De Roos (literally, "The Rose"), also locally known as Roosmolen or Koren op de Molen , is a wind and platform mill situated within the municipality of Delft , in the South Holland province of the Netherlands .
69-502: The mill was originally constructed on the southern city wall of Delft but was later relocated and rebuilt above the western fortifications of the Dutch municipality in 1679. Two principal phases of implementation of the Delft mill followed this reconstruction. The first was dated 1728, while the second was from the 1760s. The building has been the subject of multiple restoration projects, commencing in
138-399: A windmill on the site of 111-112 Phoenixstraat is from 1352. This mill was subsequently known as Gasthuismolen (or Bordeelmolen ). The existence of this late medieval mill is substantiated by a fiscal act promulgated by the then Count of Holland , William V (Willem van Beieren) , which details the transfer of the windmill to the inhabitants of Delft. In this administrative document,
207-508: A cost of €76,000. In the latter half of the 2000s, a permanent exhibition was installed within the mill. In May 2009, as a result of plans to construct a public parking garage (the Prinsenhofgarage ) reserved for users of the William of Orange railway tunnel, the miller Koos de Vreede, then the proprietor of a specialty animal feed shop occupying the land designated for the future parking lot,
276-461: A depth of 1.3 meters into the skirt. The jacks were employed to exert a force that would push the skirt upwards. The work continued in March/April 1989, with the jacks still holding the circular structure above the platform. The base, a brick-and-mortar assembly, was re-masoned, and the inclination was raised by approximately 40 centimeters. The new rotating cap, replacing the previous 19th-century one,
345-403: A document written by its miller, Gerrit Stevensz, which describes the destruction of a portion of the city wall near the mill. A tempest destroyed the building in 1675. De Roos was initially constructed on the remains of a bastioned fortification (this section of the urban wall was destroyed during the 17th century), situated on the current Zuiderstraat — a thoroughfare in the southern part of
414-605: A further deterioration of the mill's wheel. The cracks observed in October 2022 were present within the two metal axes that constitute the structure of the wings, thereby hindering the continuous rotation of the wheel. A crowdfunding campaign was initiated to facilitate the replacement of the two metal rods. The fundraising effort yielded €15,000. The Delft windmill underwent repairs and was inaugurated by Queen Beatrix in May 2023, coinciding with National Mill Day. The following table presents
483-435: A height of one meter to allow for the commencement of the planned work. The jacking operation, conducted with the assistance of computer-aided technology and subcontracted to the engineering company CT de Boer, proceeded in incremental steps of 33 mm. The operation of lifting the national building, which was carried out with the assistance of 45 jacks, was completed in a single day. During the tunnel construction on Phoenixstraat,
552-462: A non-exhaustive list of individuals who have demonstrated the ability to operate the mill successfully: In addition to the aforementioned mill, the De Roos complex, which has been designated a national monument, encompasses a residential dwelling and a warehouse. The aggregate mass of the three edifices is 1,100 tons, with the mill accounting for 800 tons of that total. Post mill The post mill
621-551: A post mill and was cheaper than the alternative of erecting a smock mill . Walloon church A Walloon church (French: Église Wallonne ; Dutch: Waalse kerk ) describes any Calvinist church in the Netherlands and its former colonies whose members originally came from the Southern Netherlands (what is now Belgium) and northern France and whose native language is French . Members of these churches belong to
690-453: A residence for the miller, this structure was complemented by the addition of a warehouse, also crafted from volcanic tuff blocks, which constituted the final element of the windmill complex. In the 1760s, the De Roos entered its third construction phase and assumed its definitive architectural form. In approximately 1760, the De Roos, which had previously been a post mill , transformed into a tower mill. Following extensive drainage operations,
759-455: A shop called Ambacht within the mill marked the beginning of a new venture for De Roos. In addition to supplying local bakeries, the company began providing flour to individuals, restaurants, and DOEL, a subdivision of GGZ Delfland, a structure dedicated to improving the quality of life for people with psychiatric disorders. As indicated in the August 2015 monthly report on the future of Dutch mills,
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#1733093109597828-525: A special permit from the Delft authorities. Van Mierop passed away in December 1679, before the conclusion of the reconstruction initiative. The reconstruction work, which commenced in the late 1670s, continued apace. In November 1681, a masonry cap was placed under the hexagonal structure of the mill’s skirt. Furthermore, due to the sails rotating at an insufficient height—which required a minimum elevation of at least eight feet (approximately two meters) above
897-547: Is located at 112 and 111 Phoenixstraat, midway along this urban thoroughfare. The Delft Wind Building is situated to the south of Dirklangenstraat and to the north of Dirklangendwarsstraat, which together form an intersection with Phoenixstraat. Additionally, situated along this same urban axis are an ancient fortification tower (the Bagijnetoren) and one of the buildings of the Delft municipal house [ fr ] , which serves as
966-420: Is powered by a complex set of elements, mostly mechanical, motorized, and electric for a few. The house and warehouse, also constructed of masonry bricks, feature facades with gables . De Roos is situated in the western portion of the historic center of Delft, a municipality in the province of South Holland. The mill is situated at 112 Phoenixstraat. The entire De Roos complex, comprising the house and warehouse,
1035-422: Is the earliest type of European windmill . Its defining feature is that the whole body of the mill that houses the machinery is mounted on a single central vertical post. The vertical post is supported by four quarter bars. These are struts that steady the central post. The body of the windmill can be turned around the central post to bring the sails into the wind. All post mills have an arm projecting from them on
1104-511: The Moulin Cavier was a type of hollow post mill used for corn milling. A few mills looked like post mills, but were not post mills. These composite mills often had a post mill body mounted on a short tower resembling a roundhouse, as at Banham and Thornham in Norfolk. Composite mills lack the central post on which the body of the post mill is mounted and turns upon to enable the mill to face
1173-622: The Stichting Molen de Roos . The foundation's fundraising efforts resulted in a total of 200,000 guilders, in addition to the 70,000 guilders initially allocated by the association for the restoration of the Dommerholt mill in Epse . These funds enabled the restoration of De Roos. The renovated mill was inaugurated by the Dutch Prince Consort Claus von Amsberg on September 28, 1990. In
1242-506: The Dutch Cultural Heritage Agency designated the De Roos grain mill, along with the miller's house and warehouse surrounding its skirt, as a national monument . The windmill is conical in shape and of the skirt and platform type. It is rather massive in scope and height, constructed of bricks and jointed stones. The mill is equipped with a rotating cap , and the milling work, which transforms grains of cereals into flour,
1311-653: The Gathuismolen is referenced under the Middle Dutch term " Gasthuse molen ." The existence of the Gasthuismolen is also corroborated by a map dated 1561 and created by Jacob van Deventer . It is then mentioned in 1582 in the context of a grain mill, although it was used in the early 17th century to grind malt for brewing beer. It is also referenced in July 1595 during the creation of a Delft square bearing its name and in 1601 in
1380-498: The Netherlands , at Zaanse Schans , Haarlem , Zaandam , Amsterdam and at the Netherlands Open Air Museum , Arnhem . Dutch paltrok mills are, like post windmills, supported on a central wooden post around which the entire millhouse rotates. The central post, however, is short and, to provide stability, a rim bearing is added on a brick base, on which the millhouse rotates with numerous rollers. Side extensions protect
1449-569: The Niew Leven grain mill in Hazerswoude , became the proprietor of De Roos. From May 1847, a section of the inaugural Dutch railway line [ fr ] , constructed in 1829, ran adjacent to the Delft mill. In 1874, Pieter van Rijn's son, Klaas van Rijhn, assumed the role of miller from his father. In the early 20th century, during the 1920s, the electrification of tramway line 1 [ fr ] connecting The Hague to Delft resulted in
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#17330931095971518-577: The Walloon Reformed Church (French: Réformé wallon ; Dutch: Waals Hervormd or, prior to 1815, Waals Gereformeerd ), a denomination of the long-distinguished Dutch -speaking Dutch Reformed Church . Many refugee Huguenots in their exile, joined to already existing Walloon churches — French language, Calvinism, and flight from persecution in a roughly common geography, being common factors to both Huguenot and Walloon refugee communities. This article about Reformed Christianity
1587-460: The " Steckmolen " or " molen De Otter ," was in operation until 1918. The De Otter mill was situated at a distance of 20 meters from De Roos. The last remaining windmill in Delft, previously situated atop a bastion platform, is currently located above the Willem van Oranje tunnel on the railway line connecting the city to The Hague . The mill, like six other buildings protected as national monuments in
1656-480: The "post" was the tailpole used to turn the mill into the wind) was used in north-west England, and stob mill in north-east England, to describe mills of this type. Post mills dominated the scene in Europe until the 19th century when tower mills began to replace them. The advantage of the tower mill over the earlier post mill is that it is not necessary to turn the whole mill ("body", "buck") with all its machinery into
1725-528: The 18 that had been built in the city. In the context of the global food shortages that resulted from the Second World War , De Roos operated at full capacity during the 1940s to meet the demand for flour. The miller was assisted by a considerable workforce during this period. In 1942, despite the financial constraints of World War II affecting the Hollandsche Molen, the association provided funding for
1794-539: The Heritage Service of the city of Delft and its surrounding area ( Erfgoed Delft en omstreken ) conducted preventive excavations at the Phoenixstraat site. These archaeological research operations were also conducted under the auspices of the Dutch Cultural Heritage Agency . In 2008, De Roos oversaw the excavation of a trench measuring 20 meters in length and one meter in width. This endeavor yielded insights into
1863-499: The Hollandsche Molen initiated a restoration program for De Roos. Van Tienhoven and Visser, two members of the Hollandsche Molen 's management team, collaborated with the master builders from Drop Fa. The Botenbal father-and-son team was responsible for the restoration work on the mill. The stone granary was entirely rebuilt. An iron beam was placed under the grinding floor, on which a milling vat equipped with two pairs of millstones
1932-460: The Midlands and North West of England, the top of the roundhouse had a curb, and rollers affixed to the mill body enabled the roundhouse to bear some of the weight of the mill. Examples of Midlands post mills extant include Danzey Green mill, (preserved at Avoncroft Museum of Historic Buildings ) and the mill at Wrawby , Lincolnshire. In eastern Europe, instead of a roundhouse an "apron" was fitted to
2001-424: The actions of miller Niek de Vreede, accompanied by detailed explanations. From 1975 to 1983, de Vreede operated the mill with the assistance of volunteer millers. On August 18, 1979, to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the mill's construction, the mayor and the council of Delft organized a celebratory event throughout the city. In 1984, the mill exhibited further deterioration. On the night of February 14-15,
2070-598: The bottom of the body of the mill, enclosing the trestle and thereby affording protection from the weather. Some post mills are hollow post mills. In these mills the main post is bored to take a driveshaft, similar to an Upright Shaft in a smock or tower mill . This enables the mill to drive machinery in the base or roundhouse. Hollow post mills were not common in the United Kingdom. In the Netherlands, they are called Wipmolen and were mostly used for drainage. In France,
2139-480: The conservation of Dutch mills, purchased De Roos in 1926. This acquisition by a nonprofit entity once again averted the destruction of the mill. In 1928, the gas engine that powered the mill's mechanism was replaced by an electric motor. The Hollandsche Molen leased the windmill and its residential outbuilding to the De Vreede family that same year. They remained tenants of De Roos until 2009, with Koos de Vreede being
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2208-592: The former moat's fill. The second trench exhibited a comparable stratigraphic profile, if not an identical one, to that of the initial test pit. The third trench revealed the remains of a foundation, spanning a depth of 0.50 meters, belonging to a structure situated between De Roos and the Bagijntoren, one of the fortified towers of Delft's fortifications. The archaeological excavations unearthed two millstones crafted from blue volcanic stone. The two-grain millstones, found in an almost intact state, were originally part of
2277-505: The foundations were entirely re-masoned. The mill’s skirt was reconstructed, and the building was raised by six meters. In January 1766, Jan de Bruyn obtained permission to install a hexagonal wooden gallery around the stone skirt of the windmill. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the circular base was replaced with a hexagonal masonry structure. This transformation is documented in an engraving by topographer Balthasar Jooss dated 1822. In 1829, Pieter van Rijn, previously employed at
2346-403: The grinding mechanism of the Delft mill . In addition, domestic deposits, dated to the 17th century and found in a good state of preservation, were also identified during the excavation campaign. Finally, debris from the mill's facades in its first and second states—before the reconstruction of its skirt in 1760—was found within the stratigraphic layers of the city wall. In 2015, the opening of
2415-400: The ground—the municipal council determined that modifications to the mill were necessary to align with architectural standards. The structure was subsequently incorporated into a five-meter-high masonry, and a timber framework was incorporated to regulate the wheel's operation. In 1728, a semi-circular dwelling constructed from volcanic tuff was erected close to the mill. Intended to serve as
2484-615: The headquarters of the Delfland Water Board . Phoenixstraat is bordered by Wateringsevest, a former canal dug parallel to the Delft city wall and now filled in. For urban architecture researchers C. Steffen and D.J.M. van der Voordt, the presence of the mill, which they describe as a "pleasant" and "landmark" structure situated in the heart of Delft's town center, imbues the Dutch city with a distinctive charm. On Phoenixstraat, situated between Dirklangendwarsstraat and Bagijnestraat, another mill, designated for oil production and known as
2553-466: The historic center of Delft. Subsequently, the edifice was situated near a fortified tower, designated as Oosterijke toren . The location of the initial construction site is indicated on a map dated 1678 and engraved by the Dutch painter Johannes Verkolje and published by the writer Dirck van Bleyswijck. Near the aforementioned mill was the Rotterdamse Poort, a fortified gateway that opened onto
2622-571: The history and various functions of the mill from an educational perspective. Others were intended to comply with safety standards and displayed instructions for safe operation. A new lighting system, including rotating LED lamps , was also installed inside the mill. During the same year, an exhibition was set up within De Roos with the theme " Mills, the Engine of the Golden Age in Delft " (" Molens, de motor van de Gouden Eeuw in Delft "). The early 2020s saw
2691-542: The last family member to operate the mill. In 1929, the construction of railway line 1 led to ground subsidence, which was further exacerbated by the drainage of groundwater by the Royal Dutch Society for the Manufacture of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Products [ nl ] . This resulted in a tilt to the north side of the mill and damage to the rotation mechanism of the wings. As a consequence of these events,
2760-418: The late 1920s and concluding in 2023. The artistic work, whose historical background remains largely uncharted before its 1679 reconstruction, represents the sole surviving mill within the erstwhile fortified zone of Delft, among the eighteen that previously operated within the Dutch city. On the current site of De Roos, at 111-112 Phoenixstraat, there originally stood a post mill called Gasthuismolen , which
2829-494: The mill and the miller’s house, like numerous other buildings in Delft, were designated national monuments by the Dutch Cultural Heritage Agency . In November 1975, the Delft mill was showcased in a television program designed for a youth audience, titled Het Programma met de Muis . The report, broadcast by the Nederlandse Omroep Stichting , demonstrated the processes of flour production and mill operation through
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2898-401: The mill came under the administrative authority of ProRail , a public body responsible for the railway tunnel excavation work. Furthermore, the budget allocated by the province of South Holland for the work on the windmill building, specifically repairs of the masonry joints around the openings on the first floor of the skirt superstructure and the installation of a new concrete slab, amounted to
2967-477: The mill were rebuilt. The building was raised by 51 cm using a hydraulic press , and an inclined masonry cap was poured under its skirt. The repair costs amounted to 10,000 guilders. In the following years, the mill’s foundation footprint was reinforced with five 20-meter-long concrete piles. In 1936, the year the De Papegay (or De Papegaey) mill was dismantled, De Roos became the last remaining mill in Delft, out of
3036-454: The mill) was a significant factor in the Minister of Transport and Water Management, Karla Peijs , approving the construction of a railway tunnel. The route of the underground railway infrastructure, measuring 2.3 km in length, 24 meters in width, situated at a depth of 10 meters, and comprising four tracks, passed beneath the mill. In July 2012, the 1.1 tons of the windmill complex were lifted to
3105-803: The municipality of Delft—namely, the Maria van Jesse church, the water tower, the fortification tower, the Prinsenhof , the Walloon church , and the Oude Kerk —is situated in an isopleth of altitude at an elevation of 6 meters below sea level . Furthermore, the Delft Windmill is constructed on a subsoil formed during the Pleistocene Epoch. This substrate is predominantly clayey in composition, with lesser proportions of sand and peat . The earliest known reference to
3174-432: The opening of this specialty shop, along with the hosting of visitors due to the installation of an exhibition room, transformed the De Roos mill into a "secondary destination" that extended beyond its primary flour production activity. In 2019, informational panels were installed outside and inside the mill for the benefit of visitors and customers. Some of the signs were designed to provide information and an explanation of
3243-525: The original foundations of the mill and the remnants of the city's ancient fortifications, including a rampart, a bastion, a tower, and a moat. In March 2009, three sondage pits were excavated using a mini-excavator on the land surrounding the windmill building. The initial exploration trench yielded a stratigraphy 2.3 meters thick, comprising a meter of recent fill, primarily sand, followed by 0.5 meters of construction rubble mixed with blue clay by oxidation-reduction processes , and finally, 190 centimeters of
3312-463: The presence of a canal, which constituted a defensive ditch following the current Dirklangenstraat and a loop urban road with two successive intersections with Phoenixstraat. This canal was dated to the first quarter of the 14th century and measured approximately 3 meters in width. It is plausible that the De Roos was still functioning as a "post mill" during its reconstruction on the Phoenixstraat site, as any new stone mill construction would have required
3381-438: The railway track being relocated from Oude Delft to Phoenixstraat. As the mill was situated on the new route, van Rijhn assumed the responsibility of ensuring the preservation of the windmill from probable destruction. In 1922, a 25- horsepower gas engine was integrated into the mill’s mechanical system. Following the demise of Klaas van Rhijn on December 14, 1925, the Hollandsche Molen , an organization established in 1923 for
3450-448: The restoration of De Roos’s residential house, amounting to 7,000 guilders. Following the conclusion of hostilities, the mill resumed its full operational capacity. However, in the 1950s, despite its pivotal role during the preceding era the windmill began to deteriorate due to a lack of adequate maintenance. Repairs were initiated in 1959. In 1961, the windmill's wheel was dismantled due to the malfunctioning of its mechanism. The structure
3519-468: The sawing floor and workmen from the weather. German paltrok mills were commonly converted from post mills where the post and trestle were replaced by a wooden or iron rim bearing, set into the ground or on a brick base. The millhouse was enlarged and supported on this rim by numerous rollers or small wheels. These mills are technically composite mills although the tower is very short and of large diameter. This type of mill provided more internal space than
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#17330931095973588-484: The second half of the 16th century. In June 1679, at the behest of Cornelis van Nierop, then proprietor of the land, the De Roos mill was relocated to the site of the Gasthuismolen . The current location at 111-112 Phoenixstraat was selected due to its superior wind exposure. Subsequently, the transfer and reconstruction of the building were undertaken by civil engineer and miller Floris (or Fons) van Mierop. The windmill
3657-476: The side opposite the sails and reaching down to near ground level. With some, as at Saxtead Green , the arm carries a fantail to turn the mill automatically. With the others the arm serves to rotate the mill into the wind by hand. The earliest post mills in England are thought to have been built in the 12th century. The earliest working post mill in England still used today is to be found at Outwood, Surrey . It
3726-471: The southern city wall. It seems reasonable to posit that De Roos exhibited a similar architectural style to that of the Gasthuismolen, namely that it was initially a post mill. This element is attested by a document dated 1629 in which an accident between its string and pivot is mentioned. Despite the paucity of evidence, it can be surmised that De Roos existed on the bastioned rondel of the Oosterijke toren by
3795-411: The spring of 1996, to commemorate the 750th anniversary of the city’s establishment by William II of Holland , the mill's wings were embellished with four white sails featuring nuances of Delft blue. Delftware tiles depicting De Roos were commissioned for this occasion. In 2004, the viaduct of railway line no. 1. The project's impact on the morphology and landscape of Delft's town center (including
3864-423: The trestle could be used for storage, but was open to the weather. Mill owners started to build roundhouses around the trestles, and later mills were built with a roundhouse from new. This had the dual advantage of creating a covered storage area and protecting the trestle from bad weather. In Suffolk , millwrights would build post mills mounted on tall, two or three storey roundhouses, as at Saxtead Green . In
3933-543: The wind. In the Netherlands and Germany , a variety of mill called the paltrok (Low German spelling Paltrock , from High German Pfalzrock ( palisade skirt ); the shape of the millhouse resembles that kind of garment) was built. Though similar in name and appearance, Dutch and German paltrok mills differ in historical and technical regard. The Dutch paltrok mill was invented around 1600 and specifically designed for sawing wood. Several hundred have existed of this type of windmill; however, only five paltrok mills remain in
4002-473: The wind; this allows more space for the machinery as well as for storage. There are many variations amongst post mills. The earliest post mills were quite small, and this led to problems with stability as they were liable to blow down in strong winds. A solution was found by burying the bottom of the trestle in a mound of earth. The last sunk post mills in England were at Warton , Lancashire , and Essington , Staffordshire . As mills were made bigger, it
4071-419: The windmill building and its domestic outbuilding were supported by a pile structure. While the jacking operation was underway, a reinforced concrete base was poured at the site of 111-112 Phoenixstraat. This provided a new course for the windmill building, its dwelling and its warehouse. The complex was subsequently placed back in its original location in December 2012. During the operations involving De Roos,
4140-455: The windmill dating from the late 17th century and early 18th century, as well as elements of the western portion of the medieval city wall of Delft. Despite periods of inactivity, particularly during periods of restoration and repair, the mill remains operational. It has been managed by many millers, including those from the Kouwenhoven, van Rhijn, and De Vreede families. On June 29, 1967,
4209-495: The wings ceased turning. This deterioration was attributed to a subsidence of the masonry above the hexagonal gallery and a malfunction of the rotating cap. The restoration work, which commenced in November 1988, entailed the removal of the cap and the raising of the upper portion of the mill's skirt, which weighed approximately 240 tons. This was achieved using 35 centrally controlled hydraulic jacks anchored through 40 holes drilled to
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#17330931095974278-593: Was built in 1665. The earliest remaining example of a non-operational mill can be found in Great Gransden in Cambridgeshire , built in 1612. Their design and usage peaked in the 18th and 19th centuries and then declined after the introduction of high-speed steam-driven milling machinery. Many still exist today, primarily in Northern Europe and Great Britain . The term peg mill or peg and post mill (in which
4347-409: Was constructed on the foundations of a rondel, which was located in the western section of the wall that encircled the city of Delft. The semi-circular fortification, whose remains were identified during preventive archaeological operations in the 2000s and 2010s, was constructed using bricks and stones from the 13th century that had been reused . Additionally, the archaeological investigation revealed
4416-513: Was destroyed during a storm in the second half of the 17th century. Previously bordered by the tramway and then the railway line connecting the city to The Hague , the site of De Roos mill has been situated above the Willem of Orange railway tunnel since the second half of the 2010s. The construction of this infrastructure necessitated the hydraulic jacking and the underpinning of the De Roos complex — mill, miller's house, warehouse — and preventive archaeological excavations that revealed remnants of
4485-443: Was expropriated from De Roos. The mill reopened on September 4, 2013. This date also marks the return of the de Roos to the real estate administered by the Hollandsche Molen association, as well as the publication of a book devoted to its history. On the night of February 21 to 22, 2015, the last train on the railway viaduct passed in front of the mill. While the grain mill and its associated dwelling were elevated by one meter,
4554-562: Was found that the trestle did not need to be buried. Thus the open trestle post mills were built. The oldest surviving is at Great Gransden , Cambridgeshire. Others exist in the UK at Bourn , Cambridgeshire; Great Chishill , Cambridgeshire; Nutley , Sussex and Chillenden , Kent. Open trestle post mills are also found in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany and in New England , USA. The space around
4623-490: Was installed in early 1990. On June 19, 1990, a 120-ton mobile crane was utilized to affix the cap to the mill's skirt. Additionally, new metal shafts for the wings and new millstones were hoisted and integrated into the mill structure. To fund the restoration of the mill, which was not feasible with the resources available from the Hollandsche Molen Association, a foundation was established in 1986, called
4692-416: Was installed. A new support beam was added under the vertical shaft. The large lower wheel was lowered to the maximum. While the two metal sections of the vertical shaft were extended, a new stone hopper was installed for grain flow. Additionally, a bedstone paired with a runner stone, each weighing approximately five tons, and a sack hoist were incorporated into the milling system. In 1930, the foundations of
4761-457: Was subsequently repaired and resumed operation in 1964. Concurrently, in early 1961, an 800-meter-long railway viaduct was erected to supplant the tramway line segment traversing the western portion of Delft's town center. The viaduct commenced operations in 1965, situated parallel to Phoenixstraat and adjacent to De Roos. Subsequently, the wings of De Roos were again halted on March 23, June 1, July 6, and September 7 and 14, 1965. On June 29, 1967,
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