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63-507: The Data Governance Act ( DGA ) is a regulation by the European Union that aims to create a framework which will facilitate data-sharing. The proposal was first announced within the 2020 European strategy for data and was officially presented by Margrethe Vestager in 25 November 2020. The DGA covers the data of public bodies, private companies, and citizens. Its main aims are to safely enable

126-614: A European Banking Union . Between 2011 and 2014, Vestager led Denmark's campaign against Basel III liquidity rules, arguing in favor of allowing banks to use 75 percent more in covered bonds to fill liquidity buffers than allowed under Basel III rules; at the time Denmark's $ 550 billion mortgage-backed covered bond market, part of the country's two-century-old mortgage system, was the world's largest per capita. In 2013 she ruled out slowing down steps toward stricter requirements for systemically important lenders and reiterated her stance that banks won't get tax breaks to help them through

189-465: A Biotechnology Centre. By 1999, the student population had grown to exceed 35,000, resulting in the university appointing additional professors and other personnel. In 2003, the revised Danish university law removed faculty, staff and students from the university decision process, creating a top-down control structure that has been described as absolute monarchy, since leaders are granted extensive powers while being appointed exclusively by higher levels in

252-483: A chair of theology, with the drawing up of a new University Charter. The resulting Charter was issued in 1539. Between 1675 and 1788, the university introduced the concept of degree examinations. An examination for theology was added in 1675, followed by law in 1736. By 1788, all faculties required an examination before they would issue a degree. In 1807, the British Bombardment of Copenhagen destroyed most of

315-762: A degree in Economics . Vestager has been a professional politician since the age of 21, when she was appointed to the central board and executive committee of the SLP and its European Affairs Committee, and shortly afterwards as National Chairwoman of the Party. In 2001, Vestager was elected to the Danish Parliament, becoming Chairwoman of its Parliamentary Group in 2007. She was appointed Minister of Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs in 1998. On 15 June 2007 Vestager secured election as her Party's parliamentary group leader in

378-588: A fine €1.49 billion for abusive practices in online advertising. Vestager's actions against American companies as competition commissioner received criticism from US President Donald Trump (who also dubbed her as the EU's "Tax Lady"), stating " She hates the United States, perhaps worse than any person I’ve ever met. " In February 2019, Vestager blocked a merger between the two large European rail companies Siemens and Alstom due to serious competition concerns, despite

441-668: A number of museums and botanical gardens in and outside the Danish capital. The University of Copenhagen also owns and operates multiple research stations around Denmark, with two additional ones located in Greenland . Additionally, The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences and the public hospitals of the Capital and Zealand Region of Denmark constitute the conglomerate Copenhagen University Hospital . As of October 2022, 10 Nobel laureates and 1 Turing Award laureate have been affiliated with

504-439: A restructuring package; as a consequence, Cyprus suspended operations at its flag carrier resulting in 550 job losses and reduced competition. In August 2016, after a two–year investigation, Vestager announced Apple Inc. received illegal tax benefits from Ireland . The Commission ordered Apple to pay a fine of €13 billion, plus interest, in unpaid Irish taxes for 2004–2014 ; the largest tax fine in history. In July 2020,

567-928: A settlement deal with Google by 2014 but was unable to convince the European Commission to accept it before his term ended. Vestager inherited Almunia's case but has shown greater desire to continue pursuing Google/Alphabet over the alleged antitrust violations. Also, she initiated investigations into the tax affairs of Fiat , Starbucks , Amazon.com and Apple Inc. under competition rules. In 2014, she launched proceedings against Gazprom , one of Europe's main gas suppliers, over allegations of breaching EU antitrust rules by putting in place artificial barriers to trade with eight European countries: Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Poland , Czech Republic , Slovakia , Hungary and Bulgaria . In January 2015, Vestager ordered Cyprus Airways to pay back over 65 million euros in illegal state aid received in 2012 and 2013 as part of

630-715: A tenure track carrier system. It operates about fifty master's programmes taught in English, and has arranged about 150 exchange agreements with other institutions and 800 Erasmus agreements. Each year there are about 1,700 incoming exchange students, 2,000 outbound exchange students and 4,000 international degree-seeking students. About 3,000 PhD students study there each year. Most university students stay in privately owned dormitories ( kollegier in Danish) or apartments in Copenhagen . There are five dormitories that are partially administered by

693-612: Is a public research university in Copenhagen, Denmark . Founded in 1479, the University of Copenhagen is the second-oldest university in Scandinavia after Uppsala University . The University of Copenhagen consists of six different faculties , with teaching taking place in its four distinct campuses, all situated in Copenhagen. The university operates 36 different departments and 122 separate research centres in Copenhagen, as well as

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756-515: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Margrethe Vestager Prior to joining the European Commission, she served in the Danish governments of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen as Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs from 1998 to 2000 and Minister of Education from 1998 to 2001. She was leader of the Social Liberals from 2007 to 2014, and served as Minister of Economic Affairs and

819-445: Is also a knitter and a self-declared feminist. In 2021 she told Femina magazine that we were moving towards gender equality in the workplace “at a completely unacceptably slow speed”. Vestager speaks Danish , English and some French . [REDACTED] Media related to Margrethe Vestager at Wikimedia Commons University of Copenhagen The University of Copenhagen ( Danish : Københavns Universitet , abbr. KU )

882-453: Is organized into six faculties and about 100 departments and research centres. The university employs about 5,600 academic staff and 4,400 technical and administrative staff. The six faculties are: The total number of enrolled students is about 40,000, including about 23,000 undergraduate students and 17,000 graduate students. The university has an international graduate talent programme which provides grants for international Ph.D., students and

945-612: The CAIA arrangement caused Irish 2015 GDP to rise by 34.4 per cent, and was labelled Leprechaun economics by Nobel Prize-winning economist, Paul Krugman in July 2016. In July 2017, a fine of $ 2.7 billion against Alphabet (formerly Google) was levied based on the European Commission claim that Google breached antitrust rules. This fine was later appealed. In October 2017, Vestager ordered Amazon to pay €250 million of back taxes, and in January 2018,

1008-745: The Capital Region (three in Copenhagen and one in Frederiksberg ): The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences and the Faculty of Science also use the Taastrup Campus , which is located in Taastrup on the western outskirts of Copenhagen. The Faculty of Science also has facilities in Helsingør , Hørsholm and Nødebo . The university is governed by a board consisting of 11 members: 6 members recruited outside

1071-962: The European Commission , such as the unsuccessful appointment of a US economics professor as Chief Economist for competition. Despite these setbacks, her aggressive antitrust enforcement against Big Tech culminated in a 2024 European Court of Justice victory that upheld landmark tax rulings against Apple and Google , decisions widely viewed as sealing her legacy as a steadfast regulator and vindicating her potent EU trustbuster campaign. In her capacity as Commissioner for Competition, Vestager has gained international recognition for investigating, fining, or bringing lawsuits against major multinational companies including Google , Apple Inc. , Amazon , Facebook , Qualcomm , Siemens , Alstom , and Gazprom . She has been described as "the rich world's most powerful trustbuster" and "the world's most famous regulator". Vestager has been

1134-679: The European Court of Justice confirmed the previous judgement against the Commission. Former Governor of the Bank of Italy Ignazio Visco declared that the intervention of FITD could have avoided more serious consequences. Vestager's husband is a gymnasium maths-and-philosophy teacher. They have three daughters, Maria, Rebecca, and Ella. Vestager served as an inspiration for the main character in Borgen , who tries to juggle family life and politics. She

1197-494: The European Parliament 's backing following her confirmation hearing. In her confirmation hearings, Vestager said she favored settlement of cases before they come to a final executive judgment, for reduced fines or negotiated concessions from the companies. Within a few months in the office, she brought antitrust charges against Google ; Almunia had initially opened the investigation into Google in 2010, and had reached

1260-597: The Folketing , replacing Marianne Jelved . When Denmark's Prime Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen called an early election in 2011 after failing to secure majority lawmaker backing for his economic stimulus package, Vestager's Social Liberals and the Conservative People's Party formed a political alliance, pledging to work together no matter which political bloc would win the election. From 2011 until 2014 Vestager served as Minister for Economic and Interior Affairs in

1323-572: The Panum Institute . The new university statute instituted in 1970 involved democratisation of the management of the university. It was modified in 1973 and subsequently applied to all higher education institutions in Denmark. The democratisation was later reversed with the 2003 university reforms. Further change in the structure of the university from 1990 to 1993 made a Bachelor's degree programme mandatory in virtually all subjects. Also in 1993,

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1386-476: The Protestant Reformation , it received a new seal, showing king Christian III with crown , sceptre , and globus cruciger above a crowned coat of arms vertically divided between halved versions of the coat of arms of Denmark (to the viewer's left, dexter ) and the coat of arms of Norway (to the viever's right, sinister ). The text is The 1537 seal is very similar to the current seal, which

1449-730: The Trade and Technology Council since its creation in 2021. In July 2023, the appointment of the American Fiona Scott Morton to the post of chief economist in the Competition Directorate , with the support of Mrs Vestager, provoked an outcry in the European Parliament and in France, where leaders reacted negatively in the name of defending European interests. At a hearing at the European Parliament on 18 July, Vestager

1512-559: The Carlsberg Foundation. The Housing Foundation Copenhagen is a separate commercial entity to the University of Copenhagen run by Chairman Erik Bisgaard Madsen and a board of directors. The Housing Foundation Copenhagen provides short-term housing exclusively for university international students ( sometimes Danish students), university staff and guest researchers. Their central office is based at South Campus. The Housing Foundation Copenhagen has received considerable criticism for

1575-506: The Commission with Vestager having responsibility for a "Europe fit for the Digital Age". In her role as Vice-President of the European Commission, Vestager had public and private disagreements with Commissioner Thierry Breton , the Frenchman in charge of a major overhaul of the digital rules in the European Union. As Vice-President of the European Commission, Vestager has been a co-chair of

1638-575: The Departments of Political Science and Sociology are now located in the same facilities at CSS and can pool resources more easily. In January 2007, the University of Copenhagen merged with the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University and the Danish University of Pharmaceutical Science. The two universities were converted into faculties under the University of Copenhagen, and were renamed as

1701-544: The EU Commission fined Qualcomm €997 million for allegedly abusing its market dominance on LTE baseband chipsets . In July 2018, she fined Alphabet (Google) €4.3 billion for entrenching its dominance in internet search by illegally tying together their service and other mobile apps with Android. On 22 January 2019 she fined Mastercard €570 million for preventing European retailers from shopping around for better payment terms. In March 2019, Vestager ordered Google to pay

1764-429: The European Commission . After the election of Ursula von der Leyen as President, Vestager was re-nominated as Denmark's Commissioner. She retained her Competition portfolio while also becoming one of the Commission's three Executive Vice Presidents, with responsibility for "A Europe Fit for the Digital Age". In 2023, European media called Vestager a waning star. Mistakes of judgement overshadowed her second mandate with

1827-639: The European General Court struck down the decision as illegal, ruling in favor of Apple. The ruling of the European General Court was later overturned by the European Court of Justice, who definitely confirmed the Commission's decision. As a result of the EU investigation, Apple agreed to re-structure out of its 2004–2014 Irish BEPS tool, the Double Irish in Q1 2015; Apple's replacement Irish BEPS tool,

1890-443: The Faculty of Life Sciences and the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences. In January 2012, the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the veterinary third of the Faculty of Life Sciences merged with the Faculty of Health Sciences forming the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences – and the other two thirds of the Faculty of Life Sciences were merged into the Faculty of Science. The university has four main campus areas that are located in

1953-509: The French president Emmanuel Macron and stood in the way of Vestager’s bid for the presidency of the European Commission. In June 2019, Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen proposed that Vestager continue as Denmark's Commissioner for another five years. While, initially thought to become First Vice-President , Ursula von der Leyen has since proposed that Vestager, Frans Timmermans and Valdis Dombrovskis all serve as Executive Vice-Presidents of

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2016-600: The Interior under Helle Thorning-Schmidt from 2011 to 2014. Following the 2014 European Parliament election , Vestager was nominated as Denmark's European Commissioner in the Juncker Commission , becoming Commissioner for Competition. In the 2019 European Parliament election , she was one of ALDE's seven lead candidates. After the election, Vestager was nominated as the Renew Europe group's candidate for President of

2079-494: The University of Copenhagen as students, alumni or faculty. Alumni include one president of the United Nations General Assembly and at least 24 prime ministers of Denmark . The University of Copenhagen was founded on 1 June 1479 and is the oldest university in Denmark. In 1475, Christian I of Denmark received a papal bull from Pope Sixtus IV with permission to establish a university in Denmark. The bull

2142-429: The University of Copenhagen was ranked first in Denmark and 84th in the world. In the 2021 QS World University Rankings list, the University of Copenhagen was ranked first in Denmark and 76th in the world. In the 2021 U.S. News & World Report 's Best Global Universities Rankings list, the University of Copenhagen was ranked first in Denmark and 34th in the world. The university cooperates with universities around

2205-543: The University of Copenhagen was to be administered without royal interference, and it was not subject to the usual laws governing the Danish people . The University of Copenhagen was dissolved in about 1531 as a result of the spread of Protestantism. It was re-established in 1537 by King Christian III after the Lutheran Reformation . The king charged Johannes Bugenhagen , who came from Wittenberg to Copenhagen to take up

2268-631: The best university in Denmark and best in Continental Europe , 4th in Europe (after Oxford , UCL and Cambridge ) and 27th in the world. The 2021 Academic Ranking of World Universities published by Shanghai Jiao Tong University ranked the University of Copenhagen as the best university in Denmark and Scandinavia, 7th in Europe and 30th in the world. In the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2021,

2331-476: The choice of Scott Morton and his surprise that no qualified candidates could be found in Europe. He also noted with consternation Scott Morton's consulting work for the GAFAM . Scott Morton withdrew her candidacy the following day on 19 July 2023, to the regret to some academics that expressed support for Scott Morton. The failed nomination was labelled Fiona Scott Morton affair by commentators. It called into question

2394-534: The core of Europe. You don’t have influence or produce results if you’re standing on the sideline.” On 31 August 2014, Prime Minister Thorning-Schmidt nominated Vestager as Denmark's EU Commissioner in the Juncker Commission . Despite her repeated denials of campaigning for the Environment portfolio , eventually she was designated the Competition dossier in the Juncker Commission . On 3 October 2014, she won

2457-414: The different faculties. The deans appoint heads of 50 departments. There is no faculty senate and faculty is not involved in the appointment of rector, deans, or department heads. Hence the university has no faculty governance, although there are elected Academic Boards at faculty level who advise the deans. As of 2018 , the governing body manages an annual budget of about DKK 8.9 billion. The university

2520-577: The end of the current Commission mandate. In 2015, as the European Commissioner for Competition , Margrethe Vestager opposed the intervention of the Italian FITD (Inter-Bank Deposit Protection Fund) to support the capital increase of Banca Tercas , which had been approved by the Bank of Italy , defining it as an anti-competition state aid . This decision impeded similar interventions in favor of

2583-489: The exploitation of international students for business profits and poor living conditions, and most recently the refusal of shortening contracts for many international students affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The university's oldest known seal dates from a 1531 letter, it depicts Saint Peter with a key and a book. In a circle around him is the text When the university was re-established by Christian III in 1537 after

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2646-511: The fact that both the German and French governments had supported the merger. Following the 2019 European Parliament election , Vestager was proposed as President of the European Commission . Vestager’s campaign for the presidency of the European Commission encountered resistance in France, following her decision to veto the merger between Alstom and Siemens. The prohibition of the merger between two large European industrial companies angered

2709-667: The faculties at the university were restructured. Starting in 1842, the University Faculty of Medicine and the Academy of Surgeons merged to form the Faculty of Medical Science , while in 1848 the Faculty of Law was reorganised and became the Faculty of Jurisprudence and Political Science . In 1850, the Faculty of Mathematics and Science was separated from the Faculty of Philosophy . In 1845 and 1862 Copenhagen co-hosted Nordic student meetings with Lund University . The first female student

2772-528: The law departments broke off from the Faculty of Social Sciences to form a separate Faculty of Law . In 1994, the University of Copenhagen designated environmental studies , north–south relations, and biotechnology as areas of special priority according to its new long-term plan. Starting in 1996 and continuing to the present, the university planned new buildings, including for the University of Copenhagen Faculty of Humanities at Amager (Ørestaden), along with

2835-596: The meetings of economic and finance ministers of the European Union (ECOFIN) during Denmark's presidency of the Council of Ministers in 2012. In this capacity, she announced that the European Union would cede two of its seats on the board of the International Monetary Fund to emerging economies under a new power-sharing scheme for international financial institutions. She also worked closely with Jean-Claude Juncker to salvage Europe's financial sector and forge

2898-476: The organization. In 2005, the Center for Health and Society (Center for Sundhed og Samfund – CSS) opened in central Copenhagen, housing the Faculty of Social Sciences and Institute of Public Health, which until then had been located in various places throughout the city. In May 2006, the university announced further plans to leave many of its old buildings in the inner city of Copenhagen , an area that has been home to

2961-489: The recovery of other banks, such as Cassa di Risparmio di Ferrara , Banca delle Marche , Banca Etruria , CariChieti and Carige . In 2019, following an appeal from Italy , FITD and Banca Popolare di Bari , the European General Court annulled the decision of Vestager, which was also based on the unproven assumption that FITD was using state-controlled resources. After an appeal from the European Commission ,

3024-628: The sharing of sensitive data held by public bodies, to regulate data sharing by private actors. On 30   November 2021, the EU Parliament and Council reached an agreement on the wording of the DGA. The formal approval by those bodies was competed by the 30.05.2022. The proposed legislation has been analyzed by independent parties. This article about the European Union is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This law -related article

3087-528: The support by some of the European countries of the candidacy of Vestager to the presidency of the European Investment Bank , announced earlier that year. In September 2023, Vestager was released from her duties as Competition Commissioner by European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen and was replaced by Didier Reynders as Competition Commissioner in the interim. In December 2023, Nadia Calviño

3150-483: The target of criticism by American corporations and US President Donald Trump for her efforts throughout her tenure as European Commissioner for Competition. Vestager was born in Glostrup , Zealand , a daughter of Lutheran ministers Hans Vestager and Bodil Tybjerg. She grew up in Ølgod , and matriculated from Varde Upper Secondary school in 1986. She studied at the University of Copenhagen , graduating in 1993 with

3213-425: The three-party Social Democrat-led coalition government of Helle Thorning-Schmidt . Having forced through deep cuts in unemployment benefits of Denmark's generous social welfare system after the country's economy narrowly escaped recession in 2012, she was at one point considered by Danish media and pollsters as the most powerful person in government, even above Thorning-Schmidt. In her time in office, chaired

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3276-510: The transition caused by regulatory reform. In May 2014, Vestager presented a growth package designed to drag Denmark's economy – at the time Scandinavia's weakest – out of its crisis, raising the country's structural output by 6 billion kroner ($ 1.1 billion) and cut costs for companies by 4 billion kroner in 2020 through 89 measures to improve the business climate and boost employment. In 2013, Vestager held that “[in] our experience it’s impossible to pursue Danish interests without being close to

3339-450: The university for more than 500 years. The purpose of this has been to gather the university's many departments and faculties on three larger campuses in order to create a bigger, more concentrated and modern student environment with better teaching facilities, as well as to save money on rent and maintenance of the old buildings. The concentration of facilities on larger campuses also allows for more inter-disciplinary cooperation; for example,

3402-406: The university form the majority of the board, 2 members are appointed by the scientific staff, 1 member is appointed by the administrative staff, and 2 members are appointed by the university students. The rector, the prorector and the director of the university are appointed by the university board. The rector in turn appoints directors of the different parts of the central administration and deans of

3465-706: The university's buildings. By 1836, however, the new main building of the university was inaugurated amid extensive building that continued until the end of the century. The University Library (now a part of the Royal Library ), the Zoological Museum , the Geological Museum , the Botanic Garden with greenhouses , and the Technical College were also established during this period. Between 1842 and 1850,

3528-436: The university, and the task was his to employ various learned scholars at the new university and thereby establish its first four faculties : theology , law , medicine and philosophy . The royal decree made the University of Copenhagen enjoy royal patronage from its very beginning. Furthermore, the university was explicitly established as an autonomous institution, giving it a great degree of juridical freedom. As such,

3591-518: The university; however, only students who have passed at least two years of studies are considered for admission . These are normally referred to as the old dormitories , and they consist of: Regensen , Elers' Kollegium , Borchs Kollegium , Hassagers Kollegium , and Valkendorfs Kollegium . The University of Copenhagen also offers Carlsberg Foundation researcher apartments for a duration of 6 months to 3 years for visiting research and academic research staff who affiliated with research projects funded by

3654-605: The world. In January 2006, the University of Copenhagen entered into a partnership of ten top universities, along with the: Australian National University , ETH Zürich , National University of Singapore , Peking University , University of California , University of Cambridge , University of Oxford , University of Tokyo and Yale University . The partnership is referred to as the International Alliance of Research Universities (IARU). The Department of Scandinavian Studies and Linguistics at University of Copenhagen signed

3717-662: Was announced as the new president of the EIB. Vincent van Peteghem, Minister of Finance of Belgium and Chair of EIB’s Board of Governors, told reporters that EU finance ministers agreed that “Nadia Calviño will be a strong next president of the EIB, the biggest investment bank in the world.".  Vestager subsequently resumed her duties as Competition Commissioner. Following the resignation of Thierry Breton in September 2024, Vestager assumed his portfolio as Commissioner for Internal Market , and other related responsibilities, until

3780-477: Was enrolled at the university in 1877. The university underwent explosive growth between 1960 and 1980. The number of students rose from around 6,000 in 1960 to about 26,000 in 1980, with a correspondingly large growth in the number of employees. Buildings built during this time period include the new Zoological Museum, the Hans Christian Ørsted and August Krogh Institutes, the campus centre on Amager Island , and

3843-420: Was issued on 19 June 1475 as a result of the visit to Rome by Christian I's wife, Dorothea of Brandenburg , Queen of Denmark . On 4 October 1478 Christian I of Denmark issued a royal decree by which he officially established the University of Copenhagen. In this decree, Christian I set down the rules and laws governing the university. The royal decree elected magistar Peder Albertsen as vice chancellor of

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3906-408: Was made in 2000 and is shown at the top of this page. The text is different and the crowned shield shows the coat of arms of Denmark (as has been the case since 1820, when the heraldic reference to Norway was removed). The text is In addition to the university seal, each of the university's six faculties carry seals of their own. The 2021 CWTS Leiden Ranking ranked the University of Copenhagen as

3969-485: Was unable to give a full list of cases for which Scott Morton, which had previously worked as a consultant to several companies, including GAFAM companies such as Amazon and Apple , would have to recuse herself, as the list was still being drawn, illustrating the extensive conflicts of interests of Scott Morton. On the same day, the French President Emmanuel Macron expressed his concerns regarding

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