98-554: David Wayne Spade (born July 22, 1964) is an American stand-up comedian, actor and podcaster. His comedic style, in both his stand-up material and acting roles, relies heavily on sarcasm and self-deprecation . After several years as a stand-up comedian, Spade rose to prominence as a writer and cast member on the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live from 1990 to 1996. Following his departure from SNL , he began an acting career in both film and television, starring or co-starring in
196-459: A flight attendant for " Total Bastard Airlines " who bids a dismissive "Buh-Bye" to each passenger upon disembarking; a receptionist for Dick Clark who, as a matter of policy, asks people indiscriminately, "And you are?"; and the quick-witted " Hollywood Minute " reporter who roasts celebrities with personal one-liners . Other characters include Christy Henderson from the Gap Girls and Karl from
294-519: A registered nurse on an American airline was relaxed as more women were hired, and disappeared almost entirely during World War II as many nurses joined military nurse corps. Ruth Carol Taylor was the first African-American flight attendant in the United States. Hired in December 1957, on 11 February 1958, Taylor was the flight attendant on a Mohawk Airlines flight from Ithaca to New York,
392-456: A 50% increase), cervical cancer (1.0% compared to 0.70%), gastrointestinal cancer (0.47% compared to 0.27% – a 74% increase), thyroid cancer (0.67% compared to 0.56%) and higher rates of both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers with reports of the latter increasing with every five years spent in the job. The study did not look into what causes this increase, but the authors said increased exposure to ionizing radiation from time spent in
490-501: A conversation, Lazarus suggests that too frequent use of sarcasm tends to "overwhelm the emotional flavor of any conversation". Understanding the subtlety of this usage requires second-order interpretation of the speaker's or writer's intentions; different parts of the brain must work together to understand sarcasm. This sophisticated understanding can be lacking in some people with certain forms of brain damage, dementia and sometimes autism, and this perception has been located by MRI in
588-403: A crew member requires some minimum years of service as flight attendant. Further training is mandatory, and chief pursers typically earn a higher salary than flight attendants because of the added responsibility and managerial role. The purser is in charge of the cabin crew, in a specific section of a larger aircraft, or the whole aircraft itself (if the purser is the highest ranking). On board
686-407: A drug overdose in 1997 at the age of 33 and thus it was cancelled. When Spade declined to attend Farley's funeral, rumors abounded that there had been a falling out between the two. Spade stated that their friendship had been under some tension, partly because of Farley's drug problem and reckless lifestyle, which Spade admittedly could not keep up with. However, it never escalated to ill will, and that
784-457: A falling star. Make a wish!" next to a picture of former Saturday Night Live cast member Eddie Murphy . The one-liner referred to Murphy's lack of recent box office success, especially the bomb Vampire in Brooklyn . The quip made Murphy turn against both Spade and SNL for several years afterward. Spade wrote in his 2015 memoir that he received an angry phone call from Murphy two days later at
882-449: A fine musician you turned out to be!," "It's like you're a whole different person now...," and "Oh... Well then thanks for all the first aid over the years!" or it may be used in the form of a direct statement, "You couldn't play one piece correctly if you had two assistants." The distinctive quality of sarcasm is present in the spoken word and manifested chiefly by vocal inflection ... Distinguishing sarcasm from banter , and referring to
980-412: A larger aircraft, pursers assist the chief purser in managing the cabin. Pursers are flight attendants or a related job, typically with an airline for several years prior to application for, and further training to become a purser, and normally earn a higher salary than flight attendants because of the added responsibility and supervisory role. Minimum entry requirements for a career as a flight attendant
1078-501: A lowered pitch; sometimes to such an extent that the expression is reduced to a mere mumble. But other research shows that there are many ways that real speakers signal sarcastic intentions. One study found that in Cantonese , sarcasm is indicated by raising the fundamental frequency of one's voice. In Amharic , rising intonation is used to show sarcasm. Though in the English language there
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#17330863069461176-504: A medical evaluation. The role of a flight attendant is to "provide routine services and respond to emergencies to ensure the safety and comfort of airline passengers". Typically flight attendants require holding a high school diploma or equivalent, and in the United States, the median annual wage for flight attendants was $ 50,500 in May 2017, higher than the median for all workers of $ 37,690. The number of flight attendants required on flights
1274-538: A number of emergency situations. In some countries, such as France, a degree is required, together with the Certificat de formation à la sécurité (Safety training certificate). Multilingual flight attendants are often in demand to accommodate international travellers. The languages most in demand, other than English, are French , Russian , Hindi , Spanish , Mandarin , Cantonese , Bengali , Japanese , Arabic , German , Portuguese , Italian , and Turkish . In
1372-561: A popular teacher apologizes to the class for answering his phone in the other room: "I don't know if we can forgive you!" A French company has developed an analytics tool that claims to have up to 80% accuracy in identifying sarcastic comments posted online. In June 2014, the United States Secret Service requested bids for software that would identify sarcasm in tweets . The Buddhist monk Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu has identified sarcasm as contrary to right speech , an aspect of
1470-524: A sentence should be understood as ironic, but not necessarily designate sarcasm that is not ironic. By contrast, more recent proposals, such as the snark mark , or the use of the following tilde are specifically intended to denote sarcasm rather than irony. A bracketed exclamation point or question mark as well as scare quotes are also sometimes used to express irony or ironic sarcasm. In certain Ethiopic languages, sarcasm and unreal phrases are indicated at
1568-461: A star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . On April 1, 2012, Spade received a Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actress for his role as Monica (drag) in the 2011 film Jack and Jill . Spade has dated numerous actresses and celebrities, including Heather Locklear , Lara Flynn Boyle , Julie Bowen , Teri Hatcher , and Naya Rivera , with E! News calling him "a bachelor-era George Clooney of
1666-571: A summer and winter version, differentiated by colours and fabrics appropriate to the season : navy blue for winter, for example, khaki for summer. But as the role of women in the air grew, and airline companies began to realise the publicity value of their female flight attendants, more feminine lines and colours began to appear in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Some airlines began to commission designs from high-end department stores and still others called in noted designers or even milliners to create distinctive and attractive apparel. During
1764-723: A summer vacation. In 2022, Spade began co-hosting the Fly on the Wall podcast with fellow Saturday Night Live alum Dana Carvey . Guests include former cast members and hosts of SNL . In 2024, the Superfly video podcast (a spinoff of Fly on the Wall ) co-hosted by Spade and Carvey was launched. On April 18, 2023, it was announced that Spade would host Snake Oil , a new game show broadcast by Fox . Spade received an Emmy nomination and two Golden Globe nominations for his role as Dennis Finch on Just Shoot Me! . On September 5, 2003, Spade received
1862-471: A talent agent while performing at The Improv in Los Angeles he was cast in the 1987 film Police Academy 4 . With the help of friend and fellow comedian Dennis Miller , he joined Saturday Night Live in 1990. Spade started as a writer and eventually moved up to cast member. While there, he became known for his brand of sarcasm, and his characters in a number of sketches were hits. Some of them include
1960-597: Is usually the completion of the final year of high school ; e.g. the International Baccalaureate . Many prospective attendants have a post-secondary school diploma in an area such as tourism and a number hold degrees having worked in other occupations, often as teachers. Graduates holding degrees, including those with studies in one or more foreign languages , communication studies , business studies , public relations or nursing can be favoured by employers. Flight attendants are normally trained in
2058-575: Is "always no". In 2004, he joined the cast of 8 Simple Rules , following the death of the sitcom's star, John Ritter , for the show's third and final season. In 2018, Spade appeared in his first major dramatic role in the movie Warning Shot co-starring Bruce Dern and James Earl Jones , with Spade playing the dangerous grandson of a powerful business tycoon (Dern) He hosted the Comedy Central TV show The Showbiz Show with David Spade for three seasons, from September 2005 to October 2007. On
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#17330863069462156-699: Is a form of radiation that comes from space and intensifies as altitude above sea level increases. The International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization lists ionizing radiation as a known human carcinogen . Passengers are also exposed to this type of cosmic radiation, but they spend considerably less time on average in the air than crew members. An online travel agency report found, in particular, that travelling adults in Britain spend on average 306 hours on flights to holiday destinations during their lifetime. In contrast, according to
2254-448: Is a member of the aircrew aboard commercial flights , many business jets and some government aircraft. Collectively called cabin crew , flight attendants are primarily responsible for passenger safety and comfort. The role of a flight attendant derives from that of similar positions on passenger ships or passenger trains , but has more direct involvement with passengers because of the confined quarters on aircraft . Additionally,
2352-514: Is an entrepreneur who, together with David's sister-in-law Kate Spade , co-founded the designer brand Kate Spade New York . Spade and his family moved to Scottsdale, Arizona , when he was four years old. His parents divorced soon thereafter, and he and his brothers were raised for the most part by their mother, in relative poverty. Spade attended Saguaro High School and later Scottsdale Community College before transferring to Arizona State University and dropping out shortly thereafter since he
2450-463: Is an insincere form of politeness which is used to offend one's interlocutor. Linguist John Haiman writes: "There is an extremely close connection between sarcasm and irony, and literary theorists in particular often treat sarcasm as simply the crudest and least interesting form of irony." Also, he adds: First, situations may be ironic, but only people can be sarcastic. Second, people may be unintentionally ironic, but sarcasm requires intention. What
2548-417: Is essential to sarcasm is that it is overt irony intentionally used by the speaker as a form of verbal aggression. Lexicographer Henry Watson Fowler writes in A Dictionary of Modern English Usage : Sarcasm does not necessarily involve irony. But irony, or the use of expressions conveying different things according as they are interpreted, is so often made the vehicle of sarcasm ... The essence of sarcasm
2646-406: Is expressed as early as the age of three, but sarcastic expressions take place much later during development (Brant, 2012). According to Brant (2012, 145–6), sarcasm is (a) form of expression of language often including the assertion of a statement that is disbelieved by the expresser (e.g., where the sentential meaning is disbelieved by the expresser), although the intended meaning is different from
2744-418: Is hypothesized to develop as a cognitive and emotional tool that adolescents use in order to test the borders of politeness and truth in conversation. Sarcasm recognition and expression both require the development of understanding forms of language, especially if sarcasm occurs without a cue or signal (e.g., a sarcastic tone or rolling the eyes). Sarcasm is argued to be more sophisticated than lying because lying
2842-567: Is inspired by the traditional batik motif of 'Parang Gondosuli'. Vietnam Airlines flight attendants wear red áo dài and Air India flight attendants wear a sari on all passenger flights. During the mid-1990s, several US-based airlines required female flight attendants to wear shoes with heels. Minimum heel heights ranged from one-half inch to the two inches mandated by USAir . Flight attendants at times avoided censure by changing into more comfortable shoes during flights, since their supervisors were less likely to be present there. In 2015,
2940-542: Is mandated by each country's regulations. In the US, for light planes with 19 or fewer seats, or, if weighing more than 7,500 pounds, 9 or fewer seats, no flight attendant is needed; on larger aircraft, one flight attendant per 50 passenger seats is required. The majority of flight attendants for most airlines are female, though a substantial number of males have entered the industry since 1980. Prior to each flight, flight attendants and pilots go over safety and emergency checklists,
3038-485: Is not any standard accepted method to denote irony or sarcasm in written conversation, several forms of punctuation have been proposed. Among the oldest and frequently attested are the percontation point —furthered by Henry Denham in the 1580s—and the irony mark —furthered by Alcanter de Brahm in the 19th century. Both of these marks were represented visually by a ⸮ backwards question mark (Unicode U+2E2E). Each of these punctuation marks are primarily used to indicate that
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3136-655: Is often directly associated with verbal irony (meaning the opposite of what is said) and the two are frequently used together; sarcasm is not necessarily ironic by definition, and either element can be used without the other. Examples of sarcasm and irony used together: "My you're early!" (After one arrives extremely late). "What a fine artist you've become!" (When meaning to express displeasure). Example of sarcasm without irony: (frequently attributed to Winston Churchill ) After an onlooker comments on one being drunk: "My dear, tomorrow I will be sober, and you will still be ugly!" Example of irony without sarcasm: After
3234-427: Is the intention of giving pain by (ironical or other) bitter words. Professionals in psychology and related fields have long looked upon sarcasm negatively, particularly noting that sarcasm tends to be a maladaptive coping mechanism for those with unresolved anger or frustrations. Psychologist Clifford N. Lazarus describes sarcasm as " hostility disguised as humor". While an occasional sarcastic comment may enliven
3332-417: Is vital that flight attendants remain aware as the majority of emergencies occur during take-off and landing. Upon landing, flight attendants must remain stationed at exits and monitor the airplane and cabin as passengers disembark the plane. They also assist any special needs passengers and small children off the airplane and escort children, while following the proper paperwork and ID process to escort them to
3430-930: The Phoenix Police Department to buy 300 firearms, including 50 AR-15 rifles for patrol officers. Spade also donated $ 200,000 for the Oklahoma tornado relief program on May 20, 2013, $ 100,000 toward the ALS ice bucket challenge in 2014, and $ 100,000 to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) in June 2018 after the suicide of his sister-in-law Kate Spade , a fashion designer. Spade primarily resides in Beverly Hills, California although he also has residences in Hollywood Hills and West Hollywood . His Beverly Hills house
3528-482: The SNL offices; the two did not reconcile until a chance meeting in 2011. Spade left SNL in 1996. He returned to host an episode in 1998 and another in 2005. Spade starred with fellow Saturday Night Live cast member Chris Farley in two buddy comedy films, Tommy Boy (1995) and Black Sheep (1996), both of which were distributed by Paramount Pictures . The two were planning a third film together, but Farley died of
3626-488: The Teen Choice Awards and SpikeTV 's Video Game Awards in 2003. He voiced characters on several episodes of Beavis and Butt-Head and produced his own TV series Sammy in 2000. From 2002 to 2006, Spade regularly appeared in commercials for Capital One (with Nate Torrence ) where he played the employee of a fictional rival company whose policy toward honoring credit card rewards (and just about everything else)
3724-576: The US Federal Aviation Administration , a flight attendant can spend up to 30 hours of flight time in seven consecutive days and in some cases more. The effect of cosmic radiation on air crew members is a subject of a growing body of research. Cabin crew members are also regularly exposed to more UV radiation than the general population, which can make these workers more vulnerable to skin cancers . The U.S. National Council on Radiation Protection (NCRP) reports that aircrew have
3822-558: The cabin for any unusual smells or situations. They assist with the loading of carry-on baggage , checking for weight, size and dangerous goods . They make sure those sitting in emergency exit rows are willing and able to assist in an evacuation. They then give a safety demonstration or monitor passengers as they watch a safety video. They then must "secure the cabin" ensuring tray tables are stowed, seats are in their upright positions, armrests down and carry-ons stowed correctly and seat belts are fastened prior to take-off. Once up in
3920-499: The hub or headquarters city of an airline over a period that may run from four weeks to six months, depending on the country and airline. The main focus of training is safety, and attendants are evaluated for each type of aircraft in which they work. One of the most elaborate training facilities was Breech Academy , which Trans World Airlines (TWA) opened in 1969 in Overland Park, Kansas . Other airlines also sent their attendants to
4018-429: The 1960s a number of airlines were promoting their flight attendant's uniforms as evoking the refinement of haute couture . In March 1962, Air France launched a new model designed by Marc Bohan at Dior , introducing the "Air France" model into its Haute couture collection. Hainan Airlines debuted their new flight attendant's uniforms at the 2017 Laurence Xu Haute Couture Show at Paris Couture Week in 2017. Since
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4116-656: The 1960s, Pacific Southwest Airlines (PSA) was known for brightly coloured female flight attendant uniforms that included short miniskirts . In the early 1970s, the uniform changed to hotpants . In the 1930s, the first flight attendant uniforms were designed to be durable, practical, and inspire confidence in passengers with the first female flight attendants dressing in uniforms resembling nurses ' outfits. The first female flight attendants for United Airlines wore green berets, green capes and nurse's shoes and other airlines, such as Eastern Air Lines , actually dressed female flight attendants in nurses' uniforms . However, by
4214-698: The 1980s, Asian airlines, especially national flag carrier ones, usually feature the traditional dress and fabrics of their respective country in their female flight attendants' uniform. It was meant as a marketing strategy to showcase their national culture as well as to convey welcoming warmth and hospitality. For example, Thai Airways flight attendants are required to change from their corporate purple suits into traditional Thai costume prior to passengers boarding. Garuda Indonesia , Malaysia Airlines and Singapore Airlines female flight attendants wear modified kebayas , with batik motifs on them. For example, Garuda Indonesia's design, called 'Lereng Garuda Indonesia'
4312-546: The 1994–1995 season, Spade agreed to remain on the show for the 1995–96 season to serve as a bridge between the former cast and new cast members Will Ferrell , Molly Shannon , and Cheri Oteri . During this season, Spade was given a weekly segment called "Spade in America" which was a spin-off of his "Hollywood Minute" and "Weekend Update" commentaries. On December 9, 1995, Spade revived "Hollywood Minute" inside one of his "Spade in America" segments; Spade joked, "Look, children, it's
4410-442: The 2003 film Dickie Roberts: Former Child Star , again co-written by Spade and Wolf. It was the first of many films in which Spade has appeared that were produced by another Saturday Night Live castmate, Adam Sandler . Most notable among these are the films Grown Ups (2010) and Grown Ups 2 (2013), both of which included Spade and Sandler among the lead roles, and both of which were major box office hits. Spade hosted both
4508-450: The 350-pound (160 kg) Malloy, run to his bedroom, grab his gun and defend himself by locking himself in a bathroom armed with the shotgun. Malloy pleaded guilty and avoided jail time on condition he seek counseling for drug and psychological problems. He subsequently received five years' probation, was ordered to stay at least 100 yards away from Spade and perform 480 hours of community service. In December 2005, Spade donated $ 100,000 to
4606-572: The DELAG Zeppelin LZ 10 Schwaben . He also attended to the famous LZ 129 Hindenburg and was on board when it burst into flames. He survived by jumping out a window when it neared the ground. Origins of the word "steward" in transportation are reflected in the term " chief steward " as used in maritime transport terminology. The term purser and chief steward are often used interchangeably describing personnel with similar duties among seafaring occupations. This lingual derivation results from
4704-568: The Invisible Man in the Hotel Transylvania film series (2012–2022). Spade hosted a late-night talk show Lights Out with David Spade , which premiered on July 29, 2019. Spade was born on July 22, 1964, in Birmingham, Michigan , to Judith J. (née Meek), a writer and magazine editor, and Wayne M. "Sam" Spade, a sales representative. His older brothers are Bryan and Andy Spade . The latter
4802-967: The Israeli airline El Al introduced a requirement that female flight attendants wear high heels until passengers had been seated. The airline's workers' union stated that the requirement would endanger the health and safety of the flight attendants and instructed its members to ignore the rule. Later that year the requirement was removed. Until 2016, some female crew members on British Airways were required to wear British Airways' standard "ambassador" uniform, which has not traditionally included trousers. In 2019, Virgin Atlantic began to allow its female flight attendants to wear trousers and not wear makeup. In 2023, Qantas declared that it had ended uniform rules based on gender. Female flight attendants are no longer required to wear high heels, male flight attendants can wear makeup, and flight attendants of any gender can wear
4900-473: The Karl's Video sketches. He also did impressions of various celebrities, including Brad Pitt and Michael J. Fox . According to interviews with Spade, most of the material that he wrote early in his time at SNL was given to Dana Carvey to perform on the show. Spade, alongside Chris Farley , Chris Rock , Adam Sandler and Rob Schneider were known as the "Bad Boys" of SNL. After the major cast overhaul following
4998-473: The Noble Eightfold Path leading to the end of suffering. He opines that sarcasm is an unskillful and unwholesome method of humor, which he contrasts with an approach based on frankly highlighting the ironies inherent in life. Flight attendant A flight attendant , also known as a steward ( MASC ) or stewardess ( FEM ), or air host ( MASC ) or hostess ( FEM ),
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#17330863069465096-520: The United States, airlines with international routes pay an additional stipend for language skills on top of flight pay, and some airlines hire specifically for certain languages when launching international destinations. Carole Middleton recalled when interviewed in 2018 that "you had to be able to speak another language" when working in the industry in the 1970s. Most airlines have height requirements for safety reasons, making sure that all flight attendants can reach overhead safety equipment. Typically,
5194-477: The United States, the Federal Aviation Administration requires flight attendants on aircraft with 20 or more seats and used by an air carrier for transportation to hold a Certificate of Demonstrated Proficiency . It shows that a level of required training has been met. It is not limited to the air carrier at which the attendant is employed (although some initial documents showed the airlines where
5292-463: The United States, the job was one of only a few in the 1930s to permit women, which, coupled with the Great Depression , led to large numbers of applicants for the few positions available. Two thousand women applied for just 43 positions offered by Transcontinental and Western Airlines in December 1935. Female flight attendants rapidly replaced male ones, and by 1936, they had all but taken over
5390-534: The acceptable height for this is over 152 cm but under 185 cm tall. Regional carriers using small aircraft with low ceilings can have height restrictions. Some airlines, such as EVA Air , have height requirements for purely aesthetic purposes. The overall presentation of flight attendants' has transformed over the decades. Many early uniforms had a strongly military appearance; hats, jackets , and skirts showed simple straight lines and military details like epaulettes and brass buttons. Many uniforms had
5488-524: The air, flight attendants will usually serve drinks and/or food to passengers using an airline service trolley . The duty has led to the mildly derogatory slang term "trolley dolly". When not performing customer service duties, flight attendants must periodically conduct cabin checks and listen for any unusual noises or situations. Checks must also be done on the lavatory to ensure the smoke detector has not been disabled or destroyed and to restock supplies as needed. Regular cockpit checks must be done to ensure
5586-552: The airline, were fired if they exceeded weight regulations, and were required to be single upon hiring and fired if they got married. ) In 1968, the EEOC declared age restrictions on flight attendants' employment to be illegal sex discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Also in 1968, the EEOC ruled that sex was not a bona fide occupational requirement to be a flight attendant. The restriction of hiring only women
5684-461: The bloom that goes with perfect health. Three decades later, a 1966 New York Times classified ad for stewardesses at Eastern Airlines listed these requirements: A high school graduate, single (widows and divorcees with no children considered), 20 years of age (girls 19 1 ⁄ 2 may apply for future consideration). 5'2" but no more than 5'9", weight 105 to 135 in proportion to height and have at least 20/40 vision without glasses. Appearance
5782-576: The cabin may include engine leakages, pesticides and flame retardants , which contain compounds that may act as hormone disruptors and increase the risk of some cancers . Flight attendants often have disrupted sleep cycles . They are more likely to have disruptions in their sleep patterns because they may work at night, cross time zones, and have irregular schedules. There is some evidence linking sleep disruptions to increased cancer risk. Flight attendants may also have different lifestyle behaviours related to diet, physical activity, and health care than
5880-489: The cabin, fires, depressurization , on-board births and deaths, dangerous goods and spills in the cabin, emergency evacuations , hijackings , and water landings . On most commercial airliners, flight attendants receive various forms of notification on board the aircraft in the form of audible chimes and coloured lights above their stations. While the colours and chimes are not universal and may vary between airlines and aircraft types, these colours and chimes are generally
5978-502: The chief steward in the overall rank and command structure of which pursers are not positionally represented or rostered. Imperial Airways of the United Kingdom had "cabin boys" or "stewards"; in the 1920s. In the US, Stout Airways was the first to employ stewards in 1926, working on Ford Trimotor planes between Detroit and Grand Rapids, Michigan . Western Airlines (1928) and Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) (1929) were
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#17330863069466076-403: The comedy world". He and 2005 Playboy Playmate Jillian Grace have a daughter together, Harper (born August 26, 2008). On November 29, 2000, Spade was attacked by his assistant David Warren "Skippy" Malloy while he was sleeping, who used a stun gun on Spade after breaking into Spade's home in the early morning. In an interview with Howard Stern , Spade stated that he managed to get away from
6174-427: The comment was expressed and considered. Cultural perspectives on sarcasm vary widely with more than a few cultures and linguistic groups finding it offensive to varying degrees. Thomas Carlyle despised it: "Sarcasm I now see to be, in general, the language of the devil; for which reason I have long since as good as renounced it". Fyodor Dostoevsky , on the other hand, recognized in it a cry of pain: Sarcasm, he said,
6272-416: The designated person picking them up. Flight attendants are trained to deal with a wide variety of emergencies, and are trained in first aid . More frequent situations may include a bleeding nose, illness, small injuries, intoxicated passengers, aggressive and anxiety stricken passengers. Emergency training includes rejected take-offs , emergency landings , cardiac and in-flight medical situations, smoke in
6370-501: The difficulties in translating sarcasm. A 2015 study by L. Huang, F. Gino and A.D. Galinsky of the Harvard Business School "tests a novel theoretical model in which both the construction and interpretation of sarcasm lead to greater creativity because they activate abstract thinking." In English, sarcasm is often telegraphed with kinesic / prosodic cues by speaking more slowly and with a lower pitch. Similarly, Dutch uses
6468-455: The end of a sentence with a sarcasm mark called temherte slaq , a character that looks like an inverted exclamation point ¡. The usage directly parallels John Wilkins ' 1668 proposal to use the inverted exclamation point as an irony mark. A proposal by Asteraye Tsigie and Daniel Yacob in 1999 to include the temherte slaq in Unicode was unsuccessful. While sarcasm (harsh ridicule or mockery)
6566-475: The films Tommy Boy (1995), Black Sheep (1996), Senseless (1998), Joe Dirt (2001), Dickie Roberts: Former Child Star (2003), The Benchwarmers (2006), Grown Ups (2010) and its 2013 sequel , The Ridiculous 6 (2015), The Do-Over (2016), and The Wrong Missy (2020). He has been part of an ensemble cast of two sitcoms: Just Shoot Me! (1997–2003) and Rules of Engagement (2007–2013). Additionally, he starred as C. J. Barnes in
6664-718: The first US carriers to employ stewards to serve food. Ten-passenger Fokker aircraft used in the Caribbean had stewards in the era of gambling trips to Havana, Cuba from Key West, Florida . Lead flight attendants would in many instances also perform the role of purser, steward, or chief steward in modern aviation terminology. The first female flight attendant was a 25-year-old registered nurse named Ellen Church . Hired by United Airlines in 1930, she also first envisioned nurses on aircraft. Other airlines followed suit, hiring nurses to serve as flight attendants, then called "stewardesses" or "air hostesses", on most of their flights. In
6762-610: The first time such a position had been held by an African American. She was let go within six months as a result of Mohawk's then-common marriage ban. Patricia Banks-Edmiston became the first black flight attendant for Capitol Airlines in 1960 following a legal complaint which resulted in the airline being required to hire her. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 's first complainants were female flight attendants complaining of age discrimination, weight requirements, and bans on marriage. (Originally female flight attendants were fired if they reached age 32 or 35 depending on
6860-404: The general population which could affect overall health and cancer risk. Many of the flight attendants working today were exposed to second-hand in-flight smoke until 1998 with partial smoking bans enacted in 1988. The long-term effects of this historical secondhand smoke exposure have not been well characterized. Flight attendants are exposed to verbal and sexual harassment . Studies in
6958-406: The health and safety of the pilot(s). They must also respond to call lights dealing with special requests. During turbulence, flight attendants must ensure the cabin is secure. Prior to landing, all loose items, trays and rubbish must be collected and secured along with service and galley equipment. All hot liquids must be disposed of. A final cabin check must then be completed prior to landing . It
7056-747: The holders were working), and is the attendant's personal property. It does have two ratings, Group 1 and Group 2 (listed on the certificate as "Group I" and "Group II"). Either or both of these may be earned depending upon the general type of aircraft, ( propeller or turbojet ), on which the holder has trained. There are also training schools, not affiliated with any particular airline, where students generally not only undergo generic, though otherwise practically identical, training to flight attendants employed by an airline, but also take curriculum modules to help them gain employment. These schools often use actual airline equipment for their lessons, though some are equipped with full simulator cabins capable of replicating
7154-402: The international British maritime tradition (i.e. chief mate ) dating back to the 14th century and the civilian United States Merchant Marine on which US aviation is somewhat modelled. Due to international conventions and agreements, in which all ships' personnel who sail internationally are similarly documented by their respective countries, the U.S. Merchant Marine assigns such duties to
7252-402: The job of a flight attendant revolves around safety to a much greater extent than those of similar staff on other forms of transportation. Flight attendants on board a flight collectively form a cabin crew , as distinguished from pilots and engineers in the cockpit . The German Heinrich Kubis was the world's first flight attendant, in 1912. Kubis first attended to the passengers on board
7350-674: The largest average annual effective dose of all U.S. radiation workers. Poor cabin air quality is a subject of ongoing study in relation to symptoms such as headache , fatigue , fever , and respiratory difficulties among many others that have been reported by flight attendants, particularly on long-haul routes. There is also much concern regarding the transmission of contagious diseases , particularly tuberculosis . An open question remains whether these complaints are due to poor cabin air quality or to other factors inherent in flights, such as lowered barometric pressure , hypoxia , low humidity , etc. Other chemical contaminants found in
7448-440: The locations of emergency equipment and other features specific to that aircraft type. Boarding particulars are verified, such as special needs passengers, small children travelling alone, or VIPs. Weather conditions are discussed including anticipated turbulence . A safety check is conducted to ensure equipment such as life-vests , torches (flash lights) and firefighting equipment are on board and in proper condition. They monitor
7546-537: The most commonly used: The chief purser (CP), also titled as in-flight service manager (ISM), flight service manager (FSM), customer service manager (CSM) or cabin service director (CSD) is the senior flight attendant in the chain of command of flight attendants. While not necessarily the most-senior crew members on a flight (in years of service to their respective carrier), chief pursers can have varying levels of "in-flight" or "on board" bidding seniority or tenure in relation to their flying partners. To reach this position,
7644-441: The reason he did not attend the funeral was simply because he could not handle it emotionally. Although he received several offers to star in his own TV shows, he turned them down and joined the ensemble cast of Steven Levitan 's office sitcom Just Shoot Me! , opposite Laura San Giacomo and George Segal , which ran for seven seasons from 1997 to 2003. He played a sarcastic receptionist, Dennis Finch . In 2000, Spade provided
7742-427: The reason why this dissertation does not thoroughly investigate the distinction between irony and sarcasm involves the ideas that: (1) people can pretend to be insulted when they are not or pretend not to be insulted when they are seriously offended; (2) an individual may feel ridiculed directly after the comment and then find it humorous or neutral thereafter; and (3) the individual may not feel insulted until years after
7840-666: The right parahippocampal gyrus . Research on the anatomy of sarcasm has shown, according to Richard Delmonico, a neuropsychologist at University of California, Davis , that people with damage in the prefrontal cortex have difficulty understanding non-verbal aspects of language like tone. Neuroscientist David Salmon at the University of California, San Diego , stated that this type of research could help doctors distinguish between different types of neurodegenerative diseases, such as frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease . In William Brant's Critique of Sarcastic Reason , sarcasm
7938-407: The role. They were selected not only for their knowledge but also for their physical characteristics. A 1936 New York Times article described the requirements: The girls who qualify for hostesses must be petite; weight 100 to 118 pounds; height 5 feet to 5 feet 4 inches; age 20 to 26 years. Add to that the rigid physical examination each must undergo four times every year, and you are assured of
8036-417: The same type of jewelry and have long hair in a ponytail or bun. A 2018 study found higher instances of breast cancer , melanoma , uterine , gastrointestinal , cervical , and thyroid cancers reported in flight attendants in contrast to the general population. Specifically, the increased cancer cases reported were seen in breast cancer (3.4% of flight crew compared to 2.3% in the general population -
8134-411: The school. However, during the fare wars, the school's viability declined and it closed around 1988. Safety training includes, but is not limited to: emergency passenger evacuation management, use of evacuation slides/life rafts, in-flight firefighting , first aid , CPR , defibrillation , ditching/emergency landing procedures, decompression emergencies , crew resource management , and security. In
8232-452: The sentence meaning. The recognition of sarcasm without the accompaniment of a cue develops around the beginning of adolescence or later. Sarcasm involves the expression of an insulting remark that requires the interpreter to understand the negative emotional connotation of the expresser within the context of the situation at hand. Irony, contrarily, does not include derision, unless it is sarcastic irony. The problems with these definitions and
8330-448: The show, Spade made fun of Hollywood and celebrities in a manner similar to his old "Hollywood Minute" segment on SNL . In the 2006 video game The Legend of Spyro: A New Beginning , Spade provided the voice of Spyro's dragonfly companion, Sparx . From 2007 to 2013, he starred as Russell Dunbar in the ensemble CBS sitcom Rules of Engagement . In 2010, he worked with TBS on a pilot for an animated series based on Joe Dirt , but it
8428-676: The sitcom 8 Simple Rules (2004–2005). For his role in Just Shoot Me! , he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award and two Golden Globes . In animation, he voiced Ranger Frank in The Rugrats Movie (1998), Kuzco in The Emperor's New Groove (2000) and its direct-to-video sequel, Kronk's New Groove (2005), the red panda Aliur in Snowflake, the White Gorilla (2013) and Griffin
8526-481: The situation, and is largely context -dependent. The word comes from the Ancient Greek σαρκασμός ( sarkasmós ) which is taken from σαρκάζειν ( sarkázein ) meaning "to tear flesh, bite the lip in rage, sneer". It is first recorded in English in 1579, in an annotation to The Shepheardes Calender by Edmund Spenser : Tom piper, an ironicall Sarcasmus, spoken in derision of these rude wits, whych ... However,
8624-463: The thinner upper atmosphere , poor cabin air quality as well as disrupted sleep and meal cycles could be factors. Other studies have found increased rates of breast and skin cancer , reduced respiratory health, adverse reproductive and perinatal outcomes, musculoskeletal injuries , and higher rates of mental health conditions in flight attendants. Flight attendants and crew members are known to be exposed to cosmic ionizing radiation which
8722-421: The use of irony in sarcasm, linguist Derek Bousfield writes that sarcasm is: The use of strategies which, on the surface appear to be appropriate to the situation, but are meant to be taken as meaning the opposite in terms of face management . That is, the utterance which appears, on the surface, to maintain or enhance the face of the recipient actually attacks and damages the face of the recipient. ... sarcasm
8820-473: The voice of Kuzco in Disney's buddy comedy film, The Emperor's New Groove (2000) and would later reprise the role in its direct-to-video sequel Kronk's New Groove (2005). While appearing on Just Shoot Me , Spade had his first solo starring role as the title character in the 2001 film Joe Dirt , which was a modest box office success. The film was co-written by Spade and Fred Wolf. Spade starred again in
8918-412: The word sarcastic , meaning "Characterized by or involving sarcasm; given to the use of sarcasm; bitterly cutting or caustic", does not appear until 1695. In its entry on irony, Dictionary.com describes sarcasm thus: In sarcasm, ridicule or mockery is used harshly, often crudely and contemptuously, for destructive purposes. It may be used in an indirect manner, and have the form of irony, as in "What
9016-530: Was "usually the last refuge of modest and chaste-souled people when the privacy of their soul is coarsely and intrusively invaded." RFC 1855, a collection of guidelines for Internet communications , includes a warning to be especially careful with it as it "may not travel well." Another study of sarcasm over email verifies these claims. A professional translator has advised that international business executives "should generally avoid sarcasm in intercultural business conversations and written communications" because of
9114-410: Was burglarized in June 2017. Sarcasm Sarcasm is the caustic use of words, often in a humorous way, to mock someone or something. Sarcasm may employ ambivalence , although it is not necessarily ironic . Most noticeable in spoken word, sarcasm is mainly distinguished by the inflection with which it is spoken or, with an undercurrent of irony, by the extreme disproportion of the comment to
9212-411: Was considered one of the most important factors to become a stewardess. At that time, airlines believed that the exploitation of female sexuality would increase their profits; thus the uniforms of female flight attendants were often formfitting, complete with white gloves and high heels. In the United States, they were required to be unmarried and were fired if they decided to wed. The requirement to be
9310-433: Was eventually dropped. In 2014, Spade had a guest role on an episode of ABC sitcom The Goldbergs (on which George Segal , his former Just Shoot Me co-star, has a major role as "Pops", the protagonist's grandfather). The end credits featured an interaction between Pops and Spade's character. In 2019, he started hosting a new late night show called Lights Out with David Spade on Comedy Central. The television spot
9408-465: Was lifted at all airlines in 1971 due to the decisive court case of Diaz v. Pan Am . The Airline Deregulation Act was passed in 1978, and the no-marriage rule was eliminated throughout the US airline industry by the 1980s. The last such broad categorical discrimination, the weight restrictions, were relaxed in the 1990s through litigation and negotiations. Airlines still often have vision and height requirements and may require flight attendants to pass
9506-596: Was making a decent living doing stand-up. He also was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity. Spade performed standup at the university's long-running sketch comedy show, Farce Side Comedy Hour , on numerous occasions. In the mid-1980s he also did stand-up in the Monday night comedy show at Greasy Tony's Pizza in Tempe, Arizona . Spade began performing stand-up comedy after dropping out of college. After being spotted by
9604-546: Was right after The Daily Show in the former slot inhabited by The Colbert Report , The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore and The Opposition with Jordan Klepper . As the production was put on hold during the COVID-19 pandemic , Comedy Central announced the show would not return to the channel once production can resume, but is instead being shopped around to a third-party broadcaster. In August 2020, Spade guest hosted two episodes of Jimmy Kimmel Live! while Kimmel took
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