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80-522: Dawood Ibrahim ( / ɪ b r ə ˈ h iː m / ; born 26 December 1955) is an Indian mob boss , drug lord , and terrorist . He reportedly heads the Indian organised crime syndicate D-Company , which he founded in Mumbai in the 1970s. Ibrahim is wanted on charges including murder, extortion , targeted killing , drug trafficking, and terrorism . He was designated a global terrorist by India and

160-472: A Tapori or Bombay Hindi street dialect. The genre was pioneered by screenwriter duo Salim–Javed . They began the genre of gritty, violent, Bombay underworld crime films in the early 1970s, with films such as Zanjeer (1973) and Deewaar (1975). They reinterpreted the rural themes of Mehboob Khan 's Mother India (1957) and Nitin Bose 's Gunga Jumna (1961) in a contemporary urban context reflecting

240-677: A London-based businessman on 25 September 2011. Moin lives in Karachi, Pakistan where he teaches in a mosque, having memorized the Qur'an and becoming a Maulana , while being critical of his father's criminal activities. Several of his family members, including his brother, Iqbal, live in Mumbai. Ibrahim and his syndicate D-Company have been linked to the financing of the Bollywood film industry. A number of Bollywood studios and films were financed by D-Company in

320-502: A binding contract on behalf of another as his agent". On the other hand, Islamic law and the later common law "had no difficulty in accepting agency as one of its institutions in the field of contracts and of obligations in general". Following the September 11 attacks in 2001, international organizations responsible for counterterrorism and enforcing laws against money laundering have directed their efforts on identifying problems within

400-550: A character loosely based on Ibrahim. A comedy movie was also released in 2017, Coffee with D . The 2018 video game Hitman 2 features a Mumbai crime lord active in the movie industry called "Dawood Rangan" as a target, presumably as a reference to Ibrahim himself. Dongri to Dubai: Six Decades of the Mumbai Mafia and Byculla to Bangkok are non-fiction books by former Indian investigative journalist Hussain Zaidi . They trace

480-543: A collusion of criminal terrorist groups based around Ibrahim's personal control and leadership. Ibrahim is currently on Interpol 's wanted list for cheating , criminal conspiracy , and running an organised crime syndicate , and in 2008 he was number two on Forbes' list of The World's 10 Most Wanted . He is accused of heading an illegal empire against India and Indians. After the 1993 Bombay bombings , which Ibrahim allegedly organised and financed with Tiger Memon , both men became part of India's most wanted. According to

560-407: A contemporary urban context. By the mid-1970s, gritty, violent crime films and action films about gangsters (Bombay underworld) as well as bandits (dacoits) had become popular. The writing of Salim-Javed and acting of Amitabh Bachchan popularized the trend, with films such as Zanjeer and particularly Deewaar , a crime film inspired by Gunga Jumna that pitted "a policeman against his brother,

640-918: A different town, the gangs attempt to steal from multiple homes. Gang members tie up family members, during robberies, and murder anyone who resists. They often arm themselves with rods, axes, knives, and firearms. When they rob a house, they sometimes eat and leave their excrements. The gang members often rent cars to get around, and are suspected of robbing temples. Kala Kachcha Gangs (also known as Kale-Kachchewale or Kale Kachche Gangs ) refers to certain organized criminal gangs in Punjab, India . The Kala Kachcha gang members are robbers and dacoits, who don police uniform or 'Kale Kachche' (black underpants) to evade detection. They put grease on their body as lubricant. There are many such gangs suspected to be active in Punjab. They usually target families living at isolated places in

720-526: A fact sheet on Ibrahim which contains reports of his syndicate having smuggling routes from South Asia, the Middle-East and Africa shared with and used by terrorist organization al-Qaeda . The fact sheet also said that Ibrahim's syndicate is involved in large-scale shipment of narcotics in the United Kingdom and Western Europe. He is also believed to have had contacts with al-Qaeda leader Osama bin-Laden . In

800-454: A firm stranglehold over parts of Mumbai's underworld. Lala controlled bootlegging and gambling in the city in 1940, and was the undisputed king of the trade until 1985. D-Company is the organised crime group controlled by Dawood Ibrahim which originated in Mumbai . It has been argued that the D-Company is not a stereotypical organised crime cartel in the strict sense of the word, but rather

880-589: A form of remittance instrument to transfer money from place to place, as a form of credit instrument or IOU to borrow money and as a bill of exchange in trade transactions. The Reserve Bank of India describes the Hundi as "an unconditional order in writing made by a person directing another to pay a certain sum of money to a person named in the order." According to the CIA , with the dissolution of Somalia's formal banking system, many informal money transfer operators arose to fill

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960-415: A gang leader based on real-life smuggler Haji Mastan" portrayed by Bachchan; Deewaar was described as being "absolutely key to Indian cinema" by Danny Boyle . Along with Bachchan, other actors that rode the crest of this trend include Feroz Khan . The crime films written by Salim-Javed and starring Amitabh Bachchan reflected the socio-economic and socio-political realities of 1970s India, channeling

1040-401: A large presence of Tamils. Mudaliar, in tandem with Haji Mastan, ventured into stealing dock cargo. He later diversified into contract killings and the narcotics trade. He enjoyed a successful stint in the 1970s controlling the criminal operations in the east and north-central Bombay. Karim Lala commanded south and central Bombay, and the majority of smuggling and illegal construction financing

1120-525: A legal concept was documented, finding evidence of Hawala reaching back to 1327, in a publication by Matthias Schramm and Markus Taube, with the title "Evolution and institutional foundation of the hawala financial system". It has been speculated that "Hawala" itself influenced the development of the agency in common law and in civil laws , such as the aval in French law , the aval in Portuguese law , and

1200-471: A phone call made to his home by an Indian television channel, Times Now , was answered by his wife, who confirmed his presence at their home in Karachi. The Indian intelligence agencies immediately prepared a dossier of Ibrahim which included evidence of his location in Karachi, among other evidence. It was to be presented at the National Security Agency -level talks between the two countries in

1280-753: A secret, female thugs also existed and were called baronee in Ramasee, while an important male Thug was called baroo . Thugs considered themselves to be the children of Kali , having been created from her sweat. However, many of the Thugs who were captured and convicted by the British were Muslims . There are families with blood feuds with each other in the Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh and parts of eastern Karnataka in India, and associated with alleged Mafia Raj . It

1360-448: A sigh of relief, attributing Chhota Rajan's survival to "good fortune" resulting from divine grace. The Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) was believed to be behind the attempted assassination of Chhota Rajan. In February 2010, alleged Chhota Rajan associates gunned down Nepali media baron Jamim Shah point blank in broad daylight as he was driving to his residence on a public road. Shah ostensibly had links with Dawood Ibrahim and

1440-747: Is Dawood's wife and "he is sleeping", while in the second conversation she said that there was no one by that name known to her. According to a dossier prepared by India in August 2015, to be handed over to Pakistan, Ibrahim has nine residences in Pakistan and has three Pakistani passports which he frequently uses to travel. On 22 August 2020, Pakistan issued two notifications sanctioning key terrorist figures. In it, three addresses of Dawood Ibrahim were listed "White House, Near Saudi Mosque, Clifton " in Karachi, Pakistan; in addition to "House Nu 37 – 30th Street – defence, Housing Authority , Karachi" and "Palatial bungalow in

1520-579: Is a term used for " banditry " in the Indian subcontinent . The spelling is the anglicised version of the Hindustani word daaku , "dacoit" / d ə ˈ k ɔɪ t / is a colloquial Indian English word with this meaning, it appears in the Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases (1903). Banditry is criminal activity involving robbery by groups of armed bandits. The East India Company established

1600-420: Is also responsible for much illegal production of mandrax , much of which is smuggled into South Africa . Diamond smuggling via South Africa is also a major criminal activity, and diamonds are sometimes used to disguise shipments of heroin. Finally, there is much money laundering in the country, mostly through the use of the traditional hawala system, although India criminalised money laundering in 2003. In

1680-458: Is attractive to customers because it provides a fast and convenient transfer of funds, usually with a far lower commission than that charged by banks. Its advantages are most pronounced when the receiving country applies unprofitable exchange rate regulations or when the banking system in the receiving country is less complex (e.g., due to differences in the legal environment in places such as Afghanistan, Yemen, and Somalia). Moreover, in some parts of

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1760-407: Is based on the rise of the D-Company. The titular antagonist in the 2016 Indian action-drama film, Dongri Ka Raja , is based on Ibrahim and is portrayed by Gashmeer Mahajani . The film Haseena Parkar (2017) is a biographical crime film based on his sister, Haseena Parkar. Another 2017 movie - Daddy - which was based on Arun Gawli , one of Ibrahim's rivals, saw Farhan Akhtar portray Maqsood,

1840-547: Is believed to control much of the hawala system, which is the very commonly used unofficial system for transferring money and remittances outside the view of official agents. He was linked to the financing of increasing attacks in Gujarat by Lashkar-e-Taiba . In 2006, the government of India handed over to Pakistan, a list of 38 most wanted criminals including Ibrahim. His crime syndicate spreads across Asia, Europe and Africa, with over 40% of its earnings coming from India. Dawood

1920-424: Is locally referred to as "factionalism" and involves various crimes. Activities like illegal mining are common and one of the major social and environmental issues in the region. It also persists due to illiteracy and lack of environmental awareness in the region and public inactivity, having led to severe deforestation and desertification in the region. The vendetta between the groups originated historically during

2000-605: Is no firm data to indicate the number of organised criminal gangs operating in the country, their membership, their modus operandi , and the areas of their operations. Their structure and leadership patterns may not strictly fall in line with the classical Italian mafia . Mumbai is the financial capital of India. Over a period of time, the Mumbai underworld has been dominated by several different groups and mobsters. The powerful trio of Haji Mastan , Varadarajan Mudaliar , and Karim Lala enjoyed backing from their communities. Haji Mastan, originally known as Mastan Haider Mirza,

2080-662: Is said to live to this day. The United States Department of the Treasury Office of Foreign Assets Control designated Ibrahim as a terrorist on the Specially Designated Nationals List and the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act as part of its international sanctions program, effectively forbidding US financial entities from working with him and seizing assets believed to be under his control. The Department of Treasury keeps

2160-634: Is the Dacoit Western , popularized by Sholay (1975). These films are usually set in rural India, and often inspired by real dacoits. Examples of the genre: In the early 1970s, a new genre of Indian crime films and gangster films arose, set in urban India: Bombay underworld films, later called Mumbai underworld films. These films are often inspired by real Mumbai underworld gangsters, such as Haji Mastan , Dawood Ibrahim and D-Company . These films are often set around Mumbai slums such as Dharavi or Juhu , and gangsters in these films often speak with

2240-414: Is undershirts). In addition to wearing undergarments, members wear face masks and cover themselves in oil or mud to protect their identities. The gangs tend to move in groups of 5-10 people, and wear a kurta and lungi . During the day, they gather at transport hubs or disused urban spaces. They conceal themselves as beggars or common labourers to identify potential houses to rob. Before moving on to

2320-603: Is widely believed to have masterminded the March 1993 bombings in Bombay. In 2003, the Indian and United States governments declared Ibrahim a "Global Terrorist." The Indian Deputy Prime Minister Lal Krishna Advani described it as a major development. Ibrahim is currently on India's "Most Wanted List". In a public discourse in June 2017, Ram Jethmalani confirmed that after the Bombay blasts, Dawood Ibrahim had called him from London, saying that he

2400-565: Is widely practiced in Andhra Pradesh, and is also a major cause of rioting and domestic terrorism in the region. Several local Indian, Russian , Israeli and Nigerian criminal groups are reported to be heavily involved in the organised drug trade in Goa , one of the smallest states of India. Sources reveal that there are also individual players who are British, French, Italian, Portuguese, and of other European nationalities. Some have been visiting

2480-447: The 2008 Mumbai attacks Ever since he went into hiding, Ibrahim's location has been frequently traced to Karachi , Pakistan , a claim which Pakistani authorities have denied. Chotta Rajan is the boss of a major crime syndicate based in Mumbai . He was a former key aide and lieutenant of Dawood Ibrahim. Starting as a petty thief and bootlegger working for Rajan Nair , also known as Bada Rajan (Big Rajan), Chota Rajan took

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2560-485: The Coastguard , Navy , Customs, and other government bodies began. There has been a spurt in the formation and activities of such criminal gangs in Punjab over the last decade even though some gangs, have been operational in the state since the end of militancy in Punjab . Post militancy, the gangs took to contract killings. The real estate and industrial sector boom of the early 2000s saw several criminals surfacing with

2640-665: The D-Company , which both offered "slick, often mesmerising portrayals of the Mumbai underworld" and displayed realistic "brutality and urban violence." Another notable film in the genre was Black Friday (2004), adapted from Hussein Zaidi's book of the same name about the 1993 Bombay bombings . The genre later inspired the film Slumdog Millionaire (2009), which drew inspiration from Mumbai underworld films. Its influences included Deewaar , Satya , Company , and Black Friday . 1970s Bollywood crime films such as Deewaar and Amar Akbar Anthony (1977) also have similarities to

2720-446: The Indian subcontinent . Thugs were gangs of highway robbers, who tricked and strangled their victims with a handkerchief or noose. They would then rob and bury their victims. Sometimes they mutilated the corpses of their victims to avoid detection. The leader of a gang was called a ' jemadar '. The usage of military ranks like 'jemadar', ' subedar ' and ' private ' suggests that these gangs had military links. Although strangulation

2800-488: The Mumbai Police for the murder of Samad Khan. In the following years he further expanded his gang with the help of his second-in-command Chhota Rajan, with his gang having over 5000 members and bringing in tens of crores of rupees in revenue annually by the early 1990s. He was named by the Indian government as one of the masterminds in the 1993 Mumbai Attacks . Following the attacks, he fled Dubai for Karachi , where he

2880-575: The Shiv Sena administration and its subsequent decline through encounter killings helped strengthen Chhota Rajan's position in the underworld. This is similar to how Dawood Ibrahim himself had benefitted from the 1980s police campaign against the Pathan gang . The Shiv Sena laid bare its affection for Chhota Rajan in an editorial in the Saamna newspaper, its mouthpiece, edited by Bal Thackeray . The editorial heaved

2960-507: The Thuggee and Dacoity Department in 1830, and the Thuggee and Dacoity Suppression Acts, 1836–1848 were enacted in British India under East India Company rule . Areas with ravines or forests, such as Chambal and Chilapata Forests , were once known for dacoits. Thuggee were crimes carried out by organized gangs of robbers and murderers which operated in the northern and eastern parts of

3040-747: The United States Department of the Treasury , Ibrahim may have had ties with Osama bin Laden . Consequently, the United States declared Ibrahim a " Specially Designated Global Terrorist " in 2003 and pursued the matter before the United Nations in an attempt to freeze his assets around the world and crack down on his operations. Indian and Russian intelligence agencies have pointed out Ibrahim's possible involvement in several other terror attacks, including

3120-473: The Vijayanagara Empire . This often co-exists with mafia states . Much of the mining and real estate mafia in the region is run by such families, and to avoid punishment, they are often involved in corruption and local politics. There have been numerous murders committed by rival families, including the murders of noteworthy politicians. Factionalism is one of the main reasons for which vendetta politics

3200-570: The avallo in Italian law. The words aval and avallo bear a similarity to hawala, and the context of intensive trade between Italian cities and the Muslim world suggests a possible link. The transfer of debt was "not permissible under Roman law but became widely practiced in medieval Europe, especially in commercial transactions ", potentially borrowing from hawala. Agency was also "an institution unknown to Roman law" as no "individual could conclude

3280-426: The cinema of India , particularly Bollywood , crime films and gangster films inspired by organised crime in India have been produced since 1940. Indian cinema has several genres of such crime films. The dacoit film was a genre of Indian cinema that began with Mehboob Khan 's Aurat (1940) and gained popularity with its remake Mother India (1957) as well as Dilip Kumar 's Gunga Jumna (1961). A subgenre

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3360-495: The heroic bloodshed crime genre of 1980s Hong Kong action cinema . Deewaar had a Hong Kong remake, The Brothers (1979), which went on to inspire John Woo 's internationally acclaimed breakthrough A Better Tomorrow (1986), which set the template for the heroic bloodshed genre in Hong Kong cinema. Examples of the Mumbai underworld film genre: Hawala The hawala system originated in India. In 2003 Hawala as

3440-504: The socio-economic and socio-political climate of 1970s India, channeling the growing discontent and disillusionment among the masses, and unprecedented growth of slums , and dealing with themes involving urban poverty, corruption, and crime, as well as anti-establishment themes. This resulted in their creation of the "angry young man", personified by Amitabh Bachchan , who reinterpreted Dilip Kumar's performance in Gunga Jumna in

3520-540: The 1960s became a rich man. He amassed millions from smuggling gold, silver, and electronic goods and expanded his clout in the film industry by investing his money with directors and studios in Bollywood film production. As Mastan's influence in Bollywood grew, he began to produce films himself and was a well-known producer. Varadarajan Mudaliar, popularly known as Vardha Bhai , was a Bombay-based ethnic Tamil Hindu mobster. He came to be known as Vardhabhai, operated from

3600-406: The 1980s and 1990s. Ibrahim was linked to a number of celebrities during that time, including the beauty pageant contestant Anita Ayoob and the Bollywood actress Mandakini . D-Company is also known for extortion and threats targeted towards Bollywood producers and celebrities, and was involved in the murders of Bollywood producers Javed Siddique and Gulshan Kumar . Vijay Maurya portrayed him in

3680-583: The United Arab Emirates. India says he has shifted to the Pakistan-Afghanistan border. Indian sources add that " Inter-Services Intelligence appeared extremely wary of the new US-Indo cooperation to fight terrorism." On 5 May 2015 MP Haribhai Chaudhary informed the Lok Sabha (the lower house of India's Parliament) that the whereabouts of Ibrahim were unknown. However, on 11 May, Rajnath Singh ,

3760-549: The United States in 2003, with a reward of US$ 25 million on his head for his suspected role in the 1993 Bombay bombings . In 2011, he was named number two on "The World's 10 Most Wanted Fugitives" by the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation and fourth on Forbes '. In 2020, the Pakistani government listed Dawood and 87 others in its sanction list in order to avoid FATF sanctions. He has been reported to live in Karachi , Pakistan, though

3840-477: The countryside and always thrash their victims before robbing them. India is a major transit point for heroin from the Golden Triangle and Golden Crescent en route to Europe . India is also the world's largest legal grower of opium ; experts estimate that 5–10% of the legal opium is converted into illegal heroin , and 8–10% is consumed in high quantities as concentrated liquid. The pharmaceutical industry

3920-513: The criminal and its operations from his experience. To reinforce his reputation as a patriotic gangster don, Chhota Rajan threatened to brutally murder those accused of engineering the 1993 Bombay bombings. Saleem ‘Kurla’ in April 1998 followed by Mohammad Jindran in June 1998 and Majeed Khan on 1 March 1999 were shot dead. It is reported that selective police action against the Ibrahim crime syndicate during

4000-506: The e-auction of his properties under the Smugglers and Foreign Exchange Manipulators (Forfeiture of Property) Act (SAFEMA), 1976. In November 2017, Dawood's three properties, including the famous Rounaq Afroz Restaurant, also known as Delhi Zaika, were auctioned off by the government. Chhota Rajan is believed to have assisted intelligence agencies in understanding the activities of the D-Company and its members by using his intimate knowledge of

4080-457: The early 1960s to 1980, and was accorded equal clout to Haji Mastan and Karim Lala. Starting off as a porter, he had his first brush with the crime world when he began selling illicit liquor. He commanded much respect within the Tamil community and ran a parallel justice system where his verdict was the final law of the land and binding in areas such as Dharavi and Matunga , which are believed to have

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4160-507: The evolution of the Mumbai mafia. Shootout at Wadala is based on Dongri to Dubai . Indian mafia Organised crime in India refers to organised crime elements originating in India and active in many parts of the world. The purpose of organised crime in India, as elsewhere in the world, is monetary gain. Its virulent form in modern times is due to several socio-economic and political factors and advances in science and technology. There

4240-454: The film Black Friday (2004), directed by Anurag Kashyap . The 2002 film Company is loosely based on D-Company's activities, the 2005 film D , 2007 film Risk , as well as Shootout at Lokhandwala (2007), the 2010 film Once Upon a Time in Mumbai and its sequel, 2013 film Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara! , another 2013 film D-Day . The 2013 movie Shootout at Wadala

4320-421: The form of direct cash transactions. In addition to commissions, hawala brokers often earn their profits through bypassing official exchange rates . Generally, the funds enter the system in the source country's currency and leave the system in the recipient country's currency. As settlements often take place without any foreign exchange transactions, they can be made at other than official exchange rates. Hawala

4400-477: The gang of local gangster and don Baashu Dada, part of the local organised crime syndicate. In the late 1970s, he later split from the gang, creating his own gang with his elder brother Shabir Ibrahim Kaskar . After Shabir was killed by the rival Pathan gang, he became the sole boss of his gang, known as the D-Company . He was then chiefly involved in gold smuggling, real estate, extortion and drug trafficking. He fled from India to Dubai in 1986 after being wanted by

4480-576: The government of Pakistan denies it. Dawood Ibrahim was born on 26 December 1955 to a Konkani Muslim family in Khed in Maharashtra, India. His father, Ibrahim Kaskar, worked as a head constable with the Mumbai Police and his mother, Amina Bi, was a homemaker. He lived in the area of Dongri, Mumbai and attended Ahmed Sailor High School, from which he dropped out. Dawood started committing fraud, theft and robbery while still in his teens. Eventually, he joined

4560-455: The growing discontent and disillusionment among the masses, and the failure of the state in ensuring their welfare and well-being, in a time when prices were rapidly rising, commodities were becoming scarce, public institutions were losing legitimacy, smugglers and gangsters were gathering political clout, and there was an unprecedented growth of slums . The cinema of Salim-Javed and Amitabh Bachchan dealt with themes relevant to Indian society at

4640-917: The hawala, as well as other remittance systems. The First International Conference on Hawala in May 2002 published the Regulatory Frameworks for Hawala and Other Remittance Systems . The International Monetary Fund (IMF) contributed a chapter, in which informal value transfer systems were considered. According to the IMF, countries with limited financial services experience macroeconomic consequences because residents rely heavily on informal fund transfer systems. Informal value transfer systems share common characteristics, including anonymity and lack of regulation or official scrutiny . Therefore informal value transfer systems may be susceptible to use by criminal organizations for money laundering and terrorist financing . In

4720-546: The hilly area of Noorabad in Karachi". Pakistan denied it was admitting he was in Pakistan, stating the notifications only contained what was listed in the list of sanctioned individuals and the entities belonging to the United Nations. He had been designated by the Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee with those addresses in 2003. He was third on Forbes's The World's 10 Most Wanted list from 2010 until it stopped publishing

4800-583: The late 1990s, Ibrahim traveled to Afghanistan under the Taliban 's protection. The syndicate has consistently aimed to destabilise India through riots, terrorism, civil disobedience and pumping fake Indian currency notes into the country. India Today reported that Ibrahim provided the logistics for the 2008 Mumbai attacks . Presently, Ibrahim's criminal activities are terror funding, drug trafficking, gunrunning, extortion and money laundering. He has also heavily invested in real estate in Karachi, Dubai and India. He

4880-419: The list in 2011, and is designated a "global terrorist". Many attempts have been made to locate Ibrahim by the Indian intelligence agencies, Research and Analysis Wing and Intelligence Bureau (IB), ever since he went into hiding. His location has been frequently traced to Karachi , Pakistan, a claim which the Pakistani authorities have frequently denied. The claims were further established in August 2015, when

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4960-465: The most basic variant of the hawala system, money is transferred via a network of hawala brokers, or hawaladars , without actually moving money. According to the author Sam Vaknin , there are large hawaladar operators with networks of middlemen in cities across many countries, but most hawaladars are small businesses who work at hawala as a sideline or moonlighting operation. In general, the process of hawala operates as follows: The unique feature of

5040-498: The ones specializing in arms smuggling, narcotics and abduction. Kidnappings for ransom in Punjab, are something which rarely happen. The Chaddi Baniyan Gangs (also known as the Kachcha Baniyan Gangs ) are criminal groups operating in parts of India. Gang members perform attacks while wearing only their underwear, which is the source of their name (in the local languages, chaddi , or kachcha are underpants and baniyan

5120-466: The premises several times and finally broke his operations. He has been arrested several times for criminal activities and detained for long periods during a trial. However, he could not be convicted in most of the cases as witnesses would not depose against him for fear. He was finally convicted for the murder of Shiv Sena politician Kamalakar Jamsandekar by a court in August 2012. Gawli and eleven others were found guilty of Jamsandekar's murder. Dacoity

5200-476: The primary objective of controlling unions . The flourishing of the banking sector, especially finance companies, spurred the demand for bouncers who ensured recovery of bad loans and helped in taking disputed properties. Cricket bookies also use the services of these bouncers. Around five years back when the boom in real estate ended, these gangs then turned to extortion and protection money as their source of income. Most of these are inter-state gangs as well as

5280-439: The reins of Bada Rajan's gang after Bada Rajan's murder. Later, he was affiliated with and operated at the behest of Dawood in Mumbai and eventually fled India to Dubai in 1988. He is wanted for many criminal cases that include extortion , murder, smuggling , drug trafficking , and film finance . His brother is said to produce films financed by Rajan. He is wanted in 17 murder cases and several more attempted murders. Chhota Rajan

5360-458: The same family, village, clan or ethnic group, and cheating is punished by effective excommunication and the loss of honour, which lead to severe economic hardship. Informal records are produced of individual transactions, and a running tally of the amount owed by one broker to another is kept. Settlements of debts between hawala brokers can take a variety of forms (such as goods, services, properties, transfers of employees, etc.), and need not take

5440-506: The same month, which was however, called off due to political reasons. In an interview with India Today , Chhota Rajan, a former aide of Ibrahim, who he later fell out with in 1992, said that, "He [Ibrahim] does travel out of Pakistan once in a while but Karachi is his base." In 2020, the Indian government sold off Dawood's six properties in his ancestral village in Ratnagiri district in coastal Konkan in Maharashtra. The government organized

5520-437: The state for over two decades and have their fixed international and local clientele. Goa has, in recent days, become a principal hub of the international drug trade apart from being a key point of consumption. According to estimates, drugs flowing out of different foreign locations lands on the comparatively unguarded Goan coastline as Mumbai and its hinterland are no longer considered an easy route for trafficking since checks by

5600-452: The system is that no promissory instruments are exchanged between the hawala brokers; the transaction takes place entirely on the honour system . As the system does not depend on the legal enforceability of claims, it can operate even in the absence of a legal and juridical environment. Trust and extensive use of connections are the components that distinguish it from other remittance systems. Hawaladar networks are often based on membership in

5680-451: The then Home Minister of India , told the parliament that Ibrahim was in Pakistan and he will bring him back to India. According to claims of Indian news media Times Now on 22 August 2015, Dawood was in Karachi , Pakistan. According to said media corporation, they had conversation with a woman in Karachi on 22 August 2015. Transcripts of conversations which were published on the news agency's website, in one conversation she said that she

5760-487: The time, such as urban poverty in slums, corruption in society, and the Bombay underworld crime scene, and was perceived by audiences as anti-establishment , often represented by an "angry young man" protagonist, presented as a vigilante or anti-hero , with his suppressed rage giving a voice to the angst of the urban poor. Later films in the genre include Ram Gopal Verma 's Satya (1998) and Company (2002), based on

5840-468: The void. It estimates that such hawaladars , xawilaad or xawala brokers are now responsible for the transfer of up to $ 1.6 billion per year in remittances to the country, most coming from working Somalis outside Somalia. Such funds have in turn had a stimulating effect on local business activity. The 2012 Tuareg rebellion left Northern Mali without an official money transfer service for months. The coping mechanisms that appeared were patterned on

5920-405: The world, it is the only option for legitimate fund transfers. It has been used even by aid organizations in areas in which it is the best-functioning institution. Dubai has been prominent for decades as a welcoming hub for hawala transactions worldwide. The hundi is a financial instrument that developed on the Indian sub-continent for use in trade and credit transactions. Hundis are used as

6000-477: Was Haji Mastan's domain. Karim Lala and his family members' groups operated in the Bombay docks. They were often called " Afghan mafia" or " Pathan mafia", terms coined by Bombay law enforcement because the majority of this crime syndicate's members were ethnic Pashtuns from Afghanistan 's Kunar province . They were especially involved in hashish trafficking, protection rackets , extortion , illegal gambling , gold smuggling, and contract killings and held

6080-576: Was a Bombay-based Tamil mobster who became the first celebrity gangster in the city of Bombay (now Mumbai). Born in 1926 in a Tamil family in Pannaikulam, near Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu . At age 8, he moved to Bombay with his father. The father-son duo ran a small cycle repair shop in Crawford market. 10 years later, in 1944, Mastan joined the Bombay docks as a porter and from there entered organised crime. He worked in association with Karim Lala and by

6160-574: Was arrested in Bali by Indonesian police on 25 October 2015. He was extradited to India on 6 November after 27 years on the run and is currently awaiting trial in CBI custody. Arun Gawli 's gang is based at Dagdi Chawl in Byculla , Mumbai. Gawali started his criminal activities there and used the rooms there for keeping kidnapped persons, torturing them, extorting money from them, and murdering them. The police raided

6240-439: Was prepared to come to India and stand trial, on the condition that he should not be subjected to any third degree treatment from the police. Jethmalani had conveyed this to Sharad Pawar , but the politicians in power did not agree to this proposal. As per Jethmalani, their refusal to allow Dawood's return was due to their fears that he would expose their secrets. Ibrahim is previously assumed to be living in Pakistan and then in

6320-483: Was the mastermind of a racket producing counterfeit Indian currency within Nepal. His anti-Indian criminal activities had rankled the Indian government for more than a decade and half prior. In 2006, Ibrahim's daughter, Mahrukh Ibrahim, married Junaid Miandad, the son of Pakistani cricketer Javed Miandad . In 2011, his daughter Mehreen, 24, married Ayub, a Pakistani – American. His only son Moin married Saniya, daughter of

6400-489: Was their main method of murder, they also used blades and poison. The thugs comprised some who had inherited thuggee as a family vocation, and others who were forced to turn to it out of necessity. The leadership of many of the groups tended to be hereditary with family members sometimes serving together in the same band. Such Thugs were known as aseel . Not all thugs were trained by their family but rather by experienced thugs called ' guru '. While they usually kept their acts

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