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38-553: Margaret Ann Urquhart William Urquhart David Urquhart Jr. (1 July 1805 – 16 May 1877) was a British diplomat , writer and politician , serving as a Member of Parliament for Stafford from 1847 to 1852. He also was an early promoter in the United Kingdom of the hammam (known to westerners as the "Turkish bath") which he came across in Morocco and Turkey . Urquhart was born at Braelangwell, Cromarty , Scotland. He

76-547: A United Nations laissez-passer . The regular use of permanent diplomatic representation began in the states of 15th-century Italy. However the terms "diplomacy" and "diplomat" appeared during the French Revolution . "Diplomat" is derived from the Greek διπλωμάτης ( diplōmátēs ), the holder of a diploma , referring to diplomats' documents of accreditation from their sovereign. Diplomats themselves and historians often refer to

114-410: A foreign country or accredited to an international organization, both career diplomats and political appointees enjoy the same diplomatic immunities, as well as United Nations officials. Ceremonial heads of state commonly act as diplomats on behalf of their nation, usually following instructions from their head of Government. Sasson Sofer argues that, "The ideal diplomat, by the nature of his mission,

152-445: A never-ending global cocktail party". J. W. Burton has noted that "despite the absence of any specific professional training, diplomacy has a high professional status, due perhaps to a degree of secrecy and mystery that its practitioners self-consciously promote." The state supports the high status, privileges, and self-esteem of its diplomats in order to support its own international status and position. The high regard for diplomats

190-463: Is a danger that diplomats may become disconnected from their own country and culture. Sir Harold Nicolson acknowledged that diplomats can become "denationalised, internationalised and therefore dehydrated, an elegant empty husk". Nicolson also claimed that personal motives often influenced the diplomatic pursuit of the national interest. For example, he wrote: "Nobody who has not actually watched statesmen dealing with each other can have any real idea of

228-406: Is also due to most countries' conspicuous selection of diplomats, with regard to their professionalism and ability to behave according to a certain etiquette , in order to effectively promote their interests. Also, international law grants diplomats extensive privileges and immunities , which further distinguishes the diplomat from the status of an ordinary citizen . While posted overseas, there

266-676: Is best known for his work in his Grammar of the Turkish Language , published in 1832, and dedicated to Mahmud II , the Sultan of Turkey. It was the first book to cover the topic in Europe since 1709. In 1836 his mother prepared the French translation of his work. His book was used extensively in some of David Urquhart 's work. Davids fell ill early in the morning of 19 July 1832, and not wanting to alarm his mother, he did not call for assistance. He died

304-507: Is destined to clash with the expedient needs of his country's politics." On the other hand, professional politicians often ridicule diplomats. President John F. Kennedy often denigrated career diplomats as "weak and effeminate" and moved foreign policy decisions out of their hands. Every diplomat, while posted abroad, will be classified in one of the ranks of diplomats (secretary, counselor, minister, ambassador , envoy , or chargé d'affaires ) as regulated by international law (namely, by

342-524: The Diplomatic Review in 1866), which numbered among its contributors the socialist Karl Marx . In 1860, he published his book on Lebanon . In 1854, Urquhart married Harriet Angelina Fortescue , an Anglo-Irish aristocrat. The couple had two daughters and three sons: including Francis Fortescue Urquhart . Harriet was involved in Urquhart's work and wrote numerous articles for Diplomatic Review under

380-483: The United Nations , the world's largest diplomatic forum) as well as multinational companies for their experience in management and negotiating skills. Diplomats are members of foreign services and diplomatic corps of various nations of the world. The sending state is required to get the consent of the receiving state for a person proposed to serve in key diplomatic positions such as an ambassador, also referred to as

418-492: The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961). Diplomats can be contrasted with consuls who help businesspeople, and military attachés . They represent not the foreign ministry but other branches of their government, but lack the diplomat's role in dealing with foreign policy at the highest level. Diplomats in posts collect and report information that could affect national interests, often with advice about how

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456-508: The East , where he examines Turkey and Greece, while also drawing on work previously done by Arthur Lumley Davids . From 1847 to 1852, he sat in parliament as the member for Stafford , and carried on a vigorous campaign against Lord Palmerston's foreign policy. He was against the imposition of sanitary reform, and vehemently opposed the passage of the Public Health Act 1848 . The action of

494-512: The East, he founded a periodical called the Portfolio , and in the first issue printed a series of Russian state papers, which made a profound impression. Urquhart was also the self-proclaimed designer of the Circassian national flag (which was adopted as the flag of Adygea in 1992). Urquhart later publicly accused Palmerston, the head of British foreign policy, of being bribed by Russia. This view

532-650: The Jews , and he advocated his beliefs several times in the London Times . He took part in the formation of a Society for the Cultivation of Hebrew Literature, and in 1830, at one of the meetings, he presented a lecture on the Literature and Philosophy of the Jews. He was described as having principles of the "strictest probity and honour," having a mild and unassuming manner, and his "disposition candid and communicative". Davids

570-628: The State's national government to conduct said state's relations with other States or international organizations, a number of States maintain an institutionalized group of career diplomats—that is, public servants with a steady professional connection to the country's foreign ministry . The term career diplomat is used worldwide in opposition to political appointees (that is, people from any other professional backgrounds who may equally be designated by an official government to act as diplomats abroad). While officially posted to an embassy or delegation in

608-583: The Sultan Mahmud II . He found himself increasingly attracted to Turkish civilisation and culture, becoming alarmed at the threat of Russian intervention in the region. Urquhart's campaigning, including the publication of Turkey and its Resources , culminated in his appointment on a trade mission to the region in 1833. He struck such an intimate relationship with the government in Istanbul that he became outspoken in his calls for British intervention on behalf of

646-647: The Sultan against Muhammad Ali of Egypt in opposition to the policy of Canning. He was recalled by Palmerston just as he published his anti-Moscow pamphlet England, France, Russia and Turkey which brought him into conflict with Richard Cobden . In 1835, he was appointed secretary of embassy at Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire , but an unfortunate attempt to counteract Russian aggressive designs in Circassia , which threatened to lead to an international crisis, again led to his recall in 1837. Urquhart's position

684-527: The United Kingdom in the Crimean War provoked indignant protests from Urquhart, who contended that Turkey was in a position to fight her own battles without the assistance of other powers. To attack the government, he organized (what became known as "Urquhartite") foreign affairs committees throughout the country. In 1856 (with finance from ironmaster George Crawshay) he became the owner of the Free Press (renamed

722-399: The beginning and the end of each loop in the continuous process through which foreign policy develops. In general, it has become harder for diplomats to act autonomously. Diplomats use secure communication systems, such as emails, and mobile telephones that allow reaching even the most reclusive head of mission. This technology also gives diplomats the capacity for more immediate input about

760-480: The day the United Nations was founded was proposed by Indian diplomat Abhay Kumar to mark the occasion as diplomacy becoming the principal means of resolving disputes. Arthur Lumley Davids Arthur Lumley Davids (born Asher Lumle Davids ; 28 August 1811 – 19 July 1832) was an English orientalist and linguist. He was born in Hampshire , the only child of Jewish parents Sarah Lumley and Jonki Davids. He

798-411: The diplomats overseas to make. In this operation, the intelligence, integrity, cultural understanding, and energy of individual diplomats become critical. If competent, they will have developed relationships grounded in trust and mutual understanding with influential members of the country in which they are accredited. They will have worked hard to understand the motives, thought patterns and culture of

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836-744: The first Victorian Turkish baths in England were built by members of these committees under Urquhart's direction, and the exemplar baths at 76 Jermyn Street , London, were built by the London & Provincial Turkish Bath Co Ltd, also under his direction. This type of bath quickly spread round the Empire, the United States, and parts of Europe. Starting in 1864, Urquhart lived in Clarens, Switzerland next to Lake Geneva for his health. There he devoted his energies to promoting

874-727: The foreign ministry by its address: the Ballhausplatz (Vienna), the Quai d’Orsay (Paris), the Wilhelmstraße (Berlin); Itamaraty (from the former Itamaraty Palace in Rio de Janeiro, now transferred to Brasília since 1970) and Foggy Bottom (Washington). For imperial Russia to 1917 it was the Choristers' Bridge (St Petersburg). The Italian ministry was called "the Consulta". Though any person can be appointed by

912-403: The head of the mission. The receiving state of the proposed diplomat may accept the diplomat or refuse to accept the diplomat without having to provide reasons for its refusal or acceptance of the person. While the head of the mission or any member of the diplomatic staff is already on duty in the receiving state, the receiving state may still decide at anytime that the person is no longer wanted in

950-472: The home-country government should respond. Then, once any policy response has been decided in the home country's capital, posts bear major responsibility for implementing it. Diplomats have the job of conveying, in the most persuasive way possible, the views of the home government to the governments to which they are accredited and, in doing so, of trying to convince those governments to act in ways that suit home-country interests. In this way, diplomats are part of

988-615: The immense part played in human affairs by such unavowable and often unrecognisable causes as lassitude, affability, personal affection or dislike, misunderstanding, deafness or incomplete command of a foreign language, vanity, social engagements, interruptions and momentary health." To prevent disconnection and apathy from their own state, many foreign services mandate their employees to return to their home countries in between period serving abroad. Diplomats have started celebrating International Day of Diplomats on October 24 since 2017. The idea of celebrating International Day of Diplomats on

1026-544: The nationalist cause and fought in the Greek War of Independence . Seriously injured, he spent the next few years championing the Greek cause in letters to the British government, self-promotion that entailed his appointment in 1831 to Sir Stratford Canning 's mission to Istanbul to settle the border between Greece and Turkey . Urquhart's principal role was to nurture the support of Koca Mustafa Reşid Pasha , intimate advisor to

1064-578: The oriental languages of Turkish, Hebrew, Arabic and Persian, along with the European languages of Greek, Latin, French, Italian and German. However he was particularly devoted to the Turkish language. Wishing to follow the legal profession, he entered the office of a solicitor but as a Jew, he was prevented from proceeding to the bar. This led him to become involved in the cause of the Civil Emancipation of

1102-460: The other side. Most career diplomats have university degrees in international relations , political science , history , economics , or law . " Emotional intelligence " has recently become a component of many foreign service training programs. Diplomats have generally been considered members of an exclusive and prestigious profession. The public image of diplomats has been described as "a caricature of pinstriped men gliding their way around

1140-539: The policy-making processes in the home capital. Secure email has transformed the contact between diplomats and the ministry. It is less likely to leak, and enables more personal contact than the formal cablegram , with its wide distribution and impersonal style. The home country will usually send instructions to a diplomatic post on what foreign policy goals to pursue, but decisions on tactics – who needs to be influenced, what will best persuade them, who are potential allies and adversaries, and how it can be done – are for

1178-452: The signature of Caritas. She died in 1889. In his book The Pillars of Hercules (1850), Urquhart wrote about the hammams of Morocco and Turkey and advocated their use in the United Kingdom. This attracted the attention of Irish physician Richard Barter who sought Urquhart's help in building such a bath at his hydropathic establishment in Blarney , County Cork . Although their first bath

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1216-402: The state and is considered persona non grata . When this happens, the sending state may discharge the person. Diplomats are the oldest form of any of the foreign policy institutions of a state, predating by centuries foreign ministers and ministerial offices. They usually have diplomatic immunity , and in their official travels they usually use a diplomatic passport or, for UN officials,

1254-601: The study of international law . He died in 1877 and is buried in Clarens. [REDACTED] Media related to David Urquhart at Wikimedia Commons Diplomat The main functions of diplomats are representation and protection of the interests and nationals of the sending state; initiation and facilitation of strategic agreements, treaties and conventions; and promotion of information, trade and commerce, technology, and friendly relations. Seasoned diplomats of international repute are used in international organizations (for example,

1292-450: Was constantly promoted in the London magazines he published. Among the regular authors of his publications was Karl Marx , who fully supported Urquhart's views on Palmerston. Personally, Karl Marx himself, in correspondence with his friend Engels , considered Urquhart a "form of maniac" in his accusations of Palmerston and the worship of the Turks. In 1838, Urquhart published a book, Spirit of

1330-496: Was sent to an Anglican school with the purpose of preparing him for an English university. From an early age he applied himself to the study of mechanics, music, and experimental philosophy. Described as a child prodigy, his intelligence was soon discovered. During his early education he once delivered a lecture on chemistry before the whole school. However, when Davids was 10 years of age his father died, and with his mother he relocated to London. Davids committed himself to learning

1368-426: Was so aggressively anti–Russian and pro–Turkish that it created difficulties for British politics. In the 1830s, there was no anti-Russian coalition in Europe; it had yet to be created. Britain could suddenly find itself in a situation of military conflict with Russia and, moreover, alone. As a result, Urquhart was recalled from Turkey, and the conflict with Russia was settled by peace talks. In 1835, before leaving for

1406-739: Was the second son of Margaret Hunter and David Urquhart. His father died while he was a boy. Urquhart was educated, under the supervision of his widowed mother, in France , Switzerland , and Spain. Jeremy Bentham assisted with Urquhart's education. He returned to Britain in 1821 and spent a gap year learning to farm and working at the Royal Arsenal , Woolwich . In 1822, he attended St John's College, Oxford . However, he left before completing college because of his poor health and, instead traveled to eastern Europe. He never completed his classics degree as his mother's finances failed. In 1827, Urquhart joined

1444-510: Was unsuccessful, Barter persevered and, by copying the hot dry air baths of the ancient Roman thermae , built an "Improved Turkish bath" which later became known as the Victorian Turkish bath to distinguish it from the Islamic hammam. In 1857, Urquhart built the first such bath in England at Broughton Lane, Manchester, in conjunction with the local foreign affairs committee. More than 30 of

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