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38-514: The Darnall Works is a former steelworks in the Darnall area of Sheffield in England. The only remaining large complex of crucible furnaces , the works opened in the 1835 and were frequently extended and adapted until the late 20th century. Some of the structures at the works are listed buildings , at Grade II* and Grade II, and part of the site is a Scheduled Ancient Monument . Naylor and Sanderson

76-709: A rolling mill . Originally the minimill was adapted to production of bar products only, such as concrete reinforcing bar , flats, angles, channels, pipe, and light rails. Since the late 1980s, successful introduction of the direct strip casting process has made minimill production of strip feasible. Often a minimill will be constructed in an area with no other steel production, to take advantage of local markets, resources, or lower-cost labour. Minimill plants may specialize, for example, in making coils of rod for wire-drawing use, or pipe, or in special sections for transportation and agriculture. Capacities of minimills vary: some plants may make as much as 3,000,000 tons per year,

114-478: A few hours, the accumulated liquid iron is tapped from the blast furnace and either cast into pig iron or directed to other vessels for further steel making operations. Historically the Bessemer process was a major advancement in the production of economical steel, but it has now been entirely replaced by other processes such as the basic oxygen furnace . Molten steel is cast into large blocks called blooms . During

152-503: A first for the city. This allowed many buildings to be put to new uses: the south-east crucible shops as stores, the heat treatment workshop as a stock grinding plant, and the steel working shop as an annealing and cleaning plant. The gas-fired crucible furnaces and the gas plant were demolished, but English Heritage believe that substantial remains of these exist below ground. By the end of the 20th century, Sanderson Kayser had concentrated production on its nearby Newhall Road site, and left

190-575: A fuel for cooking, barbecues and camping stoves. In the 20th century, the Braun company of Germany made a cordless hair styling device product that used butane as its heat source to produce steam . As fuel, butane is often mixed with small amounts of mercaptans to give the unburned gas an offensive smell easily detected by the human nose. In this way, butane leaks can easily be identified. While hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans are toxic, they are present in levels so low that suffocation and fire hazard by

228-409: A regular basis, minimills can follow the market demand for their products easily, operating on 24-hour schedules when demand is high and cutting back production when sales are lower. Butane Butane ( / ˈ b juː t eɪ n / ) is an alkane with the formula C 4 H 10 . Butane exists as two isomers, n -butane with connectivity CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 and iso-butane with

266-457: A typical size is in the range 200,000 to 400,000 tons per year, and some old or specialty plants may make as little as 50,000 tons per year of finished product. Nucor Corporation , for example, annually produces around 9,100,000 tons of sheet steel from its four sheet mills, 6,700,000 tons of bar steel from its 10 bar mills and 2,100,000 tons of plate steel from its two plate mills. Since the electric arc furnace can be easily started and stopped on

304-448: Is denser than air. When there is sufficient oxygen: When oxygen is limited: By weight, butane contains about 49.5  MJ / kg (13.8  kWh /kg; 22.5 MJ/ lb ; 21,300  Btu /lb) or by liquid volume 29.7 megajoules per liter (8.3 kWh/L; 112 MJ/U.S. gal; 107,000 Btu/U.S. gal). The maximum adiabatic flame temperature of butane with air is 2,243 K (1,970 °C; 3,578 °F). n -Butane

342-437: Is infilled with brick, glass and concrete, and the roofs are of corrugate iron. This form of construction was then novel, and this contributes to the listing of each at Grade II. In 1934, Sandersons transferred their works to Kayser Ellison, combining the two sites to form a new, larger Darnall Works. Sandersons had finally stopped using their cementation furnaces in the 1920s, and Kayser Ellison soon demolished these, along with

380-417: Is lower than operating pressures for halomethanes such as Freon-12 (R-12). Hence, R-12 systems, such as those in automotive air conditioning systems, when converted to pure butane, will function poorly. Instead, a mixture of isobutane and propane is used to give cooling system performance comparable to R-12. Butane is also used as lighter fuel for common lighters or butane torches , and is sold bottled as

418-416: Is sometimes used with scrap, to help maintain desired chemistry of the steel, though usually DRI is too expensive to use as the primary raw steelmaking material. A typical mini-mill will have an electric arc furnace for scrap melting, a ladle furnace or vacuum furnace for precision control of chemistry, a strip or billet continuous caster for converting molten steel to solid form, a reheat furnace and

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456-401: Is the feedstock for DuPont 's catalytic process for the preparation of maleic anhydride : n -Butane, like all hydrocarbons , undergoes free radical chlorination providing both 1-chloro- and 2-chlorobutanes, as well as more highly chlorinated derivatives. The relative rates of the chlorinations are partially explained by the differing bond dissociation energies : 425 and 411 kJ / mol for

494-573: Is the main component used to manipulate the Reid vapor pressure (RVP). Since winter fuels require much higher vapor pressure for engines to start, refineries raise the RVP by blending more butane into the fuel. n-Butane has a relatively high research octane number (RON) and motor octane number (MON), which are 93 and 92 respectively. When blended with propane and other hydrocarbons, the mixture may be referred to commercially as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). It

532-640: Is the pollution produced in the manufacture of coke , which is an essential intermediate product in the reduction of iron ore in a blast furnace. Integrated mills may also adopt some of the processes used in mini-mills, such as arc furnaces and direct casting, to reduce production costs. A minimill is traditionally a secondary steel producer; however, Nucor (one of the world's largest steel producers) and Commercial Metals Company (CMC) use minimills exclusively. Usually it obtains most of its iron from scrap steel, recycled from used automobiles and equipment or byproducts of manufacturing. Direct reduced iron (DRI)

570-442: Is used as a petrol component, as a feedstock for the production of base petrochemicals in steam cracking , as fuel for cigarette lighters and as a propellant in aerosol sprays such as deodorants . Pure forms of butane, especially isobutane, are used as refrigerants and have largely replaced the ozone-layer-depleting halomethanes in refrigerators, freezers, and air conditioning systems. The operating pressure for butane

608-454: Is used as a solvent in the industrial extraction of cannabis oils. Inhalation of butane can cause euphoria , drowsiness , unconsciousness , asphyxia , cardiac arrhythmia , fluctuations in blood pressure and temporary memory loss, when abused directly from a highly pressurized container, and can result in death from asphyxiation and ventricular fibrillation . Butane enters the blood supply, and within seconds, leads to intoxication. Butane

646-599: The Darnall Works disused. Although the site became largely derelict, most of the buildings survived, and it was established that these included the only remaining large complex of crucible furnaces, and the only known remains in the United Kingdom of gas fired crucible furnaces. Interest in the buildings grew after they were featured in a 2001 English Heritage publication, One Great Workshop . This argued that Sheffield's metalworking heritage could help regenerate areas of

684-482: The blast furnace grow cold, though some adjustment of the production rate is possible. Integrated mills are large facilities that are typically only economical to build in 2,000,000-ton per year annual capacity and up. Final products made by an integrated plant are usually large structural sections, heavy plate, strip, wire rod, railway rails , and occasionally long products such as bars and pipe . A major environmental hazard associated with integrated steel mills

722-520: The butane becomes a concern far before toxicity . Most commercially available butane also contains some contaminant oil, which can be removed by filtration. If not removed, it will otherwise leave a deposit at the point of ignition and may eventually block the uniform flow of gas. The butane used as a solvent for fragrance extraction does not contain these contaminants. Butane gas can cause gas explosions in poorly ventilated areas if leaks go unnoticed and are ignited by spark or flame. Purified butane

760-472: The casting process various methods are used, such as addition of aluminum , so that impurities in the steel float to the surface where they can be cut off the finished bloom. Because of the energy cost and structural stress associated with heating and cooling a blast furnace, typically these primary steel making vessels will operate on a continuous production campaign of several years duration. Even during periods of low steel demand, it may not be feasible to let

798-493: The city to house their growing concern, and in 1835 they took over a large site on the edge of the hamlet of Darnall. The site was already in industrial use, as the Don Glass Works, which English Heritage believe were probably already established in 1793, centred on a glass cone. The Sanderson Brothers were able to acquire the site on a 21-year lease for £13/13/0 annual rent. As part of this, it appears that they took over

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836-487: The city. A plan to restore the listed buildings and construct new warehouses on the remainder of the site, enabling the return of steelmaking to the area, was announced in 2006. However, the scheme required local residents to relocate, and it did not proceed. Instead, by 2010, £800,000 was raised to restore the Grade II* buildings at the site: the south-east and south crucible workshops; repairing their roofs and enabling reuse of

874-508: The core of the Scheduled Ancient Monument. At the same time, ancillary structures were added, including a two-storey office building, lodge, weighbridge and boundary walls. Constructed in brick, these all survive and are Grade II listed, and also form part of the Scheduled Ancient Monument. In 1873 and 1874, a further range of crucible furnaces was added, powered by a Siemens gas furnace , with its own gas plant adjoining. This

912-491: The density of liquid butane is 625.5±0.7 kg/m (for pressures up to 2 MPa and temperature −13±0.2 °C). Rotation about the central C−C bond produces two different conformations ( trans and gauche ) for n -butane. When oxygen is plentiful, butane undergoes complete combustion to form carbon dioxide and water vapor ; when oxygen is limited, due to incomplete combustion , carbon ( soot ) or carbon monoxide may be formed instead of carbon dioxide. Butane

950-478: The formula (CH 3 ) 3 CH . Both isomers are highly flammable, colorless, easily liquefied gases that quickly vaporize at room temperature and pressure. Butanes are a trace components of natural gases (NG gases). The other hydrocarbons in NG include propane , ethane , and especially methane , which are more abundant. Liquefied petroleum gas is a mixture of propane and some butanes. The name butane comes from

988-570: The glassworks, where possible learning technological advances in one industry to develop the other, and perhaps adapting the glass cone into a cementation furnace . Both cementation and crucible furnaces were definitely in use, but the glassworks was sold off during the 1850s to Melling, Carr and Co, who operated it until the start of the 20th century. Although the glassworks then closed, and there are no above-ground remains, English Heritage consider it likely that there are significant underground structures, along with discarded glass, and this forms part of

1026-719: The justification for the listing of the site as a Scheduled Ancient Monument. The establishment was successful and, in 1871, Sandersons decided to concentrate production at the Darnall site. To increase capacity, the firm constructed several new buildings in 1871 and 1872, and these are the oldest surviving structures on the site. Cementation furnaces had fallen out of favour, and the new buildings instead contained 180 crucible furnaces. Two abutting ranges of steel shops survive, both single-storey, in brick with asbestos cement, roofed partly in slate and partly in corrugated asbestos. The south-east range provided 84 holes for steel manufacture, while

1064-516: The mixture was patented in 1913. Butane is one of the most produced industrial chemicals in the 21st century, with around 80-90 billion lbs (40 million US tons, 36 million metric tons ) produced by the United States every year. The density of butane is highly dependent on temperature and pressure in the reservoir. For example, the density of liquid butane is 571.8±1 kg/m (for pressures up to 2 MPa and temperature 27±0.2 °C), while

1102-442: The name "quartane", and the modern name was introduced to English from German around 1874. Butane did not have much practical use until the 1910s, when W. Snelling identified butane and propane as components in gasoline. He found that if they were cooled, they could be stored in a volume-reduced liquified state in pressurized containers. In 1911, Snelling's liquified petroleum gas was publicly available, and his process for producing

1140-450: The root but- (from butyric acid , named after the Greek word for butter ) and the suffix -ane . The first synthesis of butane was accidentally achieved by British chemist Edward Francland in 1849 from ethyl iodide and zinc , but he had not realized that the ethyl radical dimerized and misidentified the substance. It was discovered in crude petroleum in 1864 by Edmund Ronalds , who

1178-467: The south range had 24, designed to allow the casting of big objects using the "continuous teeming" method of production; a further west range was similar to the south range, giving a total of 132 melting holes. The south range alone cost £6000 to construct, and it remained in use for around fifty years, briefly resuming production during the Second World War . The two ranges are Grade II* listed and form

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1216-625: The structures. Steelworks Since the invention of the Bessemer process , steel mills have replaced ironworks , based on puddling or fining methods. New ways to produce steel appeared later: from scrap melted in an electric arc furnace and, more recently, from direct reduced iron processes. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the world's largest steel mill was the Barrow Hematite Steel Company steelworks located in Barrow-in-Furness , United Kingdom . Today,

1254-425: The two types of C-H bonds. Normal butane can be used for gasoline blending, as a fuel gas, fragrance extraction solvent, either alone or in a mixture with propane , and as a feedstock for the manufacture of ethylene and butadiene , a key ingredient of synthetic rubber . Isobutane is primarily used by refineries to enhance (increase) the octane number of motor gasoline. For gasoline blending, n-butane

1292-452: The west range of crucible steel shops from the 1870s. Kayser Ellison merged with Sandersons in 1960, forming Sanderson Kayser. A new main building was completed in 1967, incorporating a former stock warehouse, and measuring 500 by 59 feet (152 by 18 m) in plan and more than 18 feet (5.5 m) high, with a further 200-foot-long bay containing the new heat treatment workshop. This building contained several large furnaces, using butane in

1330-456: The world's largest steel mill is in Gwangyang , South Korea . An integrated steel mill has all the functions for primary steel production: The principal raw materials for an integrated mill are iron ore, limestone, and coal (or coke). These materials are charged in batches into a blast furnace where the iron compounds in the ore give up excess oxygen and become liquid iron. At intervals of

1368-536: Was established in 1776 as a cutlery - and steel-manufacturing business in the Attercliffe area of Sheffield. By the 1820s, it had grown into a large concern, focused on producing steel, and based at works on West Street near the city centre. Naylor retired, enabling four members of the Sanderson family to take control and rename the firm as "Sanderson Brothers". Over the next couple of decades, they took on various sites in

1406-408: Was one of the first in the city, giving the same capacity as sixty traditional crucible furnaces. In 1912, Kayser, Ellison and Co. decided to establish a new steelworks, using electric arc furnaces , and adjoining the existing Darnall Works. Completed the following year, it included two large buildings: a two-storey heat treatment workshop and a three-storey steel working shop. In each, a steel frame

1444-497: Was the first to describe its properties, which he named "hydride of butyl ", based on the naming for the then-known butyric acid , which had been named and described by the French chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul 40 years earlier. Other names arose in the 1860s: "butyl hydride", "hydride of tetryl" and "tetryl hydride", "diethyl" or "ethyl ethylide" and others. August Wilhelm von Hofmann , in his 1866 systemic nomenclature, proposed

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