54-504: [REDACTED] Look up दर्पण in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Darpan (meaning mirror in several Indic languages) and may refer to: People [ edit ] Darpan Inani (born 1994), Indian chess player Syed Ishrat Abbas ("Darpan", 1928–1980), Pakistani film actor Media [ edit ] Darpan (1970 film) a 1970 Indian Hindi-language film Darpan Chhaya ,
108-450: A 2001 Nepalese film Darpan Chhaya 2 , a 2017 Nepalese film Badmash Darpan , a Bhojpuri-language book by Teg Ali Teg Jagat Darpan , a newspaper in Gujarat, India Maya Darpan , a 1972 Indian Hindi-language film Nil Darpan , a Bengali-language play written by Dinabandhu Mitra in 1858–1859 Pratiyogita Darpan , an Indian bilingual magazine Samachar Darpan ,
162-745: A bronze medal on his respective board in the 16th World Chess Olympiad for visually impaired held in Greece in 2021. He was also a bronze medalist at the 2013 World Junior Championship in Belgrade. He is the youngest player to have ever won the National blind chess championships. He is the only Indian visually impaired chess player to have ever won international first prize at the Creon Open chess tournament in France in August 2018. This
216-447: A consensus definition, identifies Stevens–Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and SJS/TEN overlap. All three are part of a spectrum of severe cutaneous reactions (SCAR) which affect skin and mucous membranes. The distinction between SJS, SJS/TEN overlap, and TEN is based on the type of lesions and the amount of the body surface area with blisters and erosions. It is agreed that the most reliable method to classify EM, SJS, and TEN
270-641: A defunct Bengali weekly newspaper Other [ edit ] Shaala Darpan , an ICT programme of Ministry of Human Resource Development, India Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Darpan . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darpan&oldid=1182820819 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with given-name-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description
324-457: A diagnosis of SJS and TEN. SJS, like TEN and erythema multiforme, is characterized by confluent epidermal necrosis with minimal associated inflammation. The acuity is apparent from the (normal) basket weave-like pattern of the stratum corneum . Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) is a milder form of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). These conditions were first recognized in 1922. A classification first published in 1993, that has been adopted as
378-482: A drug have a better prognosis the earlier the causative drug is withdrawn. SJS is a rare condition, with a reported incidence of around 2.6 to 6.1 cases per million people per year. In the United States, about 300 new diagnoses are made each year. The condition is more common in adults than in children. SJS is named for Albert Mason Stevens and Frank Chambliss Johnson, American pediatricians who jointly published
432-463: A drug or its metabolite may stimulate these T cells by inserting into the groove on a HLA protein to serve as a non-self epitope or bind outside of this groove to alter a HLA protein so that it forms a non-self epitope. In all these cases, however, a non-self epitope must bind to a specific HLA serotype (i.e. variation) in order to stimulate T cells. Since the human population expresses some 13,000 different HLA serotypes while an individual expresses only
486-495: A drug, have been found to occur in various severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARS) as well as other types of adverse drug reactions. These variations influence the levels and duration of a drug or its metabolite in tissues and thereby impact the drug's or metabolite's ability to evoke these reactions. For example, CYP2C9 is an important drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 ; it metabolizes and thereby inactivates phenytoin . Taiwanese, Japanese, and Malaysian individuals expressing
540-579: A fraction of them and since a SJS-inducing drug or metabolite interacts with only one or a few HLA serotypes, a drug's ability to induce SCARs is limited to those individuals who express HLA serotypes targeted by the drug or its metabolite. Accordingly, only rare individuals are predisposed to develop a SCARs in response to a particular drug on the bases of their expression of HLA serotypes: Studies have identified several HLA serotypes associated with development of SJS, SJS/TEN, or TEN in response to certain drugs. In general, these associations are restricted to
594-712: A medication such as allopurinol in a patient of Chinese descent, HLA-B*58:01 testing should be considered. Based on the Asian findings, similar studies in Europe showed 61% of allopurinol -induced SJS/TEN patients carried the HLA-B58 ( phenotype frequency of the B*5801 allele in Europeans is typically 3%). One study concluded: "Even when HLA-B alleles behave as strong risk factors, as for allopurinol, they are neither sufficient nor necessary to explain
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#1732884195722648-792: A significant chance of having the indicated gene variant since screening of populations with extremely low incidences of expressing the variant is considered cost-ineffective. Individuals expressing the HLA allele associated with sensitivity to an indicated drug should not be treated with the drug. These recommendations include the following. Before treatment with carbamazepine, the Taiwan and USA Food and Drug Administrations recommend screening for HLA-B*15:02 in certain Asian groups. This has been implemented in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and many medical centers in Thailand and Mainland China. Before treatment with allopurinol,
702-512: A three-year-old, he was affected by the Stevens–Johnson syndrome and lost his eyesight completely. He is a Chartered Accountant by qualification and Para Asian Double Gold Medalist in Chess. Inani is a qualified Chartered Accountant (CA). He completed his entire schooling from a normal school, Baroda High school, Alkapuri, Vadodara gujarat. He was the only blind student there. He Competing with
756-403: Is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction in which a drug or its metabolite stimulates cytotoxic T cells (i.e. CD8 T cells) and T helper cells (i.e. CD4 T cells) to initiate autoimmune reactions that attack self tissues. In particular, it is a type IV, subtype IVc, delayed hypersensitivity reaction dependent in part on the tissue-injuring actions of natural killer cells . This contrasts with
810-449: Is a type of severe skin reaction . Together with toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and Stevens–Johnson/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) overlap, they are considered febrile mucocutaneous drug reactions and probably part of the same spectrum of disease , with SJS being less severe. Erythema multiforme (EM) is generally considered a separate condition. Early symptoms of SJS include fever and flu-like symptoms . A few days later,
864-584: Is also included with drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS syndrome), acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) and toxic epidermal necrolysis in a group of conditions known as severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs). Treatment typically takes place in hospital such as in a burn unit or intensive care unit . Efforts may include stopping the cause, pain medication , antihistamines , antibiotics , intravenous immunoglobulins or corticosteroids . Together with TEN, SJS affects 1 to 2 people per million per year. Typical onset
918-430: Is also suggested, may interact with particular HLA proteins and T cell receptors to promote a SCARs disorder. The diagnosis is based on involvement of less than 10% of the skin. It is known as TEN when more than 30% of the skin is involved and an intermediate form with 10 to 30% involvement. A positive Nikolsky's sign is helpful in the diagnosis of SJS and TEN. A skin biopsy is helpful, but not required, to establish
972-548: Is based on lesion morphology and extent of epidermal detachment. Blisters and erosions cover between 3% and 10% of the body in SJS, 11–30% in SJS/TEN overlap, and over 30% in TEN. The skin pattern most commonly associated with SJS is widespread, often joined or touching (confluent), papuric spots ( macules ) or flat small blisters or large blisters which may also join. These occur primarily on
1026-728: Is debated), AIDS, coxsackievirus , influenza , hepatitis , and mumps . In pediatric cases, Epstein–Barr virus and enteroviruses have been associated with SJS. Recent upper respiratory tract infections have been reported by more than half of patients with SJS. Bacterial infections linked to SJS include group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, diphtheria , brucellosis , lymphogranuloma venereum , mycobacteria , Mycoplasma pneumoniae , rickettsial infections , tularemia , and typhoid . Fungal infections with coccidioidomycosis , dermatophytosis and histoplasmosis are also considered possible causes. Malaria and trichomoniasis , protozoal infections, have also been reported as causes. SJS
1080-604: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Darpan Inani Darpan Inani is a prolific blind Indian chess player and a Chartered Accountant from Vadodara . He won 2 gold medals - individual as well as team gold medal - at Para Asian Games held in China in October, 2023. He had a career peak FIDE elo rating of 2135, the highest ever elo rating to have been attained by any visually impaired player from India as of January, 2024. He won
1134-482: Is infection, particularly in children. This includes upper respiratory infections , otitis media , pharyngitis , and Epstein–Barr virus , Mycoplasma pneumoniae and cytomegalovirus infections. The routine use of medicines such as antibiotics , antipyretics and analgesics to manage infections can make it difficult to identify if cases were caused by the infection or medicines taken. Viral diseases reported to cause SJS include: herpes simplex virus (possibly;
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#17328841957221188-413: Is limited to those individuals whose T cells express a T cell receptor(s) that can interact with the drug or its metabolite. Thus, only rare individuals are predisposed to develop SJS in response to a particular drug on the bases of their expression of specific T-cell receptor types. While the evidence supporting this T-cell receptor selectivity is limited, one study identified the preferential presence of
1242-678: Is one of India's leading news channels headed by Arnab Goswami. Inani has featured in the award-winning Chess documentary film Algorithms directed by Ian McDonald. Algorithms is a documentary on little known sporting field of Blind Chess in India. The film features three upcoming blind players who reveal their daily struggles, anxieties and hopes. Inani is honoured with the Yuva Ratna award by All India Marwari Yuva Manch in April 2018 in Siliguri, West Bengal. He
1296-432: Is termed ADME ) a drug are predisposed to develop SJS. Although SJS can be caused by viral infections and malignancies, the main cause is medications. A leading cause appears to be the use of antibiotics , particularly sulfa drugs . Between 100 and 200 different drugs may be associated with SJS. No reliable test exists to establish a link between a particular drug and SJS for an individual case. Determining what drug
1350-432: Is the cause is based on the time interval between first use of the drug and the beginning of the skin reaction. Drugs discontinued more than 1 month prior to onset of mucocutaneous physical findings are highly unlikely to cause SJS and TEN. SJS and TEN most often begin between 4 and 28 days after culprit drug administration. A published algorithm (ALDEN) to assess drug causality gives structured assistance in identifying
1404-479: Is the recipient of the Navratna Award - 2018 awarded by Yuma Television. Inani is an eloquent orator. His style of expression is very free spirited and unconventional. He has delivered talks on many reputable platforms and events like TEDxYouth at LMGC lucknow and FICCI Ludhiana. Inani has contributed towards the initiative of "INCLUSIVE EDUCATION" to encourage awareness and sensitization of inclusive education in
1458-486: Is under the age of 30. Skin usually regrows over two to three weeks; however, complete recovery can take months. Overall, the risk of death with SJS is 5 to 10%. SJS usually begins with fever, sore throat, and fatigue , which is commonly misdiagnosed and therefore treated with antibiotics. SJS, SJS/TEN, and TEN are often heralded by fever, sore throat, cough, and burning eyes for 1 to 3 days. Patients with these disorders frequently experience burning pain of their skin at
1512-536: The CYP2C9*3 variant of CYP2C9, which has reduced metabolic activity compared to the wild type (i.e. CYP2c9*1) cytochrome, have increased blood levels of phenytoin and a high incidence of SJS (as well as SJS/TEN and TEN) when taking the drug. In addition to abnormalities in drug-metabolizing enzymes, dysfunctions of the kidney, liver, or GI tract which increase a SCARs-inducing drug or metabolite levels are suggested to promote SCARs responses. These ADME abnormalities, it
1566-577: The TCR-V-b and complementarity-determining region 3 in T-cell receptors found on the T cells in the blisters of patients with allopurinol-induced DRESS syndrome. This finding is compatible with the notion that specific types of T cell receptors are involved in the development of specific drug-induced SCARs. Variations in ADME , i.e. an individual's efficiency in absorbing, tissue-distributing, metabolizing, or excreting
1620-494: The torso . SJS, TEN, and SJS/TEN overlap can be mistaken for erythema multiforme . Erythema multiforme, which is also within the SCAR spectrum, differs in clinical pattern and etiology. Screening individuals for certain predisposing gene variants before initiating treatment with particular SJS-, TEN/SJS-, or TEN-inducing drugs is recommended or under study. These recommendations are typically limited to specific populations that show
1674-687: The American College of Rheumatology guidelines for managing gout recommend HLA-B*58:01 screening. This is provided in many medical centers in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Thailand, and Mainland China. Before treatment with abacavir, the USA Food and Drug Administration recommends screening for HLA-B*57:01 in Caucasian populations. This screening is widely implemented. It has also been suggested that all individuals found to express this HLA serotype avoid treatment with abacovir. Current trials are underway in Taiwan to define
Darpan - Misplaced Pages Continue
1728-561: The IIMs of the country barring IIM Ahmedabad. But finally, he rejected the admission offer from IIM Lucknow to pursue his CA and chess career. Inani won his first open district tournament (under 14) at Baroda in the year 2007. He beat sighted opponents to win the title. He was the youngest to win the National blind chess championships in Mumbai in July 2010. He was the youngest player to represent India at
1782-460: The MHC-associated peptides to T-cell receptors on CD8 T cells or CD4 T cells. Those peptides expressing a drug-related, non-self epitope on one of their various HLA protein forms ( HLA-A , HLA-B , HLA-C , HLA-DM , HLA-DO , HLA-DP , HLA-DQ , or HLA-DR ) can bind to a T-cell receptor and thereby stimulate the receptor-bearing parent T cell to initiate attacks on self tissues. Alternatively,
1836-691: The World Blind Chess Championship in Serbia in 2010. He then represented India in the World junior chess championship for the visually challenged held at Rhodes in Greece in 2011. He won the bronze medal in the World Individual Junior chess Championship for the blind and visually impaired held at Serbia in September 2013. He scored 6/9 along with Damjan Jandric of Serbia. He overcame Damjan in
1890-408: The cause may remain unknown. Risk factors include HIV/AIDS and systemic lupus erythematosus . The diagnosis of Stevens–Johnson syndrome is based on involvement of less than 10% of the skin. It is known as TEN when more than 30% of the skin is involved and considered an intermediate form when 10–30% is involved. SJS/TEN reactions are believed to follow a type IV hypersensitivity mechanism. It
1944-405: The cited populations. In some East Asian populations studied ( Han Chinese and Thai ), carbamazepine - and phenytoin -induced SJS is strongly associated with HLA-B*1502 ( HLA-B75 ), an HLA-B serotype of the broader serotype HLA-B15 . A study in Europe suggested the gene marker is only relevant for East Asians. This has clinical relevance as it is agreed upon that prior to starting
1998-653: The cost-effectiveness of avoiding phenytoin in SJS, SJS/TEN, and TEN for individuals expressing the CYP2C9*3 allele of CYP2C9. SJS constitutes a dermatological emergency. Patients with documented Mycoplasma infections can be treated with oral macrolide or oral doxycycline . Initially, treatment is similar to that for patients with thermal burns, and continued care can only be supportive (e.g., intravenous fluids and nasogastric or parenteral feeding ) and symptomatic (e.g., analgesic mouth rinse for mouth ulcer ). Dermatologists and surgeons tend to disagree about whether
2052-574: The disease." Other HLA associations with the development of SJS, SJS/TEN, or TEN and the intake of specific drugs as determined in certain populations are given in HLA associations with SCARs . In addition to acting through HLA proteins to bind with a T-cell receptor, a drug or its metabolite may bypass HLA proteins to bind directly to a T-cell receptor and thereby stimulate CD8 T or CD4 T cells to initiate autoimmune responses. In either case, this binding appears to develop only on certain T cell receptors. Since
2106-641: The feet, but usually not the scalp. SJS is thought to arise from a disorder of the immune system. The immune reaction can be triggered by drugs or infections. Genetic factors are associated with a predisposition to SJS. The cause of SJS is unknown in one-quarter to one-half of cases. SJS, SJS/TEN, and TEN are considered a single disease with common causes and mechanisms. Individuals expressing certain human leukocyte antigen (i.e. HLA) serotypes (i.e. genetic alleles ), genetical-based T cell receptors, or variations in their efficiency to absorb , distribute to tissues , metabolize , or excrete (this combination
2160-456: The genes for these receptors are highly edited , i.e. altered to encode proteins with different amino acid sequences, and since the human population may express more than 100 trillion different (i.e. different amino acid sequences) T-cell receptors while an individual express only a fraction of these, a drug's or its metabolite's ability to induce the DRESS syndrome by interacting with a T cell receptor
2214-559: The length of the reaction and improving symptoms. Other common supportive measures include the use of topical pain anesthetics and antiseptics , maintaining a warm environment, and intravenous analgesics. An ophthalmologist should be consulted immediately, as SJS frequently causes the formation of scar tissue inside the eyelids, leading to corneal vascularization, impaired vision, and a host of other ocular problems. Those with chronic ocular surface disease caused by SJS may find some improvement with PROSE treatment ( prosthetic replacement of
Darpan - Misplaced Pages Continue
2268-512: The mechanism by which a drug or its metabolites accomplishes this involves subverting the antigen presentation pathways of the innate immune system. The drug or metabolite covalently binds with a host protein to form a non-self, drug-related epitope . An antigen presenting cell (APC) takes up these alter proteins; digests them into small peptides; places the peptides in a groove on the human leukocyte antigen (i.e. HLA) component of their major histocompatibility complex (i.e. MHC); and presents
2322-433: The normal children, he seldom scored less than 90% and consistently scored a rank in top 3. He opted for commerce stream in his 11th std. and scored 99.75 percentage in 12th std. He completed his B.COM from Maharaja Sayajirav University, Vadodara. In 2015, he also appeared for CAT, an entrance exam for the most prestigious management institute in India - IIM, to pursue MBA. In his first attempt at CAT, he received calls from all
2376-678: The ocular surface ecosystem treatment ). SJS (with less than 10% of body surface area involved) has a mortality rate of around 5%. The mortality for toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is 30–40%. The risk for death can be estimated using the SCORTEN scale , which takes a number of prognostic indicators into account. It is helpful to calculate a SCORTEN within the first 3 days of hospitalization. Other outcomes include organ damage/failure, ocular morbidity, and blindness. Restrictive lung disease may develop in patients with SJS and TEN after initial acute pulmonary involvement. Patients with SJS or TEN caused by
2430-590: The other types of SCARs disorders, i.e., the DRESS syndrome which is a Type IV, Subtype IVb, hypersensitivity drug reaction dependent in part on the tissue-injuring actions of eosinophils and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis which is a Type IV , subtype IVd, hypersensitivity reaction dependent in part on the tissue-injuring actions of neutrophils . Like other SCARs-inducing drugs, SJS-inducing drugs or their metabolites stimulate CD8 T cells or CD4 T cells to initiate autoimmune responses. Studies indicate that
2484-880: The responsible medication. SJS may be caused by the medications rivaroxaban , vancomycin , allopurinol , valproate , levofloxacin , diclofenac , etravirine , isotretinoin , fluconazole , valdecoxib , sitagliptin , oseltamivir , penicillins , barbiturates , sulfonamides , phenytoin , azithromycin , oxcarbazepine , zonisamide , modafinil , lamotrigine , nevirapine , pyrimethamine , ibuprofen , ethosuximide , carbamazepine , bupropion , telaprevir , and nystatin . Medications that have traditionally been known to lead to SJS, erythema multiforme, and toxic epidermal necrolysis include sulfonamide antibiotics, penicillin antibiotics, cefixime (antibiotic), barbiturates (sedatives), lamotrigine , phenytoin (e.g., Dilantin ) ( anticonvulsants ) and trimethoprim. Combining lamotrigine with sodium valproate increases
2538-510: The risk of SJS. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a rare cause of SJS in adults; the risk is higher for older patients, women, and those initiating treatment. Typically, the symptoms of drug-induced SJS arise within a week of starting the medication. Similar to NSAIDs, paracetamol (acetaminophen) has also caused rare cases of SJS. People with systemic lupus erythematosus or HIV infections are more susceptible to drug-induced SJS. The second most common cause of SJS and TEN
2592-466: The skin begins to blister and peel, forming painful raw areas. Mucous membranes , such as the mouth, are also typically involved. Complications include dehydration , sepsis , pneumonia and multiple organ failure . The most common cause is certain medications such as lamotrigine , carbamazepine , allopurinol , sulfonamide antibiotics and nevirapine . Other causes can include infections such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae and cytomegalovirus , or
2646-580: The skin should be debrided . Beyond this kind of supportive care, no treatment for SJS is accepted. Treatment with corticosteroids is controversial. Early retrospective studies suggested corticosteroids increased hospital stays and complication rates. No randomized trials of corticosteroids have been conducted for SJS, and it can be managed successfully without them. Other agents have been used, including cyclophosphamide and ciclosporin , but none have exhibited much therapeutic success. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment has shown some promise in reducing
2700-453: The society. He believes that inclusive education not only helps in academic excellence but also leads to the development of the society holistically by promising full social inclusion. He is also associated with Project checkmate, an initiative to spread blind chess in India. He has assisted this project with his inputs and advice and has also mentored its students. Stevens%E2%80%93Johnson syndrome Stevens–Johnson syndrome ( SJS )
2754-433: The start of disease. Ulcers and other lesions begin to appear in the mucous membranes, almost always in the mouth and lips, but also in the genital and anal regions. Those in the mouth are usually extremely painful and reduce the patient's ability to eat or drink. Conjunctivitis occurs in about 30% of children who develop SJS. A rash of round lesions about an inch across arises on the face, trunk, arms and legs, and soles of
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#17328841957222808-520: The tie-break to take the third position. He is the only Indian visually impaired chess player to have ever won an international prize at the Creon open chess tournament (open sighted tournament) in his rating category (ELO 1800–1999) in France, in August 2018. He won an Individual Bronze medal on the 3rd board at the 16th IBCA World Chess Olympiad for visually impaired held in Rhodes, Greece in October 2021. He
2862-462: Was a historic moment for Indian chess when a visually impaired player won first prize in international open sighted tournament in his rating category. He is honoured with the Yuva Ratna award by All India Marwari Yuva Manch in April 2018 in Siliguri, West Bengal. He is the recipient of the Navratna Award - 2018 awarded by Yuma Television. He has featured in a commercial for HDFC Life. Inani's parents are Satish Inani (father) and Vimla Inani (mother). As
2916-426: Was featured in an HDFC Life commercial entitled "Bounce Back". His life journey was the main theme of the advertisement, which illuminated how he overcame the manifold hurdles that came his way. This advertisement was appreciated and recognized by public at large. He was invited for a special interview on the occasion of 70th Republic day on the exclusive telecast of 'Proud to be Indian' of Republic News Channel, which
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