The Delano grape strike is most notable for the effective implementation and adaptation of boycotts, the unprecedented partnership between Filipino and Mexican farm workers to unionize farm labor, and the resulting creation of the UFW labor union, all of which revolutionized

171-613: A 40-cent-per-hour raise, which resulted in a wage equivalent to the $ 1.40-per-hour wage that the recently outlawed braceros were paid. After the strike in Coachella, farm workers followed the grape-picking season and moved north to Delano. The Filipino farm workers who came up from Coachella were led by Larry Itliong , Philip Vera Cruz , Benjamin Gines, and Elasco under the AWOC. Upon arriving in Delano,

228-661: A boycott of grapes grown at ranches without UFW contracts. In the summer of 1966, unions and religious groups from Seattle and Portland endorsed the boycott. Supporters formed a boycott committee in Vancouver, prompting an outpouring of support from Canadians that would continue throughout the following years. In 1967, UFW supporters in Oregon began picketing stores in Eugene, Salem, and Portland. After melon workers went on strike in Texas, growers held

285-699: A contract with the growers, they did succeed in winning higher wages. Following the success in Southern California, on September 8, 1965, the Agriculture Workers Organizing Committee voted to strike against grape growers in Delano, California , where the grape season starts in September. This strike became the first time Mexican workers, due to the decision of Cesar Chavez , did not break a strike of Filipinos; later, on September 16, 1965, Chavez's National Farm Workers Association joined

342-551: A desire to support the Filipinos' efforts, Chavez decided to hold an emergency conference at the Our Lady of Guadalupe Church (Iglesia Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe) on September 16 to allow NFWA members to decide for themselves whether or not to join the struggle at Delano. A crowd of more than twelve hundred supporters attended the meeting and overwhelmingly voted in favor of joining the strike, with members repeatedly chanting, "Huelga!" –

399-522: A doctoral candidate at University of California, Santa Barbara , called the merger "devastating for the Filipinos who participated in the UFW." After leaving the United Farm Workers, Itliong assisted retired Filipino farmworkers in Delano and was a delegate at the 1972 Democratic National Convention . Together with Vera Cruz, Itliong worked towards building a retirement facility for UFW workers, known as Agbayani Village . Although no longer in

456-445: A few group shots. Larry Itliong Modesto " Larry " Dulay Itliong (October 25, 1913 – February 1977 ), also known as " Seven Fingers ", was a Filipino-American union organizer . He organized West Coast agricultural workers starting in the 1930s, and rose to national prominence in 1965, when he, Philip Vera Cruz , Benjamin Gines and Pete Velasco, walked off the farms of area table-grape growers, demanding wages equal to

513-567: A law allowing for secret ballot union representation elections for farm workers. By mid-September, the UFW won the right to represent 4,500 workers at 24 farms, while the Teamsters won the right to represent 4,000 workers at 14 farms. The UFW won the majority of the elections in which it participated. The Teamsters signed an agreement with the UFW in 1977, promising to end its efforts to represent farm workers. The boycott of grapes, lettuce, and Gallo Winery products officially ended in 1978. Despite

570-471: A mockery of the legitimate aspirations of our citizens of Mexican ancestry for the recognition by officialdom to which they are entitled... In 2011, Schafter Press, which printed the Record , caught fire. The fire destroyed the paper news archives, causing the loss of any material that had not previously been stored on microfiche. The newspaper closed its doors in 2017 after Reed Print folded. The Bakersfield.com site (formerly The Bakersfield Californian )

627-674: A result of this, many Filipino leaders and union members such as Larry Itliong left the union, as they felt overlooked and their needs, especially of the older Filipino workers, unprioritized. The consequence of the visions conflicting between Filipino and Mexican farmworkers lead another Filipino leader Philip Vera Cruz decide to leave the union following Cesar Chavez’s meeting with Filipino President Ferdinand Marcos where Chavez received recognition in Marcos’ regime. This essentially meant that Filipino leadership and workers were on their own trying to represent themselves to achieve their needs. Tensions in

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684-401: A victory for the UFW and farm workers. By 1968, the UFW had signed contracts with 10 different table grape growers, which included Schenley Industries and DiGiorgio Corporation, but strikes and boycotts did not cease until 1970, when 26 table grape growers signed contracts with the UFW. Contracts between the UFW and grape growers were the first of their kind in agricultural history, and alongside

741-745: The State of California . It was proclaimed in 2019 by Governor Gavin Newsom . In mid-April 2013, the New Haven Unified School District renamed Alvarado Middle School as the Itliong-Vera Cruz Middle School in honor of Vera Cruz and Larry Itliong; this school is the first school in the United States to be named for Filipino Americans. There was a vocal opposition to the name change, some of whom waved Mexican flags , who said that

798-848: The United Auto Workers Union , who provided publicity and financial support for the strike, as well as Dolores Huerta , who would go on to become a co-founder of the United Farmworkers Union when the AWOC and the NFWA merged together. Huerta subsequently expanded the network of the UFW by organizing Grape boycott efforts in New York and New Jersey. On September 8, 1965, Itliong, Vera Cruz, Gines, Imutan, and more than 1,000 Filipino farm workers walked off of vineyards and began their strike against Delano table grape growers. In response to strikers, grape growers hired Mexican farm workers to cross

855-495: The AWOC and the NFWA merged to create the United Farm Workers (UFW) Organizing Committee. The strike lasted for five years and was characterized by its grassroots efforts—consumer boycotts , marches , community organizing and nonviolent resistance —which gained the movement national attention. In July 1970, the strike resulted in a victory for farm workers, due largely to a consumer boycott of non-union grapes, when

912-469: The AWOC unanimously voted to go on strike the next morning. In response to the success of the strike organized by the AWOC, the NFWA organized a meeting of 1,200 Mexican farmworkers on September 16th, 1965 at Our Lady of Guadalupe Church in Delano. The meeting was tactfully held on Mexican Independence Day to rouse the Mexican identity of the farmers, a technique that would go on to define the grape strike. At

969-779: The Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee merged and became known as the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee, with Cesar Chavez and Larry Itliong being head and assistant director respectively. In August 1966, the AFL-CIO charted the UFW, officially combining the AWOC and the NFWA. After a record harvest in the fall of 1965, thousands of California farm workers went on strike and demanded union representation elections. Many were arrested by police and injured by growers while picketing. The growers used many tactics to intimidate and harass

1026-425: The Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee on the picket lines. These strikes occurred around the same time when younger Filipino Americans began a period of political self-reflection and awakening. The Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee and National Farm Workers Association merged to form the United Farm Workers ; Itliong was skeptical of the merger, as he believed that Mexicans would become dominant over

1083-745: The Alaska Cannery Workers Union (which later became Local 7 of the United Cannery and Packing and Allied Workers Union, then Local 7 of the International Longshoreman's and Warehouse Workers Union). He lost three fingers in an accident in an Alaskan cannery, which earned him the nickname, "Seven Fingers." Some of the labor organizers whom Itliong met in his early days had ties to the Communist Party . Filipinos in California led

1140-497: The FBI file compiled on Chavez when he was considered for an appointment in the Johnson administration contained an editorial from the Record arguing that such an appointment would be a "cruel hoax": We agree with David Fairbairn . . . that this proposed appointment is an absurdity, but we go further. We submit this is a cynical and cruel hoax that in the long run can only undermine and make

1197-571: The Filipino Voters League in Stockton. By 1965, Itliong was leading the AFL–CIO union Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee ; the majority of members of the committee were Filipinos who had in the 1930s arrived in the United States. A vote was held on May 3, 1965, in which the committee voted to strike against Coachella Valley grape growers. Although the strikers weren't able to negotiate

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1254-506: The Filipinos when the organizations merged, and that improving work conditions would come at the expense of Filipino farmworkers, but Itliong kept those feelings to himself at the time. In 1966, the California Rural Legal Assistance was founded as part of President Lyndon B. Johnson 's War on Poverty , with Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta , and Itliong sitting on the founding board. Itliong served as assistant director of

1311-455: The Spanish word for strike – in favor of supporting the Delano grape farmer workers. September 16, 1965 marked the day that Filipino and Mexican farm workers officially joined forces to picket together and fight for farm labor justice. On March 17, 1966, Cesar Chavez embarked on a 300-mile pilgrimage from Delano, California to the state's capital of Sacramento . This was an attempt to pressure

1368-484: The U.S. and Canada in celebration of International Grape Boycott Day. Cesar Chavez also went on a speaking tour along the East Coast to ask for support from labor groups, religious groups, and universities. Mapping UFW Strikes, Boycotts, and Farm Worker Actions 1965-1975 shows over 1,000 farm worker strikes, boycotts, and other actions. The Delano strike and the events that transpired throughout 1960 to 1975 resulted in

1425-399: The UFW was made to highlight the role of Filipinos in the farm labor movement, including Itliong; the documentary was released in 2013. Itliong was portrayed by Darion Basco in the 2014 film about Cesar Chavez ; the film did not include other Filipino American farm labor leaders such as Vera Cruz. In 2018, a children's book was published which highlighted Itliong's life and his role in

1482-556: The UFW between Filipino and Mexican farmworkers would lead The Teamsters to take advantage of the internal chaos within the UFW to become the victors of promoting The Teamsters’ traditional labor system of benefiting the farmworkers, getting the attention of some of the UFW’s Filipino workers to switch to The Teamsters, escaping from the UFW’s alternative labor system that essentially promoted racial discrimination against Filipinos. Following

1539-417: The UFW continued to avoid violent protest. Chavez repeatedly encouraged the people to "not react against the violence," stating that "we can change the world if we do it nonviolently." There was a lot of support towards nonviolent protest across the country and Chavez wanted to continue with that focus. The UFW sent two workers and a student activist to follow a grape shipment from one of the picketed growers to

1596-400: The United Farm Workers under Cesar Chavez, and in 1970 he was appointed the United Farm Workers' national boycott coordinator. In 1971, Itliong resigned from the United Farm Workers because of disagreements about the governance of the union; another reason for resigning from the United Farm Workers, was that Itliong felt that the union was not willing to support aging Filipinos. Alex Fabros,

1653-540: The United Farm Workers, Itliong continued to support others in the organized labor movement, such as helping others plan a strike against Safeway supermarkets in 1974. Itliong also served as President of the Filipino American Political Association, a bipartisan lobbying organization. He died in Delano in February 1977, aged 63, from Lou Gehrig's disease . Most history books mention Chavez and

1710-524: The United Farm Workers, but do not include a mention of Itliong or other Filipinos. Speaking about Chavez and his father, Johnny Itliong said, "Larry was militant. Cesar was non-violent. Cesar had handlers. Cesar had lawyers. Cesar was a dictator." The first public art memorial honoring Filipino American farmworkers was unveiled on June 24, 1995, in LA's Historic Filipinotown with Larry Itliong and Philip Vera Cruz as its most prominent historical figures. Itliong

1767-595: The boycott. In 1969, support for farm workers increased throughout North America. The grape boycott spread into the South as civil rights groups pressured grocery stores in Atlanta, Miami, New Orleans, Nashville, and Louisville to remove non-union grapes. Student groups in New York protested the Department of Defense and accused them of deliberately purchasing boycotted grapes. On May 10, UFW supporters picketed Safeway stores throughout

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1824-732: The docks inspired him to launch a formal boycott against the two largest corporations which were involved in the Delano grape industry, Schenley Industries and the DiGiorgio Corporation . Starting in December 1965, the UFW participated in several consumer boycotts against the Schenley corporation. The increased pressure from supporters in the business sector led to the farm workers’ victory and acquisition of union contracts that immediately raised wages and established hiring halls in Delano, Coachella, and Lamont. The large corporations affected by

1881-469: The end destination at the Oakland docks. Once there, the protestors were instructed to persuade the longshoremen to refrain from loading the shipment of grapes. The group was successful in its course of action, and this resulted in the spoilage of a thousand ten-ton cases of grapes which were left to rot on the docks. This event sparked the decision to use the protest tactic of boycotting as the means through which

1938-588: The farm labor movement in America. Preceding the Delano grape strike was another grape strike organized by Filipino farm workers that occurred in Coachella Valley , California on May 3, 1965. Because the majority of strikers were over 50 years old and did not have families of their own due to anti-miscegenation laws (first overthrown in 1949 ), they were willing to risk what little they had to fight for higher wages. The strike succeeded in granting farm workers

1995-584: The farm workers were told by growers that instead of being paid the $ 1.40-per-hour wage they received in Coachella, they would be paid $ 1.20-per-hour, which was below the federal minimum wage. Despite attempts at negotiation, growers were not willing to raise wages since workers were easily replaceable. This pushed Itliong, who was the leader of the AWOC, to organize Filipino farm workers and pressure growers into granting them higher wages and better working conditions. On September 7, 1965, Itliong and Filipino farm workers gathered inside Filipino Community Hall, and

2052-504: The federal minimum wage , that became known as the Delano grape strike . He has been described as "one of the fathers of the West Coast labor movement." Itliong was a native of San Nicolas, Pangasinan , Philippines (then a territory of the United States ). One of six children of Artemio and Francesca Itliong, he only had a sixth grade education. He immigrated to the United States in 1929 and joined his first strike in 1930; Itliong

2109-586: The first major agriculture strike after World War II. Itliong served as the first shop steward of International Longshore and Warehouse Union Local 37, in Seattle , and was elected its vice-president in 1953. He served as secretary of the Filipino Community of Stockton from 1954 to 1956. In 1956, Itliong founded the Filipino Farm Labor Union in Stockton. In 1957, he was elected president of

2166-596: The first union representation elections in the region, and the UFW became the first union to ever sign a contract with a grower in Texas. National support for the UFW continued to grow in 1968, and hundreds of UFW members and supporters were arrested. Picketing continued throughout the country, including in Massachusetts, New Jersey, Ohio, Oklahoma, and Florida. The mayors of New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Buffalo, Detroit, and other cities pledged their support, and many of them altered their cities’ grape purchases to support

2223-753: The growers and the state government to answer the demands of the Mexican American and Filipino American farm workers which represented the Filipino-dominated Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee and the Mexican-dominated National Farm Workers Association. The pilgrimage was also intended to bring widespread public attention to the farm worker's cause. Shortly after this, the National Farm Workers Association and

2280-485: The hiring hall system disadvantaged many of the Filipino who were accustomed to migrating with the harvesting season. The hiring hall system replaced the old system of foremen which Filipino workers relied on for job stability and forced workers to line up at the union and compete with younger Hispanic farmworkers. Furthermore, the hiring hall system favored settled workers, who in the union were primarily Hispanic workers. As

2337-498: The immediate effects of these initial contracts such as the increase in wages and improved working conditions, some contracts included provisions regarding unemployment insurance, paid vacation days, and the creation of a special benefits fund. After the end of the grape strike in 1970, a strike against lettuce growers began . This led to conflict with the Teamsters union, in the Salinas Valley . In June 1975, California passed

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2394-406: The labor movement would win the struggle against the Delano grape growers. This initially successful boycott was followed by a series of picket lines on Bay Area docks. The International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union, whose members were responsible for loading the shipments, cooperated with the protesters and refused to load non-union grapes. The UFW's successful boycotting campaigns in

2451-433: The meeting, there were concerns whether the NFWA could successfully mount a strike, given that they lacked the housing and meal support as seen in the strike organized by Itliong and the Filipino farmworkers. Despite these concerns, the union voted to move forward with the grape strike. The NFWA adopted a strategy of volunteerism, nonviolence, and union networking. To illustrate, the strike was supported by Walter Reuther of

2508-466: The name changing disrupts the neighborhood's tradition. The middle school was originally named for Juan Bautista Alvarado , and the name change did not take effect until 2015. This occurred after a 13-year effort to rename a school for the Filipino American leaders, after several other schools had been named to reflect the city's diverse population, including Cesar Chavez Middle School, where 20% of

2565-448: The picket lines and break the strike, a tactic typically used to create conflict and reinforce divisions between Filipino and Mexican farm workers. To prevent the strike from ending in failure, Itliong sought out Cesar Chavez , who was the leader of the newly established NFWA. Chavez initially declined Itliong's request because he believed the NFWA was not financially stable enough to join the strike. However, because NFWA members expressed

2622-421: The picketers, whom they were sure would maintain a position of nonviolence. The growers would push protesters, punch the strikers and jab their elbows into their ribs. Some growers drove their cars towards the protesters, swerving just as they reached the strikers. There were several cases where pesticide spraying equipment was used to drench picketers with deadly surfer, which temporarily blinded them. Despite this,

2679-474: The population is Filipino American. In late April 2013, a Filipino business and a Filipino Community Center were targeted with graffiti vandalism; the graffiti was investigated as a hate crime . In 2014, an overpass over the Filipino American Highway in south San Diego was designated as the " Itliong-Vera Cruz Memorial Bridge ". A documentary titled The Delano Manongs: Forgotten Heroes of

2736-517: The representation of The Teamsters , which was the only union that was competing against the UFW in the election. On July 29, 1970, the grape strike and boycott ended, when grape growers signed labor contracts with the union. The contracts included timed pay increase, health, and other benefits. The grape strike officially began in Delano in September 1965. In December, union representatives traveled from California to New York, Washington, D.C., Pittsburgh, Detroit, and other large cities to encourage

2793-443: The strike, the actions of Cesar Chavez were highlighted and remembered. The 2014 film Cesar Chavez highlights his role in the labor movement. Less remembered are the many others who collaborated with him to organize strikes and fight for farmer rights. Particularly forgotten was the efforts of Filipino Americans in the strike. For example, in the 2014 film, the Filipinos role was largely absent, except for one speaking line and

2850-475: The strikes led by Chavez employed fear tactics in order to protect profits. The documentary The Wrath of Grapes mentions that the Delano-based company, M Caratan Inc., hired criminals to break up farm workers voting to unionize. They attacked voters, overturned tables and even smashed ballot boxes. The DiGiorgio Corporation was finally pressured into holding an election among its workers allowing them to choose

2907-467: The successes achieved by the UFW, there were also negative outcomes that farm workers experienced. The most significant of these was the deteriorated relationship between the Filipino and Mexican farm workers. In the initial contracts, the UFW implemented the hiring hall system. The hiring hall system was established with the intent of ending farm workers' migration cycle, which the UFW believed would make for more organized and efficient harvesting. However,

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2964-468: The union they wanted to represent them on August 30, 1967. This came as a result of the boycott tactic of blocking grape distribution centers. With their products not on the shelves of retailers as a result of the boycott, the DiGiorgio Corporation was pressured to answer to the demands of the farm workers. The result of the vote favored the union representation of the UFW, a 530 to 332 vote, against

3021-400: The way in unionization efforts among farmworkers in the 1930s and 40s. During World War II , Itliong served on a U.S. Army transport ship as a messman . After the war, he settled in the city of Stockton in California's Central Valley. In 1948, Itliong (along with Rudy Delvo, Chris Mensalvas , Philip Vera Cruz, and Ernesto Mangaoang) became involved in the 1948 asparagus strike, which was

3078-505: Was a labor strike organized by the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC), a predominantly Filipino and AFL-CIO-sponsored labor organization, against table grape growers in Delano, California to fight against the exploitation of farm workers. The strike began on September 8, 1965, and one week later, the predominantly Mexican National Farmworkers Association (NFWA) joined the cause. In August 1966,

3135-638: Was as of July 2018 publishing a weekly section identified as the Delano Record , but the connection to the previous publication is unclear. The site features the reporting of local journalists Gene Garaygordobil and Maria Ahumada-Garaygordobil (of the local news site and former Record competitor DelanoNow ) and the columns of Gary Girard and publishes under the name The Record . Delano grape strike 1965–1966 1966–1970 Table grape growers Larry Itliong Lupe Martinez Cesar Chavez Dolores Huerta The Delano grape strike

3192-801: Was only 15 when he came to the United States. Itliong was an excellent card player, and avid cigar smoker, who spoke multiple Filipino languages , Spanish, Cantonese, Japanese, and taught himself about law. Itliong married six times, had seven children, and raised his family in the Delano area and in the Little Manila community of Stockton, California . As a farmworker , Itliong worked in Alaska ; where he organized cannery and agricultural unions , Washington , and up and down California; he also worked in Montana and South Dakota. While living in Alaska, he helped found

3249-476: Was posthumously honored in 2010 by inclusion in a mural at California State University, Dominguez Hills . In 2011, Los Angeles County recognized Itliong with Larry Itliong Day on October 25; this follows the City of Carson which became the first city in the United States to recognize Larry Itliong Day in the United States in 2010. In 2015 Governor Jerry Brown signed a bill to establish Larry Itliong Day in

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