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61-412: The DelFly project focuses on fully functioning systems and follows a top-down approach toward ever smaller and more autonomous flapping wing MAVs . The DelFly Micro with its 10 cm wing span and 3.07 grams is the smallest free flying controllable flapping wing MAV equipped with a camera and video transmitter. Smaller flapping wing MAVs exist, but then without an onboard camera. In particular,

122-412: A keystone predator. They prey on urchins , which in turn eat kelp. When otters are removed, urchin populations grow and reduce the kelp forest creating urchin barrens . This reduces the diversity of the ecosystem as a whole and can have detrimental effects on all of the other organisms. In other words, such ecosystems are not controlled by productivity of the kelp, but rather, a top predator. One can see

183-460: A parti , a basic plan drawing of the overall project. By contrast, the Bauhaus focused on bottom–up design. This method manifested itself in the study of translating small-scale organizational systems to a larger, more architectural scale (as with the wood panel carving and furniture design). In ecology top–down control refers to when a top predator controls the structure or population dynamics of

244-541: A reverse engineering fashion. In a top–down approach an overview of the system is formulated, specifying, but not detailing, any first-level subsystems. Each subsystem is then refined in yet greater detail, sometimes in many additional subsystem levels, until the entire specification is reduced to base elements. A top–down model is often specified with the assistance of black boxes , which makes it easier to manipulate. However, black boxes may fail to clarify elementary mechanisms or be detailed enough to realistically validate

305-480: A complete top-level system is formed. This strategy often resembles a "seed" model, by which the beginnings are small but eventually grow in complexity and completeness. But "organic strategies" may result in a tangle of elements and subsystems, developed in isolation and subject to local optimization as opposed to meeting a global purpose. During the development of new products, designers and engineers rely on both bottom–up and top–down approaches. The bottom–up approach

366-407: A hobbyist from Albany NY, built a flapping wing MAV of 920 mg and just 60mm wing span, which is the world's smallest free flying flapper till date . The 28 centimeter 16 gram DelFly II was capable of vertical take-off and landing and demonstrated simplified forms of autonomous flight, mainly using off-board processing. The DelFly Explorer measures 28 centimeter while weighing 20 grams and

427-433: A major change (such as implementing a new program) is needed, and then use a planned approach to drive the changes down to the frontline staff. A bottom–up approach to changes is one that works from the grassroots , and originates in a flat structure with people working together, causing a decision to arise from their joint involvement. A decision by a number of activists, students, or victims of some incident to take action

488-438: A natural appearance and are inherently safe by means of their low weight and low speeds of the wings. This makes them particularly suitable for indoor flight, also in the presence of humans. Further, flapping wing MAVs can be used as ( augmented reality ) toys, but other possible applications include inspection of indoor industrial structures or video streaming of the crowd during indoor events. The DelFly flies well indoors with

549-636: A relatively simple design and is based on commercially of the shelf components and 3D printed parts. In 2019 , a technological spinoff of the Delft University of Technology Flapper Drones developing a commercial version of the DelFly Nimble was founded. The DelFly is based on scaling relations for the aerodynamic design of flapping wings, which were discovered in the Dickinson lab at Caltech in collaboration with Wageningen University. Earlier research in

610-469: A single-disease international program currently run by the Carter Center has involved the training of many local volunteers, boosting bottom-up capacity, as have international programs for hygiene, sanitation, and access to primary healthcare. Often the École des Beaux-Arts school of design is said to have primarily promoted top–down design because it taught that an architectural design should begin with

671-400: A spacesuit, a more top–down approach is taken and almost everything is custom designed. In the software development process , the top–down and bottom–up approaches play a key role. Top–down approaches emphasize planning and a complete understanding of the system. It is inherent that no coding can begin until a sufficient level of detail has been reached in the design of at least some part of

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732-404: A top-down approach—most software projects attempt to make use of existing code to some degree. Pre-existing modules give designs a bottom–up flavor. Top–down is a programming style, the mainstay of traditional procedural languages , in which design begins by specifying complex pieces and then dividing them into successively smaller pieces. The technique for writing a program using top–down methods

793-447: A variety of fields including software , humanistic and scientific theories (see systemics ), and management and organization. In practice they can be seen as a style of thinking, teaching, or leadership. A top–down approach (also known as stepwise design and stepwise refinement and in some cases used as a synonym of decomposition ) is essentially the breaking down of a system to gain insight into its compositional subsystems in

854-517: Is a "bottom–up" decision. A bottom–up approach can be thought of as "an incremental change approach that represents an emergent process cultivated and upheld primarily by frontline workers". Positive aspects of top–down approaches include their efficiency and superb overview of higher levels; and external effects can be internalized. On the negative side, if reforms are perceived to be imposed "from above", it can be difficult for lower levels to accept them. Evidence suggests this to be true regardless of

915-408: Is an approach not directly given by stimulus input, but is the result of stimulus, internal hypotheses, and expectation interactions. According to theoretical synthesis, "when a stimulus is presented short and clarity is uncertain that gives a vague stimulus, perception becomes a top-down approach." Conversely, psychology defines bottom–up processing as an approach in which there is a progression from

976-496: Is being used when off-the-shelf or existing components are selected and integrated into the product. An example includes selecting a particular fastener, such as a bolt, and designing the receiving components such that the fastener will fit properly. In a top–down approach, a custom fastener would be designed such that it would fit properly in the receiving components. For perspective, for a product with more restrictive requirements (such as weight, geometry, safety, environment), such as

1037-503: Is characterized by an absence of higher-level direction in sensory processing, whereas a top-down process is characterized by a high level of direction of sensory processing by more cognition, such as goals or targets (Biederman, 19). According to college teaching notes written by Charles Ramskov, Irvin Rock, Neiser, and Richard Gregory claim that top–down approach involves perception that is an active and constructive process. Additionally, it

1098-572: Is developing a commercial version of the DelFly Nimble for applications within the entertainment sector (drone shows, festivals, theme parks). The DelFly project started in 2005 as a Design Synthesis Exercise for a group of Bachelor of Science students at the Faculty of Aerospace Engineering of the TU Delft . The flapping wing design was mentored by Wageningen University , the remote control and micro camera integration by Ruijsink Dynamic Engineering , and

1159-494: Is equipped with a miniature stereo vision system for autonomous flight in buildings. The DelFly Nimble is a very agile, tailless flapping wing MAV. It steers by modifying the motions of its wings, which allows it to perform high-speed maneuvers such as 360-degree flips. One of its uses is in studying insect flight; mimicking the extremely fast escape maneuvers of fruit flies revealed a new aerodynamic mechanism that helps to make rapid banked turns. The startup company Flapper Drones

1220-593: Is fully steerable with 3 controls for the throttle, elevator and rudder. Given the limited onboard energy, the flight time of the DelFly Micro was around 2 to 3 minutes. The DelFly Micro featured in the Guinness book of records 2009 as the smallest airplane in the world equipped with a camera. The DelFly participated in the 2005, 2007, 2008, 2010 and 2013 editions of the Micro Air Vehicle Competitions and

1281-400: Is implemented. A " top–down " approach is where an executive decision maker or other top person makes the decisions of how something should be done. This approach is disseminated under their authority to lower levels in the hierarchy, who are, to a greater or lesser extent, bound by them. For example, when wanting to make an improvement in a hospital, a hospital administrator might decide that

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1342-604: Is not enough energy left for the rest of the animals in the food chain because of biomagnification and ecological efficiency . An example would be how plankton populations are controlled by the availability of nutrients. Plankton populations tend to be higher and more complex in areas where upwelling brings nutrients to the surface. There are many different examples of these concepts. It is common for populations to be influenced by both types of control, and there are still debates going on as to which type of control affects food webs in certain ecosystems. Top–down reasoning in ethics

1403-466: Is stereotypically the visionary, or the person who sees the larger picture and overview. Such people focus on the big picture and from that derive the details to support it. "Bottom–up" (or "small chunk") cognition is akin to focusing on the detail primarily, rather than the landscape. The expression "seeing the wood for the trees" references the two styles of cognition. Studies in task switching and response selection show that there are differences through

1464-467: Is the process of analyzing an input sequence (such as that read from a file or a keyboard) in order to determine its grammatical structure. This method is used in the analysis of both natural languages and computer languages , as in a compiler . Bottom-up parsing is parsing strategy that recognizes the text's lowest-level small details first, before its mid-level structures, and leaves the highest-level overall structure to last. In top-down parsing , on

1525-404: Is to write a main procedure that names all the major functions it will need. Later, the programming team looks at the requirements of each of those functions and the process is repeated. These compartmentalized subroutines eventually will perform actions so simple they can be easily and concisely coded. When all the various subroutines have been coded the program is ready for testing. By defining how

1586-661: Is when the reasoner starts from abstract universalizable principles and then reasons down them to particular situations. Bottom–up reasoning occurs when the reasoner starts from intuitive particular situational judgements and then reasons up to principles. Reflective equilibrium occurs when there is interaction between top-down and bottom-up reasoning until both are in harmony. That is to say, when universalizable abstract principles are reflectively found to be in equilibrium with particular intuitive judgements. The process occurs when cognitive dissonance occurs when reasoners try to resolve top–down with bottom–up reasoning, and adjust one or

1647-600: The DelFly ), the Dragonfly was the first to make use of multiple models, each customizable with multiple options, such as wifi connectivity. The Dragonfly UAV built off the research done at Georgia Institute of Technology 's Intelligent Control Systems Laboratory. That research resulted in Patent 9,290,268, filed in 2011 and granted in March 2016. The TectJect company, which spun off from

1708-433: The ecosystem . The interactions between these top predators and their prey are what influences lower trophic levels . Changes in the top level of trophic levels have an inverse effect on the lower trophic levels. Top–down control can have negative effects on the surrounding ecosystem if there is a drastic change in the number of predators. The classic example is of kelp forest ecosystems. In such ecosystems, sea otters are

1769-728: The Dickinson lab also inspired The Robobee , both the Robobee and the DelFly design originated from research with robot models of flying insects. The DelFly influenced the TechJect Dragonfly UAV and FlyTech Dragonfly among many others refer to DelFly developments. The design of autonomous, light-weight, less than 20 grams flapping wing MAVs poses challenges in various domains, including materials , electronics , control , aerodynamics , computer vision and artificial intelligence . All these domains feed into each other. For example, studies on

1830-702: The Georgia Tech Research Corporation, was to develop this technology into a reliable consumer product. After several major design changes and deviations from the original patent, no reliable solution was found. In their crowdfunding pitches TechJect made a number of dubious claims. The Dragonfly was to be equipped with one of three different electronics packages. These could include the Marc-Basic, Marc-2, and Marc-3. In addition, all models were planned to be built to have camera capability, including stereoscopic vision through dual cameras (available with

1891-469: The IndieGoGo campaign, TechJect released an update to backers stating that the company "in no position to complete the Dragonfly project in our current condition without a helping hand (partners, additional funding or community support)." TechJect has claimed that the project's failure was the result of a delay in the release of funding by PayPal and IndieGoGo. However, the design was much less mature than what

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1952-508: The Marc-3). HD vision was planned to be optional. Power was planned to be provided from a single-cell Li-Po battery rated at 250mAh. The actuator system for the wings was going to be based on either magnetic solenoidal actuators (Alpha model - retired for now) or a Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) for the Delta, Gamma, and Omega models. With a final goal weight of ~25g and a length of 6",

2013-481: The UAV was going to manufactured by TechJect, but all development was canceled after crowdfunding IndieGoGo refused to release money. The unit was envisioned as a miniaturized four-winged ornithopter which uses a flight model based on that of a dragonfly . It was the first palm sized miniaturized ornithopter to be prototyped to exhibit powerful actuation at small sizes, though other larger versions have been developed. (e.g.,

2074-548: The air conditioning turned off, and outdoors under very low wind conditions. The exceptional flight capabilities of the DelFly Nimble, combined with its inherent safety and natural appearance, opened up new applications within the entertainment sector. The startup company Flapper Drones is developing the technology further for drone shows during concerts, festivals and within theme parks. Top-down and bottom-up design Bottom–up and top–down are both strategies of information processing and ordering knowledge, used in

2135-413: The application comes together at a high level, lower-level work can be self-contained. In a bottom–up approach the individual base elements of the system are first specified in great detail. These elements are then linked together to form larger subsystems, which in turn are linked, sometimes at many levels, until a complete top–level system is formed. This strategy often resembles a "seed" model, by which

2196-477: The basis of targeted applications. A top–down approach often uses the traditional workshop or microfabrication methods where externally controlled tools are used to cut, mill, and shape materials into the desired shape and order. Micropatterning techniques, such as photolithography and inkjet printing belong to this category. Vapor treatment can be regarded as a new top–down secondary approaches to engineer nanostructures. Bottom–up approaches, in contrast, use

2257-484: The basis of top–down bottom–up processing around their third year in the program. Going through four main parts of the processing when viewing it from a learning perspective. The two main definitions are that bottom–up processing is determined directly by environmental stimuli rather than the individual's knowledge and expectations. In the fields of management and organization, the terms "top–down" and "bottom–up" are used to describe how decisions are made and/or how change

2318-488: The beginnings are small, but eventually grow in complexity and completeness. Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a paradigm that uses "objects" to design applications and computer programs. In mechanical engineering with software programs such as Pro/ENGINEER, Solidworks, and Autodesk Inventor users can design products as pieces not part of the whole and later add those pieces together to form assemblies like building with Lego . Engineers call this "piece part design". Parsing

2379-409: The brain, such as area V1 mostly have bottom–up connections. Other areas, such as the fusiform gyrus have inputs from higher brain areas and are considered to have top–down influence. The study of visual attention is an example. If your attention is drawn to a flower in a field, it may be because the color or shape of the flower are visually salient. The information that caused you to attend to

2440-486: The chemical properties of single molecules to cause single-molecule components to (a) self-organize or self-assemble into some useful conformation, or (b) rely on positional assembly. These approaches use the concepts of molecular self-assembly and/or molecular recognition . See also Supramolecular chemistry . Such bottom–up approaches should, broadly speaking, be able to produce devices in parallel and much cheaper than top–down methods but could potentially be overwhelmed as

2501-684: The content of reforms. A bottom–up approach allows for more experimentation and a better feeling for what is needed at the bottom. Other evidence suggests that there is a third combination approach to change. Both top–down and bottom–up approaches are used in public health. There are many examples of top–down programs, often run by governments or large inter-governmental organizations ; many of these are disease-or issue-specific, such as HIV control or smallpox eradication . Examples of bottom–up programs include many small NGOs set up to improve local access to healthcare. But many programs seek to combine both approaches; for instance, guinea worm eradication ,

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2562-417: The design and aerodynamics of the wings have enhanced the efficiency of flight and the amount of generated lift. This allows for a larger payload to be taken on board, such as more onboard sensors and processing. In turn, such onboard processing can be used to perform automatic maneuvers in a wind tunnel, helping to create better models the DelFly and its low Reynolds aerodynamics . Flapping wing MAVs have

2623-460: The eyes in one direction (sensory input, or the "bottom"), and is then turned into an image by the brain that can be interpreted and recognized as a perception (output that is "built up" from processing to final cognition ). In a bottom–up approach the individual base elements of the system are first specified in great detail. These elements are then linked together to form larger subsystems, which then in turn are linked, sometimes in many levels, until

2684-485: The flower came to you in a bottom–up fashion—your attention was not contingent on knowledge of the flower: the outside stimulus was sufficient on its own. Contrast this situation with one in which you are looking for a flower. You have a representation of what you are looking for. When you see the object, you are looking for, it is salient. This is an example of the use of top–down information. In cognition, two thinking approaches are distinguished. "Top–down" (or "big chunk")

2745-715: The individual elements to the whole. According to Ramskov, one proponent of bottom–up approach, Gibson, claims that it is a process that includes visual perception that needs information available from proximal stimulus produced by the distal stimulus. Theoretical synthesis also claims that bottom–up processing occurs "when a stimulus is presented long and clearly enough." Certain cognitive processes, such as fast reactions or quick visual identification, are considered bottom–up processes because they rely primarily on sensory information, whereas processes such as motor control and directed attention are considered top–down because they are goal directed. Neurologically speaking, some areas of

2806-405: The inverse effect that top–down control has in this example; when the population of otters decreased, the population of the urchins increased. Bottom–up control in ecosystems refers to ecosystems in which the nutrient supply, productivity, and type of primary producers (plants and phytoplankton) control the ecosystem structure. If there are not enough resources or producers in the ecosystem, there

2867-467: The micro UAV was expected to hover for ~8–10 minutes, with a hybrid flight time (hovering and fixed-wing gliding) of ~25–30 minutes. However, these specifications were announced at the beginning of the crowdfunding campaign and do not reflect any actual hardware. TechJect told investors that The Dragonfly would have the ability to be equipped with up to twenty environmental sensors (including GPS and cameras), dependent on electronics package. At minimum,

2928-453: The model. A top–down approach starts with the big picture, then breaks down into smaller segments. A bottom–up approach is the piecing together of systems to give rise to more complex systems, thus making the original systems subsystems of the emergent system. Bottom–up processing is a type of information processing based on incoming data from the environment to form a perception . From a cognitive psychology perspective, information enters

2989-975: The other hand, one first looks at the highest level of the parse tree and works down the parse tree by using the rewriting rules of a formal grammar . Top–down and bottom–up are two approaches for the manufacture of products. These terms were first applied to the field of nanotechnology by the Foresight Institute in 1989 to distinguish between molecular manufacturing (to mass-produce large atomically precise objects) and conventional manufacturing (which can mass-produce large objects that are not atomically precise). Bottom–up approaches seek to have smaller (usually molecular ) components built up into more complex assemblies, while top–down approaches seek to create nanoscale devices by using larger, externally controlled ones to direct their assembly. Certain valuable nanostructures, such as Silicon nanowires , can be fabricated using either approach, with processing methods selected on

3050-460: The other, until they are satisfied, they have found the best combinations of principles and situational judgements. TechJect Dragonfly UAV The Dragonfly is a failed crowdfunding project that was to build a miniaturized four-winged ornithopter UAV designed by TechJect. The Dragonfly supposedly was designed for: aerial photography , interactive gaming , autonomous patrolling for security and surveillance, etc. The project claimed that

3111-533: The real-time image processing by the TU Delft. The result of this exercise was the DelFly I , a 50 cm wingspan , 21 grams flapping wing MAV equipped with a camera. The DelFly I was able to fly both fast and perform slow hovering flight while providing reasonably stable camera images. In 2007 , the DelFly II was created: a 28 cm wing span 16 gram flapping wing MAV equipped with onboard camera. This version

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3172-422: The size and complexity of the desired assembly increases. These terms are also employed in cognitive sciences including neuroscience , cognitive neuroscience and cognitive psychology to discuss the flow of information in processing. Typically, sensory input is considered bottom–up, and higher cognitive processes , which have more information from other sources, are considered top–down. A bottom-up process

3233-457: The spread of the top–down approach through IBM and the rest of the computer industry. Among other achievements, Niklaus Wirth, the developer of Pascal programming language , wrote the influential paper Program Development by Stepwise Refinement . Since Niklaus Wirth went on to develop languages such as Modula and Oberon (where one could define a module before knowing about the entire program specification), one can infer that top–down programming

3294-519: The system, and that such linking may not be as easy as first thought. Re-usability of code is one of the main benefits of a bottom–up approach. Top–down design was promoted in the 1970s by IBM researchers Harlan Mills and Niklaus Wirth . Mills developed structured programming concepts for practical use and tested them in a 1969 project to automate the New York Times morgue index . The engineering and management success of this project led to

3355-435: The system. Top–down approaches are implemented by attaching the stubs in place of the module. But these delay testing of the ultimate functional units of a system until significant design is complete. Bottom–up emphasizes coding and early testing, which can begin as soon as the first module has been specified. But this approach runs the risk that modules may be coded without having a clear idea of how they link to other parts of

3416-832: The two types of processing. Top–down processing primarily focuses on the attention side, such as task repetition.   Bottom–up processing focuses on item-based learning, such as finding the same object over and over again. Implications for understanding attentional control of response selection in conflict situations are discussed. This also applies to how we structure these processing neurologically. With structuring information interfaces in our neurological processes for procedural learning. These processes were proven effective to work in our interface design. But although both top–down principles were effective in guiding interface design; they were not sufficient. They can be combined with iterative bottom–up methods to produce usable interfaces . Undergraduate (or bachelor) students are taught

3477-422: The unit was to be equipped with a 3-axis accelerometer and a 3-axis gyroscope as is required for controlled flight through inertial guidance . At most, the unit was envisioned to equip approximately 20 sensors, including 3-axis accelerometers, 3-axis gyroscopes, 3-axis magnetometers , an ambient light sensor, an ambient humidity sensor, and a differential/absolute pressure sensor. On the third anniversary of

3538-567: Was not only smaller, but it had a much broader flight envelope ranging from 7 m/s forward flight to near hovering flight and even backward flight at -1 m/s. In contrast to the DelFly I, the DelFly II could take-off and land vertically. The flight time of the DelFly II was around 15 minutes. The DelFly II was followed in 2008 by the DelFly Micro , a 10 cm wing span, 3.07 gram flapping wing MAV, also equipped with camera. The DelFly Micro

3599-465: Was not strictly what he promoted. Top–down methods were favored in software engineering until the late 1980s, and object-oriented programming assisted in demonstrating the idea that both aspects of top-down and bottom-up programming could be used. Modern software design approaches usually combine top–down and bottom–up approaches. Although an understanding of the complete system is usually considered necessary for good design—leading theoretically to

3660-418: Was stated during the crowdfunding campaign, and significant time and money was spent finalizing the mechanical design and selecting appropriate materials. The team apologized to backers for what it termed "our dismal approach to the finish line". Crowdfund Insider has described the state of the project as "road kill" and "dead in the water". TechCrunch espoused the view that TechJect's pitch "always seemed

3721-436: Was the first vehicle to demonstrate fully autonomous indoor flight. The DelFly Explorer was created in 2013 . It has a stereo vision system that allows autonomous obstacle avoidance even in unknown and unprepared environments. The DelFly Nimble , presented in 2018 , is the first tailless DelFly. It is much more agile than earlier designs; it can hover and fly in any direction up until 7 m/s in forward flight. It has

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