36-581: De Gids (meaning The Guide in English) is the oldest Dutch literary periodical still published today. It was founded in 1837 by Everhardus Johannes Potgieter and Christianus Robidé van der Aa . Long regarded as the most prestigious literary periodical in the Netherlands, it was considered outdated by the Tachtigers of the 1880s, who founded De Nieuwe Gids (meaning The New Guide in English) in opposition to
72-502: A British to an American publication. Some of its articles were written by the best-known scholars of the time. This edition of the encyclopaedia, containing 40,000 entries, has entered the public domain and is readily available on the Internet. Its use in modern scholarship and as a reliable source has been deemed problematic due to the outdated nature of some of its content. Modern scholars have deemed some articles as cultural artifacts of
108-527: A Nation , a 200+ page criticism of inaccuracies and biases of the Encyclopædia Britannica eleventh edition. Wright claimed that Britannica was "characterized by misstatements, inexcusable omissions, rabid and patriotic prejudices, personal animosities, blatant errors of fact, scholastic ignorance, gross neglect of non-British culture, an astounding egotism, and an undisguised contempt for American progress". Amos Urban Shirk , known for having read
144-529: A New York office was established to coordinate their work. The initials of the encyclopaedia's contributors appear at the end of selected articles or at the end of a section in the case of longer articles, such as that on China, and a key is given in each volume to these initials. Some articles were written by the best-known scholars of the time, such as Edmund Gosse , J. B. Bury , Algernon Charles Swinburne , John Muir , Peter Kropotkin , T. H. Huxley , James Hopwood Jeans and William Michael Rossetti . Among
180-509: A merchant's office at Antwerp . In 1831 he made a journey to Sweden, described in two volumes Het Noorden in omtrekken en tafereelen ("The North in Outlines and Scenes") , which appeared at Amsterdam in 1836–1840. Soon afterwards he settled in Amsterdam, engaged in commercial pursuits on his own account, but with more and more inclination towards literature. With Jan Pieter Heije (1809 – 1876),
216-486: A number of changes of the format of the Britannica . It was the first to be published complete, instead of the previous method of volumes being released as they were ready. The print type was kept in galley proofs and subject to continual updating until publication. It was the first edition of Britannica to be issued with a comprehensive index volume in which was added a categorical index, where like topics were listed. It
252-468: A reliable description of the academic consensus of its time, many modern readers find fault with the Encyclopedia for several major errors, ethnocentric and racist remarks, and other issues: The eleventh edition of Encyclopædia Britannica has become a commonly quoted source, both because of the reputation of the Britannica and because it is now in the public domain and has been made available on
288-712: The Enciclopedia Italiana and the Espasa as one of the three greatest encyclopaedias. It was the last edition to be produced almost in its entirety in Britain, and its position in time as a summary of the world's knowledge just before the outbreak of World War I is particularly valuable". Sir Kenneth Clark , in Another Part of the Wood (1974), wrote of the eleventh edition, "One leaps from one subject to another, fascinated as much by
324-509: The Cambridge University Press to publish the 29-volume eleventh edition. Though it is generally perceived as a quintessentially British work, the eleventh edition had substantial American influences, in not only the increased amount of American and Canadian content, but also the efforts made to make it more popular. American marketing methods also assisted sales. Some 14% of the contributors (214 of 1507) were from North America, and
360-765: The Ku Klux Klan as protecting the white race and restoring order to the American South after the American Civil War , citing the need to "control the negro", and "the frequent occurrence of the crime of rape by negro men upon white women". Similarly, the "Civilization" article argues for eugenics , stating that it is irrational to "propagate low orders of intelligence, to feed the ranks of paupers, defectives and criminals ... which to-day constitute so threatening an obstacle to racial progress". The eleventh edition has no biography of Marie Curie , despite her winning
396-603: The Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911, although she is mentioned briefly under the biography of her husband Pierre Curie . The Britannica employed a large female editorial staff that wrote hundreds of articles for which they were not given credit. The 1911 edition is no longer restricted by copyright , and it is therefore freely available in several more modern forms. While it may once have been
SECTION 10
#1733092779631432-442: The 11th edition for having bourgeois and old-fashioned opinions on art, literature, and social sciences. A contemporary Cornell professor, Edward B. Titchener , wrote in 1912, "the new Britannica does not reproduce the psychological atmosphere of its day and generation... Despite the halo of authority, and despite the scrutiny of the staff, the great bulk of the secondary articles in general psychology ... are not adapted to
468-399: The 19th and early 20th centuries. Nevertheless, the 11th edition has retained considerable value as a time capsule of scientific and historical information, as well as scholarly attitudes of the era immediately preceding World War I . The 1911 eleventh edition was assembled with the management of American publisher Horace Everett Hooper . Hugh Chisholm , who had edited the previous edition,
504-583: The Internet. It has been used as a source by many modern projects, including Misplaced Pages and the Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia . The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia is the eleventh edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica , renamed to address Britannica's trademark concerns. Project Gutenberg 's offerings are summarized below in the External links section and include text and graphics. As of 2018 , Distributed Proofreaders are working on producing
540-777: The conventionalities of literary life runs through all his writings, even through his private correspondence with Huet, parts of which have been published. Potgieter remained to his death the irreconcilable enemy of the Dutch Jan Salie , as the Dutchman is nicknamed who does not believe in the regeneration of the Dutch people. Potgieter held up the Netherlanders of the Dutch Golden Age of the 16th and 17th centuries as models to be emulated. In these views he essentially differed from Huet. Yet
576-501: The eleventh and fourteenth editions in their entirety, said he found the fourteenth edition to be a "big improvement" over the eleventh, stating that "most of the material had been completely rewritten". Robert Collison , in Encyclopaedias: Their History Throughout The Ages (1966), wrote of the eleventh edition that it "was probably the finest edition of the Britannica ever issued, and it ranks with
612-437: The events of the intervening years, including World War I . These, together with a reprint of the eleventh edition, formed the twelfth edition of the work. A similar thirteenth edition, consisting of three volumes plus a reprint of the twelfth edition, was published in 1926. The London editor was J.L. Garvin , as Chisholm had died. The twelfth and thirteenth editions were closely related to the eleventh edition and shared much of
648-507: The history of science and technology. As a literary text, the encyclopaedia has value as an example of early 20th-century prose. For example, it employs literary devices , such as pathetic fallacy (attribution of human-like traits to impersonal forces or inanimate objects), which are not as common in modern reference texts. In 1917, using the pseudonym of S. S. Van Dine, the US art critic and author Willard Huntington Wright published Misinforming
684-492: The initials of W. Dg , a great number of articles and poems. The first collected edition of his poems (1832–1868) appeared in two volumes ( Haarlem , 1868–1875), preceded by some of his contributions to De Gids , in two volumes also (Haarlem, 1864), and followed by three volumes of his Studien en Schetsen ("Studies and Sketches", Haarlem, 1879). Soon after his death a more comprehensive edition of Potgieter's Verspreide en Nagelaten Werken ("Miscellaneous and Posthumous Works")
720-480: The maps became a part of this edition. Later editions only included Perthes' maps as low-quality reproductions. According to Coleman and Simmons, the content of the encyclopaedia was distributed as follows: Hooper sold the rights to Sears, Roebuck and Company of Chicago in 1920, completing the Britannica ' s transition to becoming a substantially American publication. In 1922, an additional three volumes (also edited by Hugh Chisholm) where published, covering
756-563: The periodical. In 2011, De Gids ceased operations, but has been taken over as De-Gids-nieuwe-stijl by De Groene Amsterdammer . All volumes of De Gids up to 2012 are published in the Digital Library for Dutch Literature Everhardus Johannes Potgieter Everhardus Johannes Potgieter (June 27, 1808 – February 3, 1875) was a Dutch prose writer and poet, who was born at Zwolle in Overijssel . He started life in
SECTION 20
#1733092779631792-454: The play of mind and the idiosyncrasies of their authors as by the facts and dates. It must be the last encyclopaedia in the tradition of Diderot which assumes that information can be made memorable only when it is slightly coloured by prejudice. When T. S. Eliot wrote 'Soul curled up on the window seat reading the Encyclopædia Britannica ,' he was certainly thinking of the eleventh edition." (Clark refers to Eliot's 1929 poem " Animula ".) It
828-404: The popular poet of Holland in those days, and Reinier Cornelis Bakhuizen van den Brink (1810 – 1865), the rising historian (see also Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer (1801 - 1876)), Potgieter founded De Muzen (The Muses, 1834–1836), a literary review, which was, however, soon superseded by De Gids (The Guide), a monthly, which became the leading magazine of Holland. In it he wrote, mostly under
864-414: The requirements of the intelligent reader". In an April 2012 article, Nate Pederson of The Guardian said that the eleventh edition represented "a peak of colonial optimism before the slaughter of war" and that the edition "has acquired an almost mythic reputation among collectors". Critics have charged several editions with racism, sexism , and antisemitism . The eleventh edition characterises
900-399: The same content. However, it became increasingly apparent that a more thorough update of the work was required. The fourteenth edition, published in 1929, was considerably revised, with much text eliminated or abridged to make room for new topics. Nevertheless, the eleventh edition was the basis of every later version of the Encyclopædia Britannica until the completely new fifteenth edition
936-435: The then lesser-known contributors were some who would later become distinguished, such as Ernest Rutherford and Bertrand Russell . Many articles were carried over from the 9th edition , some with minimal updating. Some of the book-length articles were divided into smaller parts for easier reference, yet others were much abridged. The best-known authors generally contributed only a single article or part of an article. Most of
972-440: The title of Personen en Onderwerpen ("Persons and Subjects") many of Potgieter's critical essays had collectively appeared in three volumes at Haarlem in 1885, with an introduction by Conrad Busken-Huet . Potgieter's favourite master among the Dutch classics was Pieter Cornelissen Hooft , whose peculiarities in style and language he admired and imitated. The same vein of altruistic, if often exaggerated and biased, abhorrence of
1008-673: The two friends worked harmoniously together; and when Potgieter reluctantly gave up De Gids in 1865, it was Huet whom he chose as his successor. Both then proceeded to Italy, and were present at the Dante festivities at Florence , which in Potgieter's case resulted in a poem in twenty stanzas , Florence (Haarlem, 1868). According to a critique in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition , Potgieter's influence in Holland
1044-451: The work was done by journalists, British Museum scholars and other scholars. The 1911 edition was the first edition of the encyclopaedia to include more than just a handful of female contributors, with 34 women contributing articles to the edition. These included Adelaide Anderson , Gertrude Bell , Margaret Bryant , Constance Jocelyn Ffoulkes , Harriette Lombard Hennessy , and Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick . The eleventh edition introduced
1080-466: Was appointed editor-in-chief, with Walter Alison Phillips as his principal assistant editor. Originally, Hooper bought the rights to the 25-volume 9th edition and persuaded the British newspaper The Times to issue its reprint, with eleven additional volumes (35 volumes total) as the tenth edition, which was published in 1902. Hooper's association with The Times ceased in 1909, and he negotiated with
1116-626: Was censored under pressure from the Roman Catholic Church after the 11th edition. Initially, the eleventh edition received criticism from members of the Roman Catholic Church, who accused it of misrepresenting and being biased against Catholics . The most "vociferous" American Catholic critics of the eleventh edition were editors of the Christian magazine America . Authorities ranging from Virginia Woolf to professors criticised
De Gids - Misplaced Pages Continue
1152-560: Was one of Jorge Luis Borges 's favourite works, and was a source of information and enjoyment for his entire working life. In 1912, mathematician L. C. Karpinski criticised the eleventh edition for inaccuracies in articles on the history of mathematics , none of which had been written by specialists. English writer and former priest Joseph McCabe claimed in Lies and Fallacies of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1947) that Britannica
1188-536: Was published in 1974, using modern information presentation. The eleventh edition's articles are still of value and interest to modern readers and scholars, especially as a cultural artifact : the British Empire was at its maximum, imperialism was largely unchallenged, much of the world was still ruled by monarchs, and the tumultuous world wars were still in the future. They are a resource for topics omitted from modern encyclopaedias, particularly for biography and
1224-455: Was published in eight volumes by his friend and literary executor , Johan C. Zimmerman (Haarlem, 1875–1877), who likewise supervised a more complete edition of Potgieter's writings which appeared at Haarlem in 1885-1890 in 19 volumes. Of Potgieter's Het Noorden in Omtrekken en Tafreelen the third edition was issued in 1882, and an edition de luxe of his poems followed at Haarlem in 1893. Under
1260-532: Was the first not to include long treatise-length articles. Even though the overall length of the work was about the same as that of its predecessor, the number of articles had increased from 17,000 to 40,000. It was also the first edition of Britannica to include biographies of living people. Sixteen maps of the famous 9th edition of Stielers Handatlas were exclusively translated to English, converted to imperial units , printed in Gotha , Germany, by Justus Perthes and
1296-468: Was very marked and beneficial; but his own style, that of ultra-purist, was at times somewhat forced, stilted and not always easily understood. Encyclop%C3%A6dia Britannica Eleventh Edition The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is a 29-volume reference work, an edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica . It was developed during the encyclopaedia's transition from
#630369