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99-679: De Montfort Music was founded in 2012 by Monica and Kevin Fitzgibbons. It specializes in sacred music , especially from the Roman Catholic tradition. Artists recorded by De Montfort include: Benedictines of Mary, Queen of Apostles , Dominican Sisters of Mary, Mother of the Eucharist , the Monks of Norcia , members of the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter (FSSP), the Monks of Clear Creek Abbey , and

198-500: A Buddha is found in the Theragāthā commentary ( aṭṭhakathā ), this time, the past Buddha Krakucchanda is featured. Similarly, when Sikhī Buddha died, a tree dwelling spirit offered flowers and instrumental music, and this contributed to his future nirvana ( Therapadana 118). One Indian Buddhist figure who was well known as a musician was the 2nd century poet Aśvaghoṣa . Both Tibetan ( Taranatha ) and Chinese sources mention that he

297-451: A certain samadhi, one may hear heavenly sounds from the deva realms. Other sources, like the Jatakas , and Avadanas , contain various stories which depict music in a positive light. For example, in one story, a bird named Cittapatta sang songs to the past Buddha Vipassī , and he eventually gained a good rebirth and became a god, and then an arahant. Another story about a bird singing to

396-615: A form of devotional practices . Apart from chanting, in certain Buddhist traditions, offerings of music are given in honor of the Triple Gem , consisting of traditional music performed by specialists, or of the ritual music that accompanies the chanting. One significant example lies in Sri Lankan tradition, where a traditional ceremony is performed by drummers as a musical offering, also popularly known as "Sabda-Puja". According to some scholars,

495-544: A joyful mind sings a song in praise of the Buddha's virtue, even if it is just one small note, then all who do these things have attained the Buddha way. Chapter twenty four of the Lotus Sutra is named after a musical bodhisattva named Gadgadasvara (Wonderful Voice). This bodhisattva travels to our world and beautiful musical sounds follow him everywhere. The Buddha then explains that this bodhisattva "paid homage to

594-496: A kind of self-cultivation. The Indian Buddhist tantric literature includes music, song and dance as common ritual offerings to tantric deities. The use of singing and dancing as a spiritual practice is promoted in various Buddhist tantras , for example, singing and dancing is an important practice in the Hevajra Tantra , which states: If songs are sung from bliss, they are supreme vajra-songs. When bliss arises, dance for

693-410: A means of improving one's relationship with God. Sufi music aims to bring listeners closer to God. The deep urge to dissolve the physical realm and transcend into the spiritual universe, which occurs through the practice of listening to music, chanting, and whirling, and culminating in spiritual ecstasy, lies at the heart of Sufi lyrics. Because music is viewed as a tool for the believer to grow closer to

792-594: A passage in which a gandharva (a celestial musician) named Pañcaśikha sings some verses to the Buddha accompanied by a lute, and the Buddha approves of it. In the Dirgha Agama version, the Buddha listens and praises Pañcaśikha saying: Good, Pañcaśikha, good! You're able to praise the Tathāgata with your clear voice and harmonious cymophane lute. The sound of both your lute and voice are neither long or short. Their compassion and gracefulness moves people's hearts. Your song

891-473: A peacock. The 10th Guru of the Sikhs, Guru Gobind Singh Ji , named the instrument "Taus" as the word is Persian for peacock. This instrument was originally created by Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji . It is significantly larger than other Sikh instruments. It is played with a bow and has 28–30 strings, allowing the instrument to communicate an array of emotions and properly play the raags of Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji. After

990-526: A raag is assigned. the raag provides a guideline for how the shabad should be sang. There are 31 raags in Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji. A raag is a specific set of rules on how to construct a certain melody. Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji is composed with different raags to match the shabads and teachings of the Sikh Gurus and various holy people. The Gurus also created numerous musical instruments including

1089-533: A song about emptiness which leads eight thousand bodhisattvas to attain the patience of the non-arising of all dharmas. When asked where this beautiful song came from, Druma explains his philosophy of music, which is encapsulated in the following passage: All sounds emerge from empty space. Sound has the nature of emptiness : when you finish hearing it, it disappears; after it disappears, it abides in emptiness. Therefore, all dharmas, whether they are taught or not, are emptiness. All dharmas are like sound. If one teaches

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1188-453: A spreading of the faith and traditions of Islam in multiplicities. The Crusades in the 9th and 10th centuries encouraged the spread of Islam through the invasions of Latin Christian soldiers and Muslim soldiers into each other's lands. The whole conflict began on the premises of a Holy Land and which group of people owned these lands that led to these foes invading their respective lands. As

1287-523: A suitable offering to the Buddhas and as a skillful means to bring sentient beings to Buddhism. Buddhist music retains a prominent place in many Buddhist traditions , and is usually used for ceremonial and devotional purposes . Buddhist music and chanting is often part of Buddhist rituals and festivals in which they may be seen as offerings to the Buddha. Most Buddhist music includes chanting or singing , accompanied by instruments. The chanting

1386-667: A variation like this is shared between many other religions. Music plays a significant role in many religions. In some religions, such as Buddhism, music helps people calm their minds and focus before meditation. In Sikh music, known as Kirtan, the music helps people connect with the teachings of the religion and with God. Some other religions, such as Islam, use music to recite the word of their holy book. Some religions relate their music to non-religious musicians. For example, Rastafarian music heavily relates to reggae music. Religious music helps those of all religions connect with their faith and remember their religious values. Buddhist music

1485-497: Is Klezmer , which is typically sung in Yiddish . Klezmer often refers to the Jewish instrumentalist, specifically focusing on Ashkenazic melodies and music; this genre was common among European Jewish traveling musicians. Klezmer music was and continues to be used primarily at Jewish social gatherings. Weddings, however, are the main venue for this genre. Klezmer fundamentally dates back to

1584-498: Is music ( Sanskrit : vàdita , saṅgīta) created for or inspired by Buddhism and includes numerous ritual and non-ritual musical forms. As a Buddhist art form, music has been used by Buddhists since the time of early Buddhism , as attested by artistic depictions in Indian sites like Sanchi . While certain early Buddhist sources contain negative attitudes to music, Mahayana sources tend to be much more positive to music, seeing it as

1683-514: Is a bhajan. Acts which are done for the God is called bhajan. A raga or raag ( IAST : rāga; also raaga or ragam ; literally "coloring, tingeing, dyeing") is a melodic framework for improvisation akin to a melodic mode in Indian classical music . Islamic music comes in many forms. Each form is used for different purposes as one may be for prayers and complete focus towards Allah (God) and while

1782-414: Is a traditional Buddhist devotional practice, as well as a means of enhancing and preparing the mind for silent meditation . It is a common part of formal group practice (in either a lay or monastic context). Some forms of Buddhism also use chanting for ritualistic, apotropaic or other magical purposes. In Mahayana Buddhism , the offering of music is a traditional part of devotional offerings to

1881-409: Is also a metaphor for emptiness in Indian sources. Hence, Druma is singing about emptiness with an instrument that also symbolizes emptiness. The Buddha confirms that Druma is highly advanced in his use of music as a skillful means and that through music he can lead countless beings to omniscience. At another part of the sutra, the Buddha manifests seven giant trees which emit light and music all over

1980-458: Is classed as a religion, by non-rastafarians, due to the principles the movement is built upon. Nevertheless, some Rastafarians viewed their movement as a way of life for their supporters. The Rastafarian way of life represents the identity recreation of being African. As the movement spread to South Africa and Jamaica, this caused confusion about what Rastafarians believed due to the combination of other ideologies and religions being incorporated into

2079-472: Is music created for or influenced by Hinduism. It includes Carnatic music , Indian classical music , Hindustani classical music , Kirtan , Bhajan and other musical genres. Raagas are a common form of Hindu music in classical India. Vedas are also in Hindu music. A bhajan is a Hindu devotional song , often of ancient origin. Bhajans are often simple songs in lyrical language expressing emotions of love for

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2178-404: Is music created for or inspired by Buddhism and part of Buddhist art . Buddhist chanting is a form of musical verse or incantation, which is similar to religious recitations of other faiths. Buddhist chanting is the traditional means of preparing the mind for meditation , especially as part of formal practice (in either a lay or monastic context). Some Buddhist traditions also use chanting as

2277-523: Is music played either by actual shamans as part of their rituals, or by people who, whilst not themselves shamans, wish to evoke the cultural background of shamanism in some way. Shintō music (神楽) is ceremonial music for Shinto (神道) which is the native religion of Japan. Sikh music or Shabad kirtan is Kirtan -style singing of hymns or Shabad from the Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji, the central text of Sikhism . Its development dates back to

2376-780: Is music, sacred or not, performed or composed for or as ritual . Religious songs have been described as a source of strength, as well as a means of easing pain, improving one's mood, and assisting in the discovery of meaning in one's suffering. While style and genre vary broadly across traditions, religious groups still share a variety of musical practices and techniques. Religious music takes on many forms and varies throughout cultures. Religions such as Islam , Judaism, and Sinism demonstrate this, splitting off into different forms and styles of music that depend on varying religious practices. Religious music across cultures depicts its use of similar instruments , used in accordance to create these melodies. The use of drums (and drumming), for example,

2475-404: Is not a symbol of anything (meaning is ontologically distinct and separate from sound); rather, music is both an index and an icon (a faithful reproduction) of emptiness – in other words, music is a concrete example, in our experiential field, of emptiness." Rambelli also notes that Druma's instrument, the veena, is made of beryl (vaiḍūrya), which is a transparent light green stone. Transparency

2574-601: Is often of traditional texts which include: sutras , mantras , dharani , parittas , or verse compositions (such as gathas , stotras , and caryagitis ). Buddhist instrumental music does exist, though it is less commonly heard in temples . Examples of Buddhist musical traditions include the Newari Buddhist Gunlā Bājan , Tibetan Buddhist music , Japanese Buddhist Shōmyō , modern Indian Buddhist bhajans , and Cambodian Smot chanting. As there are many different traditions of Buddhist music and chanting,

2673-521: Is part of a set of devotional offerings for Buddhas and bodhisattvas. In one passage, a group of bodhisattvas is said to "play heavenly music and praise the virtues of the buddhas with hymns accompanied by wonderful sounds". Apart from presenting music as an offering to the Buddha, some Mahayana sources also depict music as a skillful means employed by the Buddhas to impart the Buddha Dharma in their pure lands. The Golden Light Sutra also describes

2772-410: Is pure, immaculate, and incorruptible, like light and the mind; it is all-surpassing and beyond signs – that is, sound is the condition of enlightenment; when a bodhisattva is in that condition, he has attained the endurance of the non-origination of dharmas […] All discourses are only sound/voice; one produces these sounds simply because one wants to talk about something else than voice. This endurance of

2871-494: Is replete with many meanings and explains the bonds of desire, the religious life, the ascetic, and Nirvāṇa! The Mahaparinibbana sutta states that before the death of the Buddha, "heavenly music played in the sky in honor of the Realized One. And heavenly choirs sang in the sky in honor of the Realized One." After the Buddha's death, laypeople venerated the Buddha "with dance and song and music and garlands and fragrances". In

2970-533: Is seen commonly in numerous religions such as Rastafari and Sinism, while wind instruments ( horn , saxophone, trumpet and variations of such) can be commonly found in Islam and Judaism. Throughout each religion, each form of religious music, within the specific religion, differs for a different purpose. For example, in Islamic music, some types of music are used for prayer while others are used for celebrations. Similarly,

3069-484: Is the most widely used word to mean institutionalized prayer and is one of the oldest forms of prayer in Islam. Islamic prayer, traditions, and ideals had influence from these Abrahamic religions. The time of origination of Salah came from Muhammad in a cave as he began to worship Allah (God). It is believed that through this act of worship Mohammad interacted with the Abrahamic prophet Moses . Now these "prayers" come in

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3168-516: Is the name for a shamanic ritual. During a ritual, there is a table with sacrificial offerings, known as gutsang (굿상), for the gods. Throughout the ritual, the dramatic performances or g ut nori (굿 노리) are accompanied by music, song, and dance. Gut can be categorized into private and village rituals. Private rituals include well-wishing rituals, healing rituals, underworld entry rituals and shamanic initiation rituals. The purpose of village rituals are to maintain peace and promote communal unity, where

3267-514: Is the shared melody of religious Jewish communities. Its influence spreads across the globe, originating in the Middle East, where music principles differ from those of the Western world, emphasizing rhythmic development over harmony. There are three sections into which Jewish music can be separated: Ashkenazic music, Sephardic music, and Mizrahi music. The most prevalent form of Ashkenazic music

3366-553: Is typically sung in Ladino , or a Judeo-Spanish dialect. It demonstrates music styles that are reminiscent of Mediterranean rhythms and melodies. This genre touches on romance, life, and religious traditions, and is typically associated with women and women's singing. Women tend to sing these songs with no additional harmony or instruments. Sephardic music originates from Jews that lived in medieval Spain and Portugal , and it spread following Sephardic Jews' expulsion from Spain and Portugal in

3465-626: The Buddhacarita , which indicates the author was knowledgeable about Indian music, its styles, instruments, notes, and so forth. According to the Theravada commentary to the Long Discourses, the Dīgha-nikāya-aṭṭhakathā ( Sumaṅgalavilāsinī ), king Aśoka's consort Asandhimittā attained stream entry when she listened to a kalavīka bird's song and imagined that it was the sweet voice of

3564-610: The Gut (굿) . Geographically, the Korean peninsula can be divided into five shaman music areas based on musical dialects and instrumentation: the central, northwestern, eastern, southwestern, and Jeju Island areas. Sinawi is a form of Korean improvisational ensemble music believed to evolve from the Jeolla province in southwestern Korea. Sanjo (music) is a style of Korean traditional music produced with improvised instrumental solos. Gut (굿)

3663-652: The Carmelite Sisters of the Most Sacred Heart of Los Angeles . Universal Music Group distributed De Montfort's recordings on its Decca label through 2016. In January 2017, De Montfort announced it had signed a new worldwide distribution deal with Sony Masterworks . On March 24, 2017, De Montfort and its sister label, AimHigher Recordings , announced they had signed a deal with St. John Cantius Church of Chicago to acquire its catalog of self-published recordings and re-release them worldwide. De Montfort Music

3762-496: The Crusades to the Middle East, introduced Europeans to Arabic theoretical works and thriving Islamic art music. Moreover, Arab invaders entered India as early as 711 AD, while Mongol and Turkmen forces eventually invaded the Middle East, bringing Islamic and Far Eastern music together. There are parallels between India 's and the Middle East's modal systems, as well as some cosmological and ethical ideas of music. Jewish music

3861-646: The Dilruba , the Sarangi , the Esraj and the Jori . One of the earliest Sikh instruments to be used was the Rabab . When Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the first Guru of the Sikhs would travel to different areas, his companion Bhai Mardana would always bring a rebab. They would sing Sikh shabads to the residents of each village and Bhai Mardana would play his rebab. In this way, Guru Nanak Dev Ji started

3960-476: The Divine , whether for a single God and Goddess , or any number of divinities. Many bhajans feature several names and aspects of the chosen deity, especially in the case of Hindu sahasranamas , which list a divinity's 1008 names. Great importance is attributed to the singing of bhajans with Bhakti , i.e. loving devotion. "Rasanam Lakshanam Bhajanam" means the act by which we feel more closer to our inner self or God,

4059-646: The Longer Sukhāvatīvyūha, Amitabha's bodhi tree produces "innumerable exquisite Dharma sounds", "which spread far and wide, pervading all the other buddha lands in the ten directions". The sutra further states: Those who hear the sounds attain penetrating insight into dharmas and dwell in the stage of non-retrogression. Until they attain buddhahood, their senses of hearing will remain clear and sharp and they will not suffer from any pain or sickness... Again, in that land, there are thousands of varieties of spontaneous music, which are all, without exception, sounds of

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4158-544: The Tantric age , sophisticated styles of song and dance offerings were made in Buddhist temples with the support of Indian royalty. Indian Buddhist mahasiddhas and yogis were known to sing tantric songs, variously called Dohā , Vajragīti , and Caryāgīti. Indian Vajrayana sources state that these songs, along with music and dance, were part of tantric Buddhist feasts ( ganachakras , esoteric gatherings and celebrations). These Carya songs contained esoteric instructions on

4257-457: The musical instruments used vary widely, from solely relying on the human voice , to many types of classic instruments used in Asian music (such as the ancient Indian veena ) as well as modern instruments ( keyboards , guitars , etc). In the modern academy , the study of Buddhist music, sometimes known as Buddhist musicology, has become its own field of academic research. In Buddhism, chanting

4356-490: The oud , kanun , and the darbuka . Other instrumental elements include guitar, vocal trills, and electronic instruments . Neopagan music is music created for or influenced by modern Paganism . It has appeared in many styles and genres, including folk music , classical music, singer-songwriter, post-punk , heavy metal and ambient music . Rastafari appeared in Jamaica in the 1930s as an energetic and spirited movement. It

4455-470: The vīnā playing king of the kinnaras (Skt. Kiṃnara), and his retinue of musicians (which include devas , kinnaras and gandharvas ). In some passages, the Buddha himself preaches through song. Druma's music is presented as so powerful that it can be heard all over the universe, it drives all the devas in the desire realm to come see the Buddha and makes all those present (except a few high level bodhisattvas), start dancing spontaneously. Druma also plays

4554-673: The British invaded and colonized India in the 19th century, they introduced some of their instruments to the Sikh Community. One of these instruments was the Harmonium. The second instrument was the Tabla. The tabla is meant to accompany the singer and the harmonium in Sikh kirtan. Muak (무악) or Musok Eumak (무속 음악), is the traditional Korean shamanistic music performed at and during a shamanistic ritual,

4653-587: The Buddha (DA ii.453). One Theravada commentary on the Subhāsita Sutta (Sn 3.3) contains a story about sixty monks who attained arahantship in Sri Lanka after hearing a slave woman sing a song about birth, old age, and death. According to the Theravada commentator Buddhaghosa , adapting songs to the Dhamma is proper. His Vinaya Commentary also mentions certain 'songs of sacred festivals' (sādhukīḷitagītaṃ) which sing of

4752-584: The Buddha Meghadundubhisvararāja with a hundred thousand kinds of music and eighty-four thousand seven-jeweled bowls" for twelve thousand years. It is said that because of the roots of merit cultivated by this devotional practice, he attained rebirth in another Buddha's pure land and gained transcendent powers. In later sources, the bodhisattva Wonderful Voice (Jp. Myōon) became identified with Saraswati / Benzaiten. The Lankavatara sutra also contains examples of using music to praise and venerate

4851-573: The Buddha praises music and chanting. Aside from textual sources, there are numerous depictions of musicians and musical instruments at ancient Indian Buddhist sites like Sanchi , and Amaravati , as well as at various Greco-Buddhist sites in Buddhist Gandhara , such as Chakhil-i-Ghoundi . In the Ghitassara Sutta ( Anguttara Nikaya 5.209), the Buddha admonishes Buddhist monks for reciting

4950-441: The Buddha. In the first chapter, Ravana and his attendants first greet Shakyamuni Buddha by singing verses of praise which were "gracefully accompanied by music, a lute studded with coral and cat's eye, slung at the side by means of priceless perfumed pale cloth and played with a sapphire plectrum, producing a melody ranging through all the notes of the scale." The Longer Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra also contains passages in which music

5049-410: The Buddhas (others include water, flowers, and light). The offering of music is thus considered to bring good merit . The idea of music as an offering to the Buddhas can be found in various Mahayana sutras. Common instruments included the veena , drums, and flutes ( venu ). Furthermore, in some Mahayana sources, Buddhist music is considered to be a skillful means ( upaya ), a way to guide people to

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5148-477: The Buddhas Tantra ) states: The excellent song of the manifestations of the Buddha, for those knowing these mudras , is the excellent cause of perfection, accomplishes all the esoteric acts, continually brings all the physical necessities, and thus all the forms of increase of goods. So, having sun the songs with six varieties of tunes, sing the divinity's song. An inscription from Gaya also shows that during

5247-513: The Buddhas. In several Mahayana sutras, music is found as a common offering given by humans or devas to the Buddha. Examples can be found in the Lotus Sutra and the Lankavatara Sutra . In the Lotus Sutra , music is found in various parts of the text as a common offering to the Buddha (along with other offerings such as flowers and incense ). One example from chapter three states: Śakra,

5346-518: The Buddhist path and to teach them the Buddha's teachings. Some Mahayana sutras also depict the Pure Lands as filled with divine music. Various passages from the early Buddhist texts contain criticisms of musical performance directly from the Buddha . The main criticism is that music leads to sense desire and attachment, and is thus a hindrance to meditative concentration ( samadhi ), and to peace of mind. However, there are other passages in which

5445-574: The Chinese version of the Mahaparanirvana sutra , the Buddha approves of devotional practices through music when he states "there are four kinds of people in the world who should be memorialized by building a shrine and providing incense, flowers, silk canopies, and music there". These four types of people are said to be: tathāgatas (Buddhas), pratyekabuddhas, sravakas (disciples) and noble wheel-turning kings. The Mahāli Sutta (DN 6) mentions that through

5544-612: The Dharma. They are clear and serene, full of depth and resonance, delicate, and harmonious; they are the most excellent sounds in all the worlds of the ten directions. Furthermore, according to Rambelli, the sutra presents this divine music "not only an adornment of the Pure Land, but a veritable manifestation of the Buddha Amida endowed with the power to lead beings to the Land of Bliss." Perhaps

5643-504: The Greek word hymnos meaning, "song of praise"), were written over hundreds of years. Eventually, these songs were compiled into books called "hymnals", from which pastors and congregants would read during Christian services – a practice that continues in many churches today. Prior to the eighteenth century, Christian hymnals were published as standalone texts without accompanying musical scores. The first American hymnal with both text and song

5742-682: The Islamic holy book: the Quran . Throughout the day, in Mecca, these prayers connect the Muslim people through a series of melodic prayers that are often amplified throughout the city. In Islam, the implication of prayer, and in this case the Salah , is for ritual since it is believed to be the direct word of God that shall be performed as a collective, as well as individually. Sufism , Islam's mystical dimension, advocates peace, tolerance, and pluralism, as well as music as

5841-519: The Monastic Choir of Our Lady of Clear Creek Abbey. § Indicates re-issue of album previously released by De Montfort and distributed by Universal Music. ¶ Indicates re-issue of album previously self-published by Our Lady of Guadalupe Seminary. Religious music Religious music (also sacred music ) is a type of music that is performed or composed for religious use or through religious influence. It may overlap with ritual music, which

5940-471: The Rastafarian movement has been significantly facilitated by reggae music, attracting a diverse following worldwide. This has been especially resonant among communities experiencing social and economic hardships, providing them with a source of identity, pride, and resistance against perceived oppressive systems. The Rastafarian Bob Marley was a significant reason for the spread of Rastafarian music around

6039-644: The Vajrayana Buddhist view and practice. Many esoteric references were communicated through coded language. Many of these songs survive in Tibetan translation. One collection by Viraprakasa has songs from the eighty four mahasiddhas, and is known as Vajra Songs: The Heart Realizations of the Eighty-four Mahasiddhas. A similar genre of tantric Buddhist songs have survived in the proto- Bengali–Assamese Charyapadas . One famous tantric Buddhist musician

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6138-604: The bodhisattva-devi Saraswati ( Benzaiten ) as a goddess of music whose voice can lead beings to salvation. According to Fabio Rambelli, "here, Benzaiten's voice is not an offering, but a tool to induce beings to accept Buddhism." In the Longer Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra , the pure land of Buddha Amitabha ( Sukhavati ) is filled with magical music which arises from the Bodhi tree of Amitabha, from jeweled trees ( ratnavṛkṣa ) and from instruments that play by themselves. In

6237-420: The dharmas through sound, the dharmas cannot be attained in sound itself. Dharmas themselves cannot be said; what is called speech is only sound. Therefore, sound is originally non-abiding anywhere [i.e., is non-substantial], thus it is not real and solid, and its reality only lies in its name. If so, and paradoxically, its reality is indestructible , has no origin and thus is not subject to extinction, therefore it

6336-480: The drums in spiritual sessions stems from the African drumming and Africans and Rastafarians seek for cultural identity. Majority of slaves not having religious belief, coincidentally Rastafarians having no music led to the integration of the groups. This increased the spread of the Rastafarian religion as slaves gained a new religion, and Rastafarians enjoyed Buru music, Afro-Jamaican rhythm music. The global spread of

6435-636: The earliest music in the Christian Church came from Jewish worship music, with some additional Syriac influence. It is believed that this music lay somewhere between singing and speaking, or speaking with an understood ritual cadence. However, there is another opinion that the roots of early Christian music come from the early ascetic monastic orders. Christian music has diversified over time, reflecting both its centuries-old roots as well as more contemporary musical styles. Thousands of traditionally-styled songs of praise or worship, called " hymns " (from

6534-566: The form of recitations of the Quran and poems written by prophets of the faith. Besides the spread of Islam through Arabia by prophets, it spread through trade routes like the Silk Road and through conflicts of war. Through the Silk Road traders and members of the early Muslim faith were able to go to countries such as China and create mosques around 627 C. E. As men from the Middle East went to China they would marry these Asian women, which led to

6633-448: The high usage of drums. The play of drums represents a form of communication between Rastafarian gods and their supporters. Drumming would commonly take place during a reasoning session, the gathering of Rastafarians to chant, pray, and sing in the home of a Rasta or a community center. Count Ossie , a Rastafarian drum player revealed various rhythmic patterns after noticing the escalated sensation of drumming during prayer. Incorporation of

6732-594: The holy, sound and music are important to the basic experience of Sufism. Sufi music is therefore music created by and for the soul. The other form of Islamic music is Naat . The word Naat has Arabic origins and translates to praise . A poem that praises the Islamic Prophet Muhammad is referred to as Naat (نعت) in Urdu . First naat dates back to the era of Muhammad and was written in Arabic . It later spread throughout

6831-520: The late 15th century. Mizrahi music contains elements of Middle Eastern, European, and North African music, traditionally sung in Hebrew. Mizrahi Jews are communities of Jewish people from the Middle East and North Africa. This style of music was widely unpopular, with Ashkenazic music being prevalent in most Jewish communities. This style, however, grew in popularity in the 1970s. Mizrahi music demonstrates many Arabic elements, showcasing instruments such as

6930-620: The late 16th century as the musical expression of mystical poetry, accompanied by a musical instrument rabab . All the Sikh Gurus sang in the then-prevalent classical and folk music styles, accompanied by stringed and percussion instruments. The Gurus specified the raag for each hymn in the Sikh sacred scripture, the Guru Granth Sahib . The Sikh Guru, Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji, consists of shabads, or passages, written by Sikh Gurus and various other saints and holy men. Before each shabad,

7029-703: The lord of devas, and Brahma, together with innumerable deva-putras also made offerings to the Buddha of their heavenly beautiful garments, heavenly māndārava flowers, and great māndārava flowers. Their heavenly garments floated and fluttered in the air, while in the sky the devas played hundreds of thousands of myriads of kinds of music together at one time. Furthermore, Lotus sutra chapter two states: If someone employs persons to play music, striking drums or blowing horns or conch shells, playing pipes, flutes, zithers, harps, balloon guitars, cymbals and gongs, and if these many kinds of wonderful notes are intended wholly as an offering; or if one with

7128-424: The melody notes, may be used as ornamentation, the concept of harmony is absent. Microtonality and the variety of intervals used are two components that contribute to the melody's enrichment. As a result, the three-quarter tone, which was first used in Islamic music in the ninth or tenth centuries, coexists with bigger and smaller intervals. Musicians have a keen sensitivity to pitch variations, often altering even

7227-568: The most detailed Mahayana philosophy of music is found in the Sutra of the Questions by Druma, King of the Kinnara ( *Druma-kiṃnara-rāja-paripṛcchā ), which was first translated by Lokakṣema ( Taisho no. 624), and then again translated by Kumārajīva in the fifth century (Taisho no. 624). Various passages in the sutra describe numerous performances of heavenly music, most of them performed by King Druma,

7326-443: The name of each ritual vary by region. In modern Korean society, the most common forms of gut are shamanic initiation rituals and rituals for the dead. In contemporary South Korea, the shaman is known as the mudang (무당). The mudang is usually a woman and takes on the role as a mediator between spirits or gods and humans. Mudangs can be categorized into sessûmu (세쑤무) and kangshinmu (강신무). Sessûmu are mudang that inherit

7425-478: The nineteenth century; there are a multitude of Klezmer musicians whose ages range from 50 to 80, but there is evidence that dates it back to centuries prior. Klezmer music features a myriad of various instruments that can be seen in many modern forms of music today, such as violin, drums and cymbals , accordion , cello, clarinet, and saxophone. Sephardic music encompasses music that is of Mediterranean origin, including Spain, Turkey , and Greece . Sephardic music

7524-419: The non-origination of dharmas cannot be explained nor heard. Why? Because its meaning is unattainable, that is, absent. According to Rambelli, the gist of this passage is that all Buddhist sutras, teachings and also music "are simply voiced sounds or signifiers ; their signifieds are not inherent in those sounds and are nowhere to be found (they are unattainable)...In more technical terms, music, like language,

7623-404: The other is entertainment, however still including that religious aspect. Islamic prayer is a type of religious music that Muslims use when they pray and worship Allah . These prayers (in Arabic , prayer is Salah ) that occur five times a day. These prayers are conducted by facing Mecca while standing, having both knees to the ground, and bowing. During prayer, recitations are usually of

7722-430: The perfect consonances, the fourth and fifth, somewhat. Riccold De Monte, a famous travel writer, stated in the year 1228, "What shall I say of their prayer? For they pray with such concentration and devotion that I was astonished when I was able to see it personally and observe it with my own eyes." The origin of the art of prayer in all Abrahamic religions is to glorify God and the same goes for Islam . The Al Salat

7821-413: The personal preference of pastors and church members. As of the late twentieth century, there has been a widespread preference in less traditional churches towards using contemporary music (particularly, " praise and worship " songs, which attempt to preserve the religious intent of hymns but use contemporary lyrics and a more modern musical sound instead) as well as gospel and spiritual music. Hindu music

7920-473: The practice of uposatha, in which laypersons observe a set of eight precepts . The seventh of these states one should abstain from wordly entertainments, shows and music. The Uposatha Sutta asks Buddhists to reflect how noble disciples "have given up singing and dancing, the playing of musical instruments and the watching of entertainments, which are stumbling blocks to that which is wholesome." The canonical Buddhist Vinayas (monastic codes) generally reject

8019-542: The public today than previously. The practice of "lining out" the lyrics of hymns has therefore largely fallen away, although it continues to be practiced in some traditional churches. In the twentieth century, Christian music has developed to reflect the emergence of a diverse array of musical genres including rock, metal , pop, jazz , contemporary , rap , spiritual , country , blues , and gospel . The use of specific genres and styles of music in church services today varies across Christian denominations and according to

8118-644: The qualities of the Three Jewels (Vinaya Commentary iv.925). In the Theravada tradition, chanting of certain texts called parittas are considered to have the power to "avert illness or danger, to ward off the influence of malignant beings, to obtain protection and deliverance from evil, and to promote health, prosperity, welfare, and well-being." There are several reasons that chanting these texts have power. Firstly, they are considered to be an "act of truth" ( saccakiriya ). According to this theory, words which speak of

8217-565: The religion itself spread so did its implications of ritual, such as prayer. Both musical theory and practice illustrate the relationship between Islamic and Western music . Many Greek treatises had been translated into Arabic by the 9th century. Greek musical texts were maintained in Arabic culture , and the majority of those that reached the West did so in their Arabic translations. Arab philosophers adopted Greek models and often improved on them. The Muslim conquest of Spain and Portugal , as well as

8316-559: The religion. However, Christianity being the structure for the religion, interpreted parts of the Bible differently Rastafarian music is persistently tied to reggae music, an earlier form of Jamaican music. As reggae continues to be spread throughout the world, creators are beginning to change the original reggae sound and Rastafarian ideology incorporated. Various reggae songs representing Rastafarian culture through lyrics, themes, and symbolism. Earlier origins of Rastafarian music connected to

8415-424: The right to perform shamanic rituals while kangshinmu are mudang who are intiatied into their status through a ceremony. The instruments that are used in Korean shamanic rituals are called Muakgi (무악기). These instruments include: In the Korean contemporary dance scene, there are many productions portraying significant elements from traditional Korean shaman culture. Buddhist chant Buddhist music

8514-490: The sake of liberation, dancing the adamantine postures with full awareness...The songs are mantra and the dance is meditation; therefore a practitioner of yoga must ever always sing and dance. The Hevajra Tantra further states that this is to be performed "with mindfulness, distracted, meditating with impassioned mind, in a state of unwavering awareness." Similarly, the Sarvabuddhasamāyoga Tantra ( Union of all

8613-520: The singing of Sikh kirtan. Another Sikh instrument is the Jori . The word jori means pair and the jori is a pair of two drums. The musician playing the jori will use one hand per drum whilst playing the instrument. The instrument was created during the time of the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjun Dev Ji . Originally, one of the most popular drums used in South Asia in the 16th century was the Mardang. The Mardang

8712-530: The sound, all conceptualization and all critical and judgemental thought, so that you contemplate only pure sound." After practicing this method for nine years, Vinapa is said to have attained the realization of Mahamudra . In one song by Vinapa, he says "practicing the unborn, unstruck sound, I, Vinapa, lost my self." Tibetan Buddhists also composed their own prayers and "vajra songs" as well as developing new musical forms, like Tibetan overtone singing ("throat singing"). Some Tibetan Buddhist traditions, like

8811-470: The teaching ( Dhamma ) in a musical way: Meanwhile, in the Sigalovada Sutta , a sutta addressed to laypersons, music is included as a negative sense desire: There are these six drawbacks of frequenting festivals. You're always thinking: 'Where's the dancing? Where's the singing? Where's the music? Where are the stories? Where's the applause? Where are the kettledrums?' Early Buddhist sources include

8910-411: The truth of the Dharma are considered to have magical power. Furthermore, parittas are also connected with morality (sila) and kindness ( metta ) and the very sound of their chanting is said to calm the mind. Mahayana sutras often contain positive depictions of music, which is often seen as a wholesome offering with which to venerate the Buddhas which can generate merit and prompt the blessings of

9009-538: The universe and then himself produces a song accompanied by music which clarifies all the doubts of the bodhisattvas. The Buddha also explains to the kinnaras that they do not need to abandon their musical arts to practice the path, because their musical sounds protect the Dharma. According to Rambelli, this sutra was influential in Japanese Buddhism, where it was used to defend the activities of Buddhist musicians and performing artists not just as an offering, but as

9108-413: The use of musical chanting and singing for reciting the Buddhist scriptures, since it was seen as a sensuous distraction. They are prohibit monks and nuns from listening to or performing music since it is connected with sensual pleasure. Certain passages in the early Buddhists are much more positive about music. Digha Nikaya sutta no. 21 ( Sakka's Questions ) and its Chinese parallel at DA 14, contains

9207-442: The world and reached various literatures including Urdu , Punjabi , Sindhi , Pashto , Turkish , Seraiki and more. Naat-Khuwan or Sana-Khuwan are known as those who recite Naat. Islamic music is monophonic, meaning it has only one melody line. Everything in performance is based on the refinement of the melodic line and the complexity of the beat. Although a simple arrangement of notes, octaves, fifths, and fourths, usually below

9306-536: The world. Through religious messages portrayed in his lyrics, the religion was beginning to become more popular. Marley expressing his opinions on political matters, justice, and peace, increased awareness of the unique beliefs of Rastafari. North Americans were able to identify distinctive features of Rastafarians such as dreadlocks , manner of speaking, and the consumption of marijuana . Marley remains an essential figure within Rastafarian music, and Nyabinghi drums continue to be played at his museum. Shamanic music

9405-458: Was a singular drum with two sides played simultaneously. In the court of Guru Arjun Dev Ji there were two musicians, Sata and Balwand, who decided to create a new instrument by splitting the Mardang in half. This created two separate drums that would be played simultaneously and would be able to be tuned individually. One distinctive Sikh instrument is the Taus . The head of the instrument is shaped like

9504-469: Was acquired by Sophia Institute Press in 2021, and will release all future albums via its parent's Sophia Music division. NB: As of 2022, the rights to all albums recorded by the Benedictines of Mary, Queen of Apostles have reverted to that order. † Indicates re-issue of albums previously self-published by St. John Cantius, Chicago. ‡ Indicates re-issue of album previously self-published by

9603-601: Was also a great musician and traveled with a choir. Xuanzang (7th century) mentions that when he traveled to India, the music of Aśvaghoṣa was still remembered as having the power to impress upon people the truth of impermanence. One of his musical hymns, the Gaṇḍīstotragāthā (Chinese: Kien-ch'ui-fan-tsan , Hymn on the Bell ) , has survived in Chinese transliteration and Tibetan translation (which also include some musical notation). Musical references are also quite common in

9702-536: Was published in 1831. In Europe, the Church of England did not officially allow hymns to be sung until 1820. Originally, hymns were sung by " lining out " the lyrics , meaning, the pastor would sing a line, and then the congregation would repeat it. This was done because, at that time, books were expensive, so it was economical to provide the pastor of a church with one copy from which everyone could sing. Modern methods of publication have made hymnals much more accessible to

9801-470: Was the Mahāsiddha Vīṇāpa (the vina player), one of the 84 mahasiddhas. He was known for using the playing of the vina as a form of spiritual practice ( sadhana ). According to the Buddhist sources, his guru Buddhapa taught Vinapa to meditate as follows: "meditate upon the sound of your instrument free of all distinction between the sound struck and the mental impression; cease all mental interference with

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