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63-546: Deep Cover was released in the United States on April 15, 1992, by New Line Cinema . The film received positive reviews, being likened by some critics to a modern film noir . It is also notable for its theme song of the same title , composed by Dr. Dre and released as his debut solo single, which also features then-newcomer Snoop Doggy Dogg making his studio debut. In 1972, Russell Stevens Jr. witnesses his drug-addicted, alcoholic father getting shot and killed while robbing

126-641: A lighter , can also be used as improvised weapons for self-defense. Verbal self-defense is defined as using words "to prevent, de-escalate , or end an attempted assault." According to Victims of Sexual Violence: Statistics on Rainn, about "80 percent of juvenile victims were female and 90 percent of rape victims were adult women". In addition, women from ages 18 to 34 are highly at risk to experience sexual assault. According to historian Wendy Rouse in Her Own Hero: The Origins of Women's Self-Defense Movement , women's self-defense training emerged in

189-481: A 2009 case ruled the killing of a robber during his escape attempt to be justifiable self-defense because "the robbery was still in progress" at this time. In the United States between 2008 and 2012, approximately 1 out of every 38 gun-related deaths (which includes murders, suicides, and accidental deaths) was a justifiable killing, according to the Violence Policy Center . In Canada , self-defense, in

252-831: A combination of martial arts styles and techniques and will often customize self-defense training to suit individual participants. A wide variety of weapons can be deployed for use in a defensive capacity. The most suitable depends on the threat presented, the victim or victims, and the experience of the defender. Legal restrictions also vary greatly, and influence which self-defense options are available to choose from. In some jurisdictions, firearms may be carried openly or concealed expressly for this purpose, while other jurisdictions have tight restrictions on who can own firearms, and what types they can own. Knives , especially those categorized as switchblades , may also be controlled , as may batons , pepper spray and personal electroshock weapons —although some may be legal to carry with

315-534: A downturn in 1996 after losses on The Island of Dr. Moreau and The Long Kiss Goodnight . New Line Cinema produced The Lord of the Rings film trilogy which became their most successful films to date, grossing over $ 2.9 billion worldwide. The films were nominated for 30 Academy Awards , including nominations for the Academy Award for Best Picture for each film, and won 17, with the final picture, The Lord of

378-500: A film studio after acquired by Turner Broadcasting System in 1994; Turner later merged with Time Warner Entertainment (later known as WarnerMedia from 2018 to 2022, and Warner Bros. Discovery since 2022) in 1996, and New Line was merged with Warner Bros. Pictures in 2008. The studio has been nicknamed "The House that Freddy Built" due to the success of the Nightmare on Elm Street film series. However, their most successful property

441-521: A free-standing company was the Will Ferrell film Semi-Pro . Since 2016, New Line Cinema had been producing its own television series ( New Line Television had been folded into Warner Bros. Television in 2008). As for the company's future, Alan Horn , the Warner Bros. president at the time of the consolidation, stated, "There's no budget number required. They'll be doing about six per year, though

504-415: A license or for certain professions. Non-injurious water-based self-defense indelible dye-marker sprays, or ID-marker or DNA-marker sprays linking a suspect to a crime scene, would in most places be legal to own and carry. Everyday objects, such as flashlights , baseball bats , newspapers , keyrings with keys, kitchen utensils and other tools , and hair spray aerosol cans in combination with

567-518: A liquor store. Traumatized by his father's death, Stevens swears that he will never end up like him. Nineteen years later, Stevens is a Cincinnati police officer. He is recruited by DEA Special Agent Gerald Carver to go undercover in Los Angeles , claiming that his criminal-like character traits will serve him better in this capacity than they would as a uniformed cop. Stevens poses as drug dealer "John Hull" in order to infiltrate and work his way up

630-582: A mix of hip hop, reggae and R&B tracks, it peaked at No. 166 on the Billboard 200 and No. 9 on the Top R&;B/Hip-Hop Albums . For its home media debut, Deep Cover was released on DVD September 14, 1999 on a barebones snapper case with Dolby Digital 5.1 and 2.0 tracks for audio. The film was then released on Blu-ray Disc for the first time by the Criterion Collection on July 13, 2021, featuring

693-444: A new 4K digitally restored transfer and lossless DTS HD MA 2.0 audio. New Line Cinema New Line Productions, Inc. , doing business as New Line Cinema , is an American film and television production studio owned by Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD). Since 2008, it has been operating as a unit of Warner Bros. Pictures . It was founded in 1967 by Robert Shaye as an independent film distribution company; later becoming

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756-456: A part of Warner Bros. and be a smaller studio, releasing a smaller number of films than in past years. The box office disappointment of The Golden Compass (2007) was largely blamed for the decision, in which New Line Cinema spent $ 180 million on its development, yet it only grossed $ 70 million in the United States market. In March, Emmerich became president and chief operating officer, whilst both founders Robert Shaye and Michael Lynne had left

819-452: A red-hot core of nihilistic despair. Fishburne, with his hair-trigger line readings and deadly reptilian gaze, conveys the controlled desperation of someone watching his own faith unravel. And Goldblum reveals a new dimension of comic rottishness". In her review for The Independent , Sheila Johnston wrote: "The disappointment of Night and the City has left some critics lamenting that film noir

882-448: A sense of physical and personal empowerment through training in boxing and jiu-jitsu. Interest in women's self-defense paralleled subsequent waves of the women's rights movement especially with the rise of Second-wave feminism in the 1960s and 1970s and Third-wave feminism in the 1990s. Today's Empowerment Self-Defense (ESD) courses focus on teaching verbal and psychological as well as physical self-defense strategies. ESD courses explore

945-476: A smartly cynical script and powerhouse performances from its unorthodox but well-matched leads." Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average to critics' reviews, gave the film an average score of 67 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". The film's soundtrack, Deep Cover , was released by SOLAR Records and Epic Records on April 4, 1992. It was recorded by Dr. Dre and newcomer Snoop Doggy Dogg in 1991 and 1992. Containing

1008-430: A step backwards". Despite this, of Jeff Goldblum he stated that "Oddly enough, Goldblum's so wildly out of place in this misbegotten movie, he becomes its greatest asset". Richard Harrington, also of The Washington Post , gave a mixed review, saying: "While Fishburne is generally riveting -- his facial disguise is basically hardness layered onto strength -- and Goldblum is intriguing -- his wannabe urges are quite curious --

1071-662: A tearful Stevens returns fire and kills Jason in self-defense as the cops arrive. Afterward, Carver coerces Stevens into testifying in favor of him and the DEA in return for not charging Betty with money laundering. He produces a videotape of the incriminating conversation with Guzmán at the shipyard during his testimony to the House Judiciary Subcommittee , ruining the State Department's intentions along with Guzmán and Carver's careers. Later, he contemplates what to do with

1134-423: A van storing over $ 100 million in cash. They then invite Guzmán to a shipyard and offer to return 80% of Gallegos' money if he agrees to invest the remaining 20% in their synthetic cocaine operation. Taft, who has been tailing Stevens, interrupts the deal and has his gun taken by Guzmán’s men. Since he is unable to arrest Guzmán because of his diplomatic immunity , Guzmán leaves. Taft orders Stevens to surrender but

1197-443: Is a front to launder Jason's drug money. When one of Stevens' dealers is murdered by a rival dealer, he is informed by Jason that if he doesn't retaliate, other street dealers will view it as a sign of weakness and in turn murder him. Stevens follows the rival dealer to a nightclub, corners him in a bathroom and kills him. Jason then partners with Stevens in his new business: distribution of a synthetic chemical variant of cocaine. It

1260-507: Is a powerhouse thriller full of surprises, original touches, and rare political lucidity". Rolling Stone magazine's Peter Travers wrote, "Duke ( A Rage in Harlem ) makes the perks of the drug lifestyle palpably seductive. But this time there's something new in the snortscrew-slay formula: a working conscience". Entertainment Weekly gave the film a "B−" rating and Owen Gleiberman wrote, "The movie peels away every layer of hope, revealing

1323-427: Is dead in the water, but Deep Cover displays many hallmarks of the genre, down to the diffuse paranoia (perhaps the entire operation is a high-level Washington cover-up). It was the most unexpected pleasure to arrive here in many a month". In its 2021 retrospective, The A.V. Club ' s Ignatiy Vishnevetsky wrote "As a depiction of crime, law enforcement, and drug dealing, the film is a cartoon; as an exploration of

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1386-507: Is dismissed. His self-appointed attorney David Jason, who is also a drug trafficker in Gallegos' network, rewards Stevens' silence with more cocaine and introduces him to Felix Barbosa, the underboss to Gallegos. Felix kills Eddie when he finds out he's working with the LAPD and enlists Stevens as his replacement. Stevens develops a romance with Betty McCutcheon, the manager of an art dealership which

1449-411: Is part of the martial arts industry in the wider sense, and many martial arts instructors also give self-defense classes. While all martial arts training can be argued to have some self-defense applications, self-defense courses are marketed explicitly as being oriented towards effectiveness and optimized towards situations as they occur in the real world. Many systems are taught commercially, tailored to

1512-421: Is revealed that Barbosa is a confidential informant working with Hernández. After a falling out, Jason becomes more sadistic, and Stevens correctly deduces that Barbosa wants Jason killed to eliminate his competition. Felix immediately gives up Stevens, Jason and Betty to Hernández, and wants Jason killed during the arrest. Carver knows about this but refuses to interfere, forcing Stevens to violate orders and stop

1575-457: Is shot by Jason after attempting to brandish his backup weapon, forcing Stevens to reveal himself as a police officer as he tries to radio in for an ambulance to help Taft. Stevens tries to reason with Jason as the latter tries to convince him to just take the money and go rogue. Jason shoots Taft in the chest, killing him. Throwing all reason out of the window and seeing no other alternative, Stevens attempts to arrest Jason. When Jason shoots at him,

1638-458: The State Department has decided to leave Gallegos alone because Guzmán may someday be useful as a political asset to them; Carver has decided to play along in exchange for career advancement. Disillusioned, Stevens abandons his undercover status and vows to take down Gallegos and Guzmán alone. Stevens and Jason learn that Gallegos is going to kill them anyway, so they kill him first and steal

1701-405: The right of self-defense as a legal justification for the use of force in times of danger is available in many jurisdictions . Physical self-defense is the use of physical force to counter an immediate threat of violence. Such force can be either armed or unarmed. In either case, the chances of success depend on various parameters, related to the severity of the threat on one hand, but also on

1764-493: The $ 11 million of Gallegos' money he secretly kept. Director Bill Duke makes an uncredited appearance in a photograph on a cork board displaying Gallegos' chain of command. Deep Cover was released on April 17, 1992 in 901 theaters, and grossed $ 3.4 million on its opening weekend. It went on to make $ 16.6 million in North America. The majority of critics responded favorably towards Deep Cover . Film critic Roger Ebert gave

1827-587: The Dark . Polyester was one of the first films to introduce a novelty cinema experience named Odorama , where members of the audience were provided with a set of "scratch and sniff" cards to be scratched and sniffed at specific times during the film, which provided an additional sensory connection to the viewed image. In 1983, Lynne joined the board. In 1984, Dawn Altyn and Jeff Youngs joined New Line Cinema, respectively as sales manager, eastern and southern divisions of New Line Distribution, and national print controller of

1890-511: The Man's ulterior motives, it's trenchant and angry. Stylistic and attitudinal cues come by way of Miami Vice , anti-heroic Blaxploitation , and the politicized, independent-minded B-films of Samuel Fuller ." However, not all critics liked the movie. In his review for The Washington Post , Desson Howe wrote, "With Boyz n the Hood , Fishburne broke through to the big time. Here, his acting career takes

1953-562: The Rings: The Return of the King (2003) winning a (joint) record eleven, including Best Picture , as well as being the second highest-grossing film of all time at the time of its release. Despite the success of The Lord of the Rings films, Town and Country (2001) generated a loss of $ 100 million and De Luca left as production head to be replaced by Toby Emmerich . In 2001, Shaye and Lynne became co-chairmen and co-CEO. The studio

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2016-411: The accused has autism (R v Kagan). Second, the act that constitutes the offence is committed for the purpose of defending or protecting themselves or the other person from that use or threat of force. Third, the act that constitutes the offence must have been reasonable in the circumstances. There are a number of indicia which factor into whether the act was reasonable in the circumstances. For one,

2079-436: The accused reasonably perceived there to have been no means of escape (R v Lavalleé). Third, the accused's role in the incident may play into the reasonableness of her or his act. Consideration of the accused's role is not limited to whether he did any provocative or unlawful acts at it was under the old self-defense provisions (R v Khill). Fourth, the nature and proportionality of the accused's response will factor into whether it

2142-510: The company that first distributed the original The Texas Chain Saw Massacre , lost the rights to that film, and the rights reverted to the original owners. New Line Cinema bought the rights and re-released the film to theatres that same year. It became very successful for the studio. New Line Cinema expanded its film production in the early 1980s, producing or co-producing films including Polyester , directed by John Waters , and Alone in

2205-422: The company's early successes was its distribution of the 1936 anti-cannabis propaganda film Reefer Madness , which became a cult hit on American college campuses in the early 1970s. New Line also released many classic foreign-language films, like Stay As You Are , Immoral Tales and Get Out Your Handkerchiefs (which became the first New Line film to win an Oscar ). The studio has also released many of

2268-626: The company. On May 8, 2008, it was announced that Picturehouse would shut down in the fall. Berney later bought the Picturehouse trademarks from Warner Bros. and relaunched the company in 2013. New Line Cinema moved from its long-time headquarters on Robertson Boulevard in Los Angeles in June 2014 to Warner Bros.' lot Building 76, formerly used by Legendary Entertainment , a former Warner Bros. film co-financier. The last film released by New Line Cinema as

2331-470: The context of criminal law, is a statutory defense that provides a full defense to the commission of a criminal act. It operates as a justification, the successful application of which means that owing to the circumstances in which the act was produced, it is not morally blameworthy. There are three elements an accused must demonstrate to successfully raise self-defense. First, the accused must demonstrate that she or he believed on reasonable grounds that force

2394-497: The creation of an international distribution arm. The third film in the series, A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors , was released in 1987, the studio's first national release, and opened at number one, grossing $ 8.9 million for the weekend, a record for an independent film at the time, and went on to gross almost $ 45 million at the US box office. A further six films have been made. The first six grossed $ 500 million worldwide and

2457-408: The cyclical nature of violence in a way allows them to foresee when harm is coming. Second, it's relevant whether there was a reasonable avenue of escape available to the accused. Under the old self-defense provision, there was a requirement for the accused to have believed on reasonable grounds that there was no alternative course] of action open to him at the time, so that he reasonably thought that he

2520-445: The defense that there were no other legal means of responding available. In other words, there may be an obligation to do retreat where there is an option to do so (R v Cain). However, there is an exception to the obligation to retreat which is there is no requirement to flee from your own home to escape an assault to raise self-defense (R v Forde). Moreover, evidence of the accused suffering from battered women's syndrome may evince that

2583-487: The early twentieth century in the United States and the United Kingdom paralleling the women's rights and suffrage movement. These early feminists sought to raise awareness about the sexual harassment and violence that women faced on the street, at work, and in the home. They challenged the notion that men were their "natural protectors" noting that men were often the perpetrators of violence against women . Women discovered

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2646-460: The film itself is only occasionally visceral. On the one hand, it's refreshing and commendable that a major film casts a black actor not only as a detective (rather than as a criminal), but in the lead role." On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 87% from 31 reviews, with an average rating of 6.9/10. The site's critics consensus reads, " Deep Cover rises above standard-issue crime thriller fare thanks to

2709-443: The film three-and-a-half stars out of four and praised the voice-over narration as "poetic and colorful. That's part of the process elevating the story from the mundane to the mythic". Janet Maslin , in her review for The New York Times , praised the "quietly commanding Larry Fishburne and the wry Jeff Goldblum, who make an interestingly offbeat team". In his review for The Chicago Reader , Jonathan Rosenbaum wrote, "What emerges

2772-470: The films of John Waters . In 1976, New Line Cinema secured funding to produce its first full-length feature, Stunts (1977), directed by Mark L. Lester . Although not considered a critical success, the film performed well commercially on the international market and on television. In 1980, Shaye's law school classmate Michael Lynne became outside counsel and adviser to the company and renegotiated its debt. In 1983, Bryanston Distributing Company ,

2835-490: The mental and physical preparedness of the defender. Many styles of martial arts are practiced for self-defense or include self-defense techniques. Some styles train primarily for self-defense, while other combat sports can be effectively applied for self-defense. Some martial arts train how to escape from a knife or gun situation or how to break away from a punch, while others train how to attack. To provide more practical self-defense, many modern martial arts schools now use

2898-467: The multiple sources of gender-based violence especially including its connections with sexism, racism, and classism. Empowerment Self-Defense instructors focus on holding perpetrators responsible while empowering women with the idea that they have both the right and ability to protect themselves. Self-defense techniques and recommended behavior under the threat of violence are systematically taught in self-defense classes. Commercial self-defense education

2961-575: The murder himself by exposing Felix, which results in a vengeful Jason killing him. The killing results in Betty reneging on the drug business, with Stevens' protection. Gallegos comes to meet with Stevens and Jason, informing them that they have inherited Felix's debts to him. Later that day, Stevens meets with Carver to tell him about his meeting with Gallegos. Instead, Carver pulls a gun on Stevens and orders him to surrender his weapon and get in his car. Angrily, Stevens disarms Carver and forces him to admit that

3024-402: The needs of specific target audiences (e.g. defense against attempted rape for women, self-defense for children and teens). Notable systems taught commercially include: In any given case, it can be difficult to evaluate whether force was excessive. Allowances for great force may be hard to reconcile with human rights. The Intermediate People's Court of Foshan , People's Republic of China in

3087-559: The network of the West Coast 's largest drug importer, Anton Gallegos, and his uncle Hector Guzmán, a South American politician. Stevens relocates to a cheap hotel and begins dealing cocaine . One day, Stevens is arrested by the devoutly religious LAPD Narcotics Detective Taft and his corrupt partner, Hernández, as he buys a kilogram in a set-up by Eddie Dudley, Gallegos' low-level street supplier. At his arraignment, Stevens discovers that he bought baby laxative instead of cocaine and his case

3150-439: The next three $ 250 million, for a total of $ 750 million. In 1990, Lynne became president and chief operating officer, with Shaye as chairman and chief executive officer. The same year, New Line Cinema released Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles which became the highest-grossing independent film of all-time with a gross of $ 135 million in the United States and Canada, until it was surpassed by The Blair Witch Project (1999). It

3213-487: The number may go from four to seven; it's not going to be 10." As to content, "New Line will not just be doing genre [...] There's no mandate to make a particular kind of movie." *Includes theatrical reissue(s). Self-defense Self-defense ( self-defence primarily in Commonwealth English ) is a countermeasure that involves defending the health and well-being of oneself from harm . The use of

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3276-651: The production unit. On January 28, 1994, New Line Cinema was acquired by the Turner Broadcasting System for $ 500 million, which later merged with Time Warner Entertainment in 1996. New Line Cinema was kept as its own separate entity, while fellow Turner-owned studios Hanna-Barbera Productions and Castle Rock Entertainment eventually became units of Warner Bros. During its time as an entity separate from Warner Bros., New Line Cinema continued to operate several divisions, including theatrical distribution, marketing and home video. The company's fortunes took

3339-585: The studio's first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Picture and their second film to win an Academy Award with Geoffrey Rush 's win for Academy Award for Best Actor . In May 1991, New Line Cinema purchased the home video and foreign rights to 600 films held by Sultan Entertainment Holdings (a.k.a. Nelson Entertainment ). The deal also included an 11-film distribution deal with Castle Rock Entertainment . On November 27, 1991, New Line Cinema purchased Sultan outright. In 1992, Michael De Luca became executive vice-president and chief executive officer of

3402-419: The studio, to distribute new projects. A Nightmare on Elm Street was produced and released by New Line Cinema in 1984. The resulting franchise was New Line Cinema's first commercially successful series, leading the company to be nicknamed "The House that Freddy Built". The film was made on a budget of $ 1.8 million and grossed over $ 57 million. A year later, A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge

3465-402: The time, Jeffrey Bewkes , announced that New Line Cinema would be shut down as a separately operated studio. Shaye and Lynne said that they would step down with a letter to their employees. They promised, however, along with Time Warner and Jeffery Bewkes, that the company would continue to operate its financing, producing, marketing and distributing operations of its own films, but would do so as

3528-454: Was also a partner in founding a new distribution company named Picturehouse in 2005. Specializing in independent film , Picturehouse was formed by Bob Berney, who left distributor Newmarket Films , New Line Cinema, who folded their Fine Line division into Picturehouse, and HBO Films , a division of HBO and a subsidiary of Time Warner, who was interested in getting into the theatrical film business. On February 28, 2008, Time Warner's CEO at

3591-536: Was followed by a sequel, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze (1991) which was the second highest-grossing with a gross of $ 78 million in the United States and Canada. A third, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III followed in 1993. In November 1990, New Line Cinema purchased a 52% stake in the television production company RHI Entertainment (now Halcyon Studios ), which would later be sold to Hallmark Cards in 1994. In early 1991, Fine Line Features

3654-602: Was going to be used against her or him or another person or that a threat of force is being made against her or him or another person. The reasonableness of the belief is assessed through both a subjective and objective lens. Certain beliefs, including racist beliefs and beliefs induced by self-intoxication are prima facie unreasonable. Other beliefs related to the subjective experience of the accused may, however, be reasonable. These include any relevant military training (R v Khill), heightened awareness of patterns of cyclical violence in intimate relationships ( R v Lavallée ) and whether

3717-414: Was obliged to kill in order to preserve himself from death or grievous bodily harm. Now, even though 34(2)(b) is only one consideration in a non-exhaustive list, the mandatory role it used to play in the common law suggests it carries considerable weight in determining the reasonableness of the act in the circumstances under 34(1)(c) As such, while there is no absolute duty to retreat, it is a prerequisite to

3780-554: Was released, and grossed $ 3.3 million in its first three days of release and over $ 30 million at the US box office. In 1986, the company went public, and held 1,613,000 shares of common stock. With the success of the Elm Street franchise, New Line Cinema made moves to expand their business. This included a revamping of their distribution network, the sale of their films into broadcast syndication and pay-TV (via Embassy Communications and Universal Pay Television , respectively), and

3843-417: Was set up as a wholly owned subsidiary headed by Ira Deutchman and released films including Jane Campion 's An Angel at My Table and Gus van Sant 's My Own Private Idaho . Halfway through the year, Carolco Pictures , entered into a joint venture with New Line Cinema to start Seven Arts, a distribution company which primarily released much of Carolco's low-budget output. In 1997, Shine received

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3906-508: Was the violence or threat of violence imminent? Usually, if there is a significant time interval between the original unlawful assault and the accused's response, it undermines the contention that there were no other means available to respond to the potential use of force and one tends to suspect that the accused was motivated by revenge rather than self-defense. However, R v Lavalleé accepted expert evidence demonstrating that people experiencing battered women's syndrome have special knowledge about

3969-522: Was their film adaptation of The Lord of the Rings trilogy by J. R. R. Tolkien with considerable commercial success and numerous Academy Awards . New Line Cinema was established in 1967 by the then 27-year-old Robert Shaye as a film distribution company, supplying foreign and art films for college campuses in the United States. Shaye operated New Line Cinema's offices out of his apartment at 14th Street and Second Avenue in New York City. One of

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