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46-570: The center is home to dozens of organizations, which occupy the three floors of office space, including Earth Island Institute , Friends of the Earth (both of which were founded by David Brower), as well as Equity Community Builders, Impact Hub, Strategen, and several others. In addition to housing nonprofit organizations, since 2009, the Hazel Wolf Gallery within the Brower Center has highlighted

92-538: A crisis between Brower and a majority of the board that recalled his conflict with the Sierra Club board. Facing staff cuts in 1984, Brower appealed over the board directly to the membership for emergency contributions. He was removed from the board for insubordination, but was reinstated when he threatened a lawsuit. In 1985 the board voted to close the San Francisco office and move to Washington, D.C.. A referendum of

138-734: A dory river expedition led by Martin Litton with Philip Hyde and author Francois Leydet. The trip led to the book Time and The River Flowing which galvanized public opposition to the dams. In June 1966, the Club placed full-page ads in the New York Times and the Washington Post asking: "Should we also flood the Sistine Chapel so tourists can get nearer the ceiling?" The campaign brought in many new members. The Internal Revenue Service announced it

184-503: A local villagers' association claimed that villagers had to kill the dolphins to trade the meat and teeth for money to survive in the local economy. Earth Island Institute Director Lawrence Makili accused the association of mishandling the first $ 300,000 invested under the original MOU. Makili accused the villagers' association of seizing funds and failing to distribute them. David Brower David Ross Brower ( / ˈ b r aʊ . ər / BROW -ər ; July 1, 1912 – November 5, 2000)

230-400: A loose federation of sister organizations in some forty-four countries. Brower also started a publications program at FOE, which had initial success with The Environmental Handbook in the wake of Earth Day, but then began to lose money. Although Brower's background was in the wilderness preservation wing of the conservation movement, he quickly led FOE to take on many of the issues raised by

276-515: A number of sustainable technologies and design techniques that came out of a highly integrated design process including radiant heating and cooling, daylighting , shading , underfloor air distribution (UFAD), natural ventilation through operable windows, solar panels , rainwater harvesting , and a building dashboard. In 2010, the center received a LEED Platinum rating from the US Green Building Council. An occupant survey conducted by

322-621: A petition candidate enlisted by reform-activists known as the John Muir Sierrans. As a younger man, he was a prominent mountaineer . Brower was born in Berkeley, California . He was married to Anne Hus Brower (1913–2001) whom he met when they were both editors at the University of California Press in Berkeley. Anne was the daughter of Francis L M. Hus and Frances Hus (1876–1952), while Frances

368-429: A year in the series, but they began to lose money for the organization after 1964, though many claim they were the primary cause of the Club's extraordinary growth and rise to national prominence. Financial management began to be a bone of contention between Brower and the Club's board of directors. Under Brower's leadership from 1952 to 1969, the club's membership expanded tenfold, from 7,000 to 70,000 members, becoming

414-442: Is a hydronic , in-slab radiant system that is located in the exposed concrete ceiling slabs on the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th floors. These systems are often referred to as thermally activated building systems. The radiant system is used for both heating and cooling. To chill the water in the radiant system, the system makes use of a cooling tower located on the roof. Because the radiant system has a large surface area and high thermal mass, it

460-412: Is a non-profit environmental group founded in 1982 by David Brower . Located in Berkeley, California , it supports activism around environmental issues through fiscal sponsorship that provides the administrative and organizational infrastructure for individual projects. Earth Island Institute publishes a quarterly periodical entitled Earth Island Journal , edited by Maureen Nandini Mitra. Content

506-496: Is able to use warmer chilled water temperatures than a typical cooling system. This makes it a good match for non-compressor-based cooling. The cooling tower is able to chill the supply water using only the outdoor air, without any chiller. The offices in the David Brower Center have almost 100% continuous daylighting autonomy. This metric indicates the percentage of occupied hours that can rely purely on sunlight for lighting

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552-652: Is featured in the documentary film Fire on the Mountain . He served as a major in the Army Reserve for many years after the war ended. After the war, Brower returned to his job at the University of California Press, and began editing the Sierra Club Bulletin in 1946. He managed the Sierra Club annual High Trips from 1947 to 1954. Brower was named the first executive director of the Sierra Club in 1952, and joined

598-546: Is largely dedicated to investigative pieces and showcases environmental grassroots movements as well as environmental reporting and commentary from around the world. The publication has received industry awards for "uncovering stories ignored by larger media outlets," including a 2019 Izzy Award for independent media. Earth Island has presented the Brower Youth Awards, named for founder David Brower, to six young environmental leaders since 2000. Earth Island Institute

644-424: Is orientation is design for maximum exposure to daylight. The Brower Center is designed to withstand seismic activity by allowing the structure to flex without incurring serious deformation. This is done through the combination of horizontally post-tensioned moment frames with a vertically post-tensioned core. The core comprises uniformly arrayed columns and two centrally located, C-shaped, walls. The entire structure

690-580: Is supported by a mat foundation. All concrete used in the building structure contains slag, a byproduct of steel manufacturing. Slag is used to substitute a portion of the Portland cement (70% in the foundations and 50% in the superstructure). The addition of slag reduced an estimated 5000 tons of CO 2 emissions from the concrete production. 37°52′10″N 122°15′59″W  /  37.86948°N 122.26635°W  / 37.86948; -122.26635 Earth Island Institute The Earth Island Institute

736-468: Is the standard-bearer for dolphin-safe tuna labeling in the United States . The organization works to verify or reject domestic tuna as dolphin-safe. Earth Island Institute sponsors a number of fledgling activist groups which it refers to as Incubator Projects . Many have gone on to become independent 501(c)(3) organizations while others remain under the umbrella of the institute. As of March 2017,

782-651: The High Sierra with George Rockwood. After a close call with a loose rock while climbing in the Palisades, he met Norman Clyde in the wilderness, who gave him some valuable climbing lessons. On that trip he also met Hervey Voge, who persuaded him to join the Sierra Club . On May 18, 1934, along with Voge, he began a ten-week climbing trip through the High Sierra, to survey climbing routes and maintain mountaineering records for

828-711: The Archdruid that he later used the term in his e-mail address . FOE set up its headquarters in San Francisco, and opened an office in Washington, D.C. Brower soon spun off two new organizations from the FOE Washington staff: the League of Conservation Voters in 1970, founded by Marion Edey , and the Environmental Policy Center in 1971. Brower's international contacts led to the founding of FOE International in 1971,

874-558: The Center for the Built Environment in the spring of 2010 indicated that the general satisfaction of the building is 1.78 out of a scale of -3 (very dissatisfied) to +3 (very satisfied). In a post occupancy evaluation conducted by an architecture class at the University of California, Berkeley, over half of the questionnaire respondents said that the building was inspiring in regard to sustainability. The primary method for space conditioning

920-539: The Club's position on the Diablo Canyon Power Plant planned for construction by Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) near San Luis Obispo , California. The Club had played a major role in blocking PG&E's plan for a nuclear power plant at Bodega Bay in the early 1960s, but that campaign had centered on the earthquake danger from the nearby San Andreas Fault , not out of opposition to nuclear power itself. The Club's board of directors had voted to support

966-696: The Devils Crag climbs "one of the most remarkable mountaineering feats ever accomplished in the United States". In the Palisades range, the pair climbed Thunderbolt Peak , traversed to North Palisade by way of Starlight Peak, and descended the U-Notch Couloir. In the Sawtooth Range, they climbed The Doodad, the West Tooth, and Matterhorn Peak . Following a failed attempt in 1935 to make the first ascent of

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1012-481: The Diablo Canyon site for the power plant in exchange for PG&E's moving its initial site from the environmentally sensitive Nipomo Dunes . In 1967, a membership referendum upheld the board's policy. Brower had come to believe that nuclear power was a dangerous mistake at any location, and he publicly voiced his opposition to Diablo Canyon, in defiance of the Club's official policy. Sierra Club board elections in

1058-596: The Sierra Club received much of the credit. Brower began Sierra Club Books ' Exhibit Format book series with This is the American Earth in 1960, followed by the highly successful In Wildness Is the Preservation of the World , with color photographs by Eliot Porter in 1962. These coffee-table books sold well and introduced the Sierra Club to new members interested in wilderness preservation. Brower published two new titles

1104-494: The Sierra Club, Brower was elected to the board of directors for a term from 1983 to 1988, and again from 1995 to 2000. Brower was deeply concerned about issues of overpopulation and immigration – one of many issues that led to his resignation in protest from the board of directors in 2000. "Overpopulation is perhaps the biggest problem facing us," he said, "and immigration is part of that problem. It has to be addressed." His favorite example of how immigration should be addressed

1150-543: The background as co-directors David Philips and John Knox ran the organization. Projects were required to bring in their own funding, and often went their own way once well-established. Groups formed under Earth Island's umbrella include the Rainforest Action Network , the Environmental Project on Central America (EPOCA), and many others. Freed from administrative worries and budget controversies, Brower

1196-664: The battles in the North Apeninnes and the Lake Garda Alps. The book was published in three later revised editions. During World War II, he served as a lieutenant in the 10th Mountain Division , training its soldiers in mountaineering and cross-country skiing in Vermont and the state of Washington and earning a Bronze Star in action in Italy . Brower's role in the 10th Mountain Division

1242-434: The building using manually-operated interior roller fabric shades above each window. On top of the David Brower Center, there is a 68 kilowatts (91 hp) photovoltaic array that offsets approximately 35 percent of the building's electricity energy demand. The solar panels are located on the northern and southern edges of the roof parapet, and double as an awning for the southern façade to reduce solar heat gain. The PV array

1288-524: The club. Previously, they had established several food caches along their planned route, which began at Onion Valley and ended at Tuolumne Meadows . In all, the pair climbed 63 peaks on this trip, including 32 first ascents . On the first day, they climbed Mount Tyndall , Mount Williamson , and Mount Barnard . From June 23 to 26, the pair made eight first ascents in the Devils Crags along with Norman Clyde, and also climbed Mount Agassiz . Clyde called

1334-588: The fight against the Echo Park Dam in Utah's Dinosaur National Monument . Taking advantage of his background in publishing, Brower rushed This is Dinosaur – edited by Wallace Stegner with photographs by Martin Litton and Philip Hyde – into press with publisher Alfred Knopf. Conservationists successfully lobbied Congress to delete Echo Park Dam from the Colorado River Storage Project in 1955, and

1380-550: The first Earth Day in April 1970. FOE also benefited from the publicity generated by a series of articles in The New Yorker by John McPhee , later published as Encounters with the Archdruid , which recounted Brower's confrontations with a geologist and mining engineer, a resort developer, and Floyd Dominy , the director of the Bureau of Reclamation . Brower so enjoyed being called

1426-704: The following organizations were projects of Earth Island Institute before leaving to continue their environmental work as independent organizations: In January 2013, Fanalei villagers on the island of Malaita in the Solomon Islands slaughtered 700 dolphins after villagers refused to renew a memorandum of understanding with Earth Island Institute that expired in April 2012. Villagers claim EII promised them $ 2.4 million Solomon Island Dollars (about $ 335,000 U.S.) to stop trading dolphins and dolphin-derived products for two years, but only received $ 700,000. Chairman Atkin Fakaia of

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1472-408: The highest floor-to-floor height, while the top floor, which is partially daylit from roof-level skylights, has the lowest floor-to-floor height. Lining the façade of the David Brower Center are fixed exterior aluminum louvers . These louvers block the direct sun and minimize heat gains within the building. In addition to the exterior shading devices, occupants can make further adjustments from within

1518-445: The late 1960s produced sharply defined pro- and anti-Brower factions. In 1968, Brower's supporters won a majority, but in 1969, anti-Brower candidates won all five open positions. Brower was charged with financial recklessness and insubordination by two of his former close friends, photographer Ansel Adams and board president Richard Leonard. Brower's resignation was accepted by a board vote of ten to five. Eventually reconciled with

1564-421: The membership supported the board majority, and Brower resigned in 1986 to work through his Earth Island Institute . Brower incorporated Earth Island Institute in 1982. After FOE moved its headquarters to Washington, D.C. , in 1986, Brower developed Earth Island as a loosely structured incubator for innovative projects in ecology and social justice. Although he chaired the board of directors, Brower stayed in

1610-543: The nation’s leading environmental membership organization. Building on the biennial Wilderness Conferences which the Club launched in 1949 together with The Wilderness Society , Brower helped the Club win passage of the Wilderness Act in 1964. Brower and the Sierra Club also led a major battle to stop the Bureau of Reclamation from building two dams that would flood portions of the Grand Canyon . In 1964, Brower organized

1656-838: The new environmentalists. FOE campaigned against the Alaska pipeline , the supersonic transport airplane (SST), nuclear power, and the use of the defoliant Agent Orange in the Vietnam War. After Ronald Reagan was elected President in 1980, FOE led the opposition to Interior secretary James G. Watt 's efforts to sell and lease public lands in the West and develop land adjacent to the National Parks. Brower retired as executive director of FOE on its tenth anniversary in 1979, but continued as chairman of its board of directors. FOE's growing debt and tension between Washington lobbying and grassroots action led to

1702-568: The only group on the continent capable of making the climb". Brower made the first ascent of seventy routes in Yosemite and elsewhere in the western United States . In 1942, Brower edited and contributed to the Manual of Ski Mountaineering , published by the University of California Press and Cambridge University Press for use in training Allied mountain combat troops during World War II . Techniques described in this book were used by U.S. forces in

1748-517: The remote, icy Mount Waddington in British Columbia , with a Sierra Club group, Brower added winter climbing to his expertise and made multiple first winter ascents of peaks in the Sierra Nevada . From October 9 to 12, 1939, a Sierra Club climbing team including Brower, along with Bestor Robinson , Raffi Bedayn, and John Dyer, completed the first ascent of Shiprock , the erosional remnant of

1794-438: The space. The building achieves this continuous daylight autonomy through the use of light shelves and glazed facades on the south and east sides of the building, in addition to a fairly narrow building depth of 8.2 metres (27 ft). The heights of individual floors were driven by daylight availability and programmatic requirements. The ground floor, which has reduced daylight availability due to surrounding site obstructions, has

1840-464: The throat of a volcano with nearly vertical walls on the Navajo reservation in northwestern New Mexico. This climb, rated YDS III, 5.7 A2, was the first in the United States to use expansion bolts for protection. Twelve previous attempts on Shiprock had failed, and it was known as "the last great American climbing problem". The Brower party's success was described as an "outstanding effort" by "probably

1886-459: The work of many artists, including Sebastião Salgado , Daniel McCormick , David Liittschwager , Laura Cunningham , Isabella Kirkland , Chris Jordan , David Maisel , Jeffrey Long, Bill Curtsinger, Joseph Holmes , and more recently, Richard Misrach and Douglas Gayeton . The Brower Center, which was designed by architectural studio WRT/Solomon E.T.C. (now with Mithun), completed construction and opened its doors in 2009. The center makes use of

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1932-580: Was a prominent environmentalist and the founder of many environmental organizations, including the John Muir Institute for Environmental Studies (1997), Friends of the Earth (1969), Earth Island Institute (1982), North Cascades Conservation Council, and Fate of the Earth Conferences. From 1952 to 1969, he served as the first Executive Director of the Sierra Club , and served on its board three times: from 1941–1953; 1983–1988; and 1995–2000 as

1978-684: Was able to continue to travel, speak and work on many of his long-standing concerns. In addition to his returning to the Sierra Club board for two separate terms, he also served on the Board of Directors for Native Forest Council from 1988 until his death in 2000. A supporter of Ralph Nader , Brower flew to Denver in June 2000 for the Green Party convention. The day before he died, Brower cast his absentee ballot for Nader. He died at his home in Berkeley, California, on November 5, 2000. A monument, Spaceship Earth ,

2024-560: Was suspending the Club's non-profit 501(c)(3) charitable organization status. The board had set up the Sierra Club Foundation as an alternative for tax-deductible contributions, but revenues to the Club dropped, despite victories in blocking the Grand Canyon dams and a considerable increase in membership. As annual deficits increased, tension grew between Brower and the Sierra Club board of directors. Another conflict grew over

2070-468: Was the daughter of John P. Irish . Kenneth Brower , David Brower's son, has authored a number of books, most notably The Starship and the Canoe about Freeman Dyson and his son George Dyson . Beginning his career as a world-class mountaineer with more than 70 first ascents to his credit, Brower came to the environmental movement through his interest in mountaineering . In 1933, Brower spent seven weeks in

2116-477: Was the work of his cousin Boone Hallberg , a botanist who immigrated to Oaxaca to build a more sustainable agricultural economy in the area that so many of the workers on his family's California farm had been forced to leave. Brower founded Friends of the Earth (FOE) in 1969, soon after resigning as executive director of the Sierra Club. The move came during a burst of public environmental concern generated by

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