This is an accepted version of this page
128-499: Variations of gray or grey include achromatic grayscale shades, which lie exactly between white and black , and nearby colors with low colorfulness . A selection of a number of these various colors is shown below. Below is a chart showing the computer web color grays. An achromatic gray is a gray color in which the red, green, and blue codes are exactly equal. The web colors gray , gainsboro , light gray , dark gray , and dim gray are all achromatic colors. A chromatic gray
256-543: A hex triplet for the RGB value. All are spelled gray , using the spelling grey can cause errors. This spelling was inherited from the X11 color list . Internet Explorer 's Trident browser engine does not recognize grey and renders it green. Another anomaly is that gray is in fact much darker than the X11 color marked darkgray ; this is because of a conflict with the original HTML gray and
384-507: A color name in English in 1905. Gunmetal is a shade of gray that has a bluish purple tinge. It describes the color of several metals used in industrial applications, such as tarnished gunmetal , or parkerized steel. Charcoal is a color that is a representation of the dark gray color of burned wood . The first recorded use of charcoal as a color name in English was in 1606. Stone gray
512-564: A color name in English was in 1918. Displayed in the adjacent image is the color ash gray . The color ash gray is a representation of the color of ash. The first recorded use of ash gray as a color name in English was in 1374. The color battleship gray is displayed in the adjacent image. It is so called because the color is the shade of gray from the specular micaceous hematite paint used for rustproofing iron and steel battleships . The normalized color coordinates for battleship gray are identical to old silver , first recorded as
640-636: A color name in the English language was in 700 CE . Grey is the dominant spelling in European and Commonwealth English, while gray is more common in American English; however, both spellings are valid in both varieties of English. In Europe and North America, surveys show that gray is the color most commonly associated with neutrality , conformity , boredom , uncertainty , old age , indifference , and modesty . Only one percent of respondents chose it as their favorite color . Grey comes from
768-719: A common color for military uniforms; in an age of rifles with longer range, soldiers in grey were less visible as targets than those in blue or red. Grey was the color of the uniforms of the Confederate Army during the American Civil War , and of the Prussian Army for active service wear from 1910 onwards. Several artists of the mid-19th century used tones of grey to create memorable paintings; Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot used tones of green-grey and blue grey to give harmony to his landscapes, and James McNeill Whistler created
896-425: A few weeks to a year, although most philodendrons take a few months. The spathe will enlarge to hold the maturing berries. Once the fruit are mature, the spathe will begin to open again, but this time it will break off at the base and fall to the forest floor. Additionally, the berries are edible, although they contain calcium oxalate crystals, and have a taste akin to bananas. Many botanical sources will indicate that
1024-401: A layer of clouds that covers the entire sky, and which have a depth of between a few hundred to a few thousand feet thick. The thicker the clouds, the darker they appear from below, because little of the sunlight is able to pass through. From above, in an airplane, the same clouds look perfectly white, but from the ground the sky looks gloomy and grey. The color of a person's hair is created by
1152-408: A layer of root hairs attached; those used for collecting water and nutrients tend to be thicker and longer. These feeder roots tend to attach flush with the substrate to which the philodendron is attached, and make their way directly downwards in search of soil. In general, feeder roots tend to show both positive hydrotropic and negative heliotropic behaviors. Characteristic of roots in philodendrons
1280-437: A means of sexual reproduction. In addition to gaining a safe location to mate, the male beetles may benefit from having a central location, because it allows them to broadcast to females that they are willing and able to mate. Females which see a male beetle headed for a philodendron flower know he does so with intention of mating, and females which are sexually receptive and need to mate know that they can find males if they follow
1408-501: A minute amount of color saturation. Yellow, orange, and red create a "warm grey". Green, blue, and violet create a "cool grey". When no color is added, the color is "neutral grey", "achromatic grey", or simply "grey". Images consisting wholly of black, white and greys are called monochrome , black-and-white , or greyscale . There are several tones of grey available for use with HTML and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) as named colors, while 254 true greys are available by specification of
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#17328690948141536-566: A natural camouflage and allows them to blend with their surroundings. The substance that composes the brain is sometimes referred to as grey matter , or "the little grey cells", so the color grey is associated with things intellectual. However, the living human brain is actually pink in color; it only turns grey when dead. Grey goo is a hypothetical end-of-the-world scenario, also known as ecophagy : out-of-control self-replicating nanobots consume all living matter on Earth while building more of themselves. In sound engineering, grey noise
1664-406: A new plant on the stem of an existing plant. Hybridizing philodendrons is quite easy if flowering plants are available, because they have very few barriers to prevent hybridization. However, some aspects of making crosses can make philodendron hybridization more difficult. Philodendrons often flower at different times and the time when the spathe opens up varies from plant to plant. The pollen and
1792-528: A philodendron resulting in hospitalization and death has been reported. This one case study, however, was found to be inconsistent with the findings from a second study. In this study, 127 cases of children ingesting philodendrons were studied, and they found only one child showed symptoms; a 10-month-old had minor upper lip swelling when he chewed on a philodendron leaf. The study also found the symptoms could subside without treatment and that previously reported cases of severe complications were exaggerated. As to
1920-561: A puréed leaf and water mixture, observed afterward, then euthanized , and finally a necropsy was performed. Dosages of 2.8, 5.6, and 9.1 g/kg were used, with the highest dose administered being considerably more than any house cat could consume. The cats showed none of the symptoms found in past epidemiological studies and appeared normal. Necropsies showed nothing that would suggest toxicity. The past epidemiological studies have been suggested to be wrong, since sick cats may be inclined to eat plants to alleviate their illnesses. If this were
2048-576: A revision of his previous work titled Synopsis aroidearum , and then published his final work Prodromus Systematis Aroidearum in 1860, in which he provided even more details about the classification of Philodendron and described 135 species. Philodendron are usually extremely distinctive and not usually confused with other genera, although a few exceptions in the genera Anthurium and Homalomena resemble Philodendron . The genus Philodendron has been subdivided into three subgenera: Meconostigma , Pteromischum , and Philodendron . In 2018, it
2176-410: A single time on short peduncles . The spathe tends to be waxy and is usually bicolored. In some philodendrons, the color of the base of the spathe contrasts in color with the upper part, and in others, the inner and outer surfaces of the spathe differ in coloration. The paler color tends to be either white or green, and the darker usually red or crimson. Pelargonidin is the predominant pigment causing
2304-457: A solid bluish-grey, others had uniforms colored with vegetable dyes made from sumac or logwood , which quickly faded in sunshine to the yellowish color of butternut squash . The German Army wore grey uniforms from 1907 until 1945, during both the First World War and Second World War . The color chosen was a grey-green called field grey (German: feldgrau ). It was chosen because it
2432-470: A special grey for the background of the portrait of his mother, and for his own self-portrait. Whistler's arrangement of tones of grey had an effect on the world of music, on the French composer Claude Debussy . In 1894, Debussy wrote to violinist Eugène Ysaÿe describing his Nocturnes as "an experiment in the combinations that can be obtained from one color – what a study in grey would be in painting". In
2560-451: A sufficient height, they begin developing adult type leaves. The smaller juvenile leaves are used for the darker forest floor where light is in scarce supply, but once they reach a sufficient height in the canopy the light is bright enough that the bigger adult leaves can serve a useful purpose. Another possible trigger occurs in primary hemiepiphytes. These philodendrons typically send their aerial roots downward. Once their roots have reached
2688-699: A symbol of their vows of humility and poverty. Franciscan friars in England and Scotland were commonly known as the grey friars , and that name is now attached to many places in Great Britain. During the Renaissance and the Baroque, grey began to play an important role in fashion and art. Black became the most popular color of the nobility, particularly in Italy, France, and Spain, and grey and white were harmonious with it. Grey
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#17328690948142816-755: A tree. For these philodendrons, the plant will grow with long internodes along the ground until a tree is found. They find a suitable tree by growing towards darker areas, such as the dark shadow of a tree. This trait is called scototropism. After a tree has been found, the scototropic behavior stops and the philodendron switches to a phototropic growth habit and the internodes shorten and thicken. Usually, however, philodendrons germinate on trees. The leaves are usually large and imposing, often lobed or deeply cut, and may be more or less pinnate . They can also be oval ( Philodendron 'White Princess'), spear-shaped, divided ( Philodendron tripartitum ) or in many other possible shape variations. The leaves are borne alternately on
2944-651: A white made of lime, which he warmed with a little red lake color from cochineal or madder . In one painting, the portrait of Margaretha de Geer (1661), one part of a grey wall in the background is painted with a layer of dark brown over a layer of orange, red, and yellow earths, mixed with ivory black and some lead white . Over this he put an additional layer of glaze made of mixture of blue smalt , red ochre , and yellow lake. Using these ingredients and many others, he made greys which had, according to art historian Philip Ball, "an incredible subtlety of pigmentation". The warm, dark and rich greys and browns served to emphasize
3072-494: Is random noise subjected to an equal-loudness contour , such as an inverted A-weighting curve, over a given range of frequencies, giving the listener the perception that it is equally loud at all frequencies. In the Christian religion, grey is the color of ashes, and so a biblical symbol of mourning and repentance , described as sackcloth and ashes . It can be used during Lent or on special days of fasting and prayer. As
3200-465: Is a color represented in the list of RAL classic colors from RAL colour standard . This is the main color on the Indian 500-rupee note . Cool grays have noticeably bluish , greenish , or violetish hues. Cool gray , is a medium light color gray mixed with the color blue . This color is a dull shade of blue-gray . This color is identical with color sample No. 203 (identified as gray blue ) at
3328-399: Is a dark gray color, made from powdered slate , iron oxide and carbon black named for Henry Davy . The first recorded use of Davy's gray as a color name in English was around 1940. Off-grays are colors that are very close to achromatic grays, but whose red, green, and blue color codes are not exactly equal. Displayed in the adjacent image is the color xanadu . The color "xanadu"
3456-461: Is a function of their depth. Small, fluffy white clouds in summer look white because the sunlight is being scattered by the tiny water droplets they contain, and that white light comes to the viewer's eye. However, as clouds become larger and thicker, the white light cannot penetrate through the cloud, and is reflected off the top. Clouds look darkest grey during thunderstorms, when they can be as much as 20,000 to 30,000 feet high. Stratiform clouds are
3584-413: Is a gray color in which the red, green, and blue codes are not exactly equal, but are close to each other, which is what makes it a shade of gray. The colors white and black are not usually thought of as shades of gray, but they can be thought of as shades of achromatic gray, as both contain equal amounts of red, blue and green. White is at the extreme upper end of the achromatic value scale and black
3712-399: Is a gray color with a slight azure tinge that is a representation of the average color of the material slate . The first recorded use of slate gray as a color name in English was in 1705. Gray-green (also known as grayish-green , greenish-gray , emerald-gray , or green-gray ) is a greenish-gray color. Marengo is a shade of gray (black with gray tinge) or blue colors. Sometimes
3840-471: Is a greenish-gray color whose name is derived from the Philodendron . The color ultimately comes from the 2001 Resene RGB Values List. Platinum is a color that is the metallic tint of pale grayish-white resembling the metal platinum . This is supposed to be a metallic color; however, there is no mechanism for displaying metallic colors on a flat computer screen. The first recorded use of platinum as
3968-480: Is a slightly bluish shade of gray. The first recorded use of cadet grey as a color name in English was in 1912. Before 1912, the word cadet gray was used as a name for a type of military issue uniforms. Most famously, it was the color of the uniforms of the Confederate Army . In 1815, it had earlier become the color of the uniforms of the United States Military Academy (West Point) . Blue-gray
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4096-558: Is a term sometimes used pejoratively by environmentalists in the green movement to describe those who oppose environmental measures and supposedly prefer the grey of concrete and cement. During the American Civil War , the soldiers of the Confederate Army wore grey uniforms. At the beginning of the war, the armies of the North and of the South had very similar uniforms; some Confederate units wore blue, and some Union units wore grey. There naturally
4224-423: Is also found on the stems, leaves, and roots of philodendrons. Its color can be red, orange, yellow, or colorless when it is first produced. Yet, over time, it will turn brown as it is exposed to air. Also, some evidence suggests the thermogenesis triggers the beetles to mate. It also appears to distribute the pheromones into the air. The reason for the spadix being held at 45° relative to the spathe may be to maximize
4352-401: Is at the extreme lower end of the achromatic value scale, with all the colors normally considered tones of achromatic gray colors in between. Since achromatic colors have no hue, the hue code (h code) is left blank for achromatic colors (usually marked as a dash). White is a color, the perception of which is evoked by light that stimulates all three types of color sensitive cone cells in
4480-445: Is followed by male anthesis, in which the pollen is produced. Female anthesis typically lasts up to two days and includes the gradual opening of the spathe to allow the beetles to enter. Some evidence suggests the timing of opening of the spathe is dependent on light levels, where cloudy, darker days result in the spathe opening up earlier than on clear days. During female anthesis, the spadix will project forward at roughly 45° relative to
4608-415: Is found at the very top of the spadix. The fertile female flowers are often not receptive to fertilization when the fertile males are producing pollen , which again prevents self-pollination . The pollen itself is thread-like and appears to project out from the region where the fertile male flowers are located. Sexual reproduction is achieved by means of beetles , with many philodendron species requiring
4736-413: Is nearing its end and the female flowers have been pollinated, the spathe will be fully open and male anthesis begins. In the beginning of male anthesis, the fertile male flowers complete the process of producing the pollen and the female flowers become unreceptive to further pollination. Additionally, the spadix moves from its 45° position and presses up flush to the spathe. Towards the end of male anthesis,
4864-420: Is often difficult to differentiate natural variations from morphogenesis . Philodendrons also produce cataphylls , which are modified leaves that surround and protect the newly forming leaves. Cataphylls are usually green, leaf-like, and rigid while they are protecting the leaf. In some species, they can even be rather succulent . Once the leaf has been fully formed, the cataphyll usually remains attached where
4992-609: Is rarely used as a color by political parties, largely because of its common association with conformity, boredom and indecision. An example of a political party using grey as a color are the German Grey Panthers . The term "grey power" or "the grey vote" is sometimes used to describe the influence of older voters as a voting bloc . In the United States, older people are more likely to vote, and usually vote to protect certain social benefits, such as Social Security . Greys
5120-536: Is the web color silver This color is a representation of the color of the metal silver . This is supposed to be a metallic color ; however, there is no mechanism for displaying metallic colors on a flat computer screen. At right is displayed the color medium gray , or gray in the X11 color names , which is lighter than the HTML/CSS gray shown below. The coordinates in the X11 were set at 190 to avoid gray being displayed as white on 2-bit grayscale displays. See
5248-408: Is the presence of a sclerotic hypodermis, which are cylindrical tubes inside the epidermis that can be one to five cells long. The cells that line the sclerotic hypodermis are elongated and tend to be hardened. Underneath the epidermis is a unique layer of cells in a pattern of long cells followed by short cells. Some philodendrons have extrafloral nectaries (nectar-producing glands found outside of
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5376-505: Is triggered when concentrations of acetosalicytic acid form in the sterile zone. The acid sets off the mitochondria in the cells that make up the sterile zone to switch to an electron transport chain called the cyanide-resistant pathway, which results in the production of heat. Philodendrons consume oxygen during thermogenesis. The rate at which oxygen is used is remarkably high, close to that of hummingbirds and sphinx moths . The spadix has been shown to generate infrared radiation . As
5504-674: Is uncertain. In the February 2005 issue of Science , a team of Harvard scientists suggested that the cause was the failure of the melanocyte stem cells to maintain the production of the essential pigments, due to age or genetic factors, after a certain period of time. For some people, the breakdown comes in their twenties; for others, many years later. According to the site of the magazine Scientific American , "Generally speaking, among Caucasians 50 percent are 50 percent grey by age 50." Adult male gorillas also develop silver hair, but only on their backs – see Physical characteristics of gorillas . Over
5632-611: Is universally used as the standard for gray because it is that tone of gray which is halfway between white and black. At right is displayed the web color Gainsboro Gainsboro is a pale tone of gray. Prior to standardization as a web color, Gainsboro was included as one of the X11 color names . It was, however, absent from the original 1987 version of the list, but present in Paul Raveling's version which added, amongst other things, "[l]ight and off-white colors, copied from several Sinclair Paints color samples". Displayed at right
5760-449: The Greek words philo- 'love, affection' and dendron 'tree'. The generic name, Philodendron , is often used as the English name. Compared to other genera of the family Araceae , philodendrons have an extremely diverse array of growth methods. The habits of growth can be epiphytic , hemiepiphytic , or rarely terrestrial . Others can show a combination of these growth habits depending on
5888-567: The Middle English grai or grei , from the Old English grǣġ , and is related to the Dutch grauw and German grau . There are no certain cognates outside Germanic languages ; terms such as Spanish gris and Italian grigio are considered Germanic loanwords from Medieval Latin griseus . The first recorded use of grey as a color name in the English language
6016-519: The West Indies , Colombia , and Venezuela . At this time in history, the names of the philodendrons they were discovering were being published with the genus name Arum , since most aroids were considered to belong to this same genus. The genus Philodendron had not yet been created. Throughout the late 17th, 18th century, and early 19th centuries, many plants were removed from the genus Arum and placed into newly created genera in an attempt to improve
6144-403: The drape suit , with wide shoulders and a nipped waist, usually dark or light grey. After World War II, the style changed to a slimmer fit called the continental cut, but the color remained grey. In America and Europe, grey is one of the least popular colors; In a European survey, only one percent of men said it was their favorite color, and thirteen percent called it their least favorite color;
6272-537: The family Araceae . As of June 2013 , the Plants of the World Online accepted 621 species; other sources accept different numbers. Regardless of number of species, the genus is the second-largest member of the family Araceae, after genus Anthurium . Taxonomically, the genus Philodendron is still poorly known, with many undescribed species . Many are grown as ornamental and indoor plants. The name derives from
6400-571: The Confederacy. The new uniforms were designed by Nicola Marschall , a German-American artist, who also designed the original Confederate flag . He closely followed the design of contemporary French and Austrian military uniforms. Grey was not chosen for its camouflage value; this benefit was not appreciated for several more decades. The South lacked a major dye industry, though, and grey dyes were inexpensive and easy to manufacture. While some units had uniforms colored with good-quality dyes, which were
6528-695: The German model. Some of the more recent uniforms of the German Army and East German Army were field grey, as were some uniforms of the Swedish army . The formal dress (M/83) of the Finnish Army is grey. The Army of Chile wears field grey today. During the 19th century, women's fashions were largely dictated by Paris, while London set fashions for men. The intent of a business suit was above all to show seriousness, and to show one's position in business and society. Over
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#17328690948146656-490: The New World. Philodendron species can be found in many diverse habitats in the tropical Americas and the West Indies . Most occur in humid tropical forests, but can also be found in swamps and on river banks, roadsides and rock outcrops. They are also found throughout the diverse range of elevations from sea level to over 2000 m above sea level. Species of this genus are often found clambering over other plants, or climbing
6784-400: The X11 gray, which is closer to HTML's silver . The three slategray colors are not themselves on the greyscale, but are slightly saturated toward cyan (green + blue). Since there are an even (256, including black and white) number of unsaturated tones of grey, there are two grey tones straddling the midpoint in the 8-bit greyscale. The color name gray has been assigned the lighter of
6912-443: The amount of nectar produced can be quite extensive, resulting in the surface becoming entirely covered with it. When philodendrons are ready to reproduce, they will produce an inflorescence which consists of a leaf-like hood called a spathe within which is enclosed a tube-like structure called a spadix . Depending on the species, a single inflorescence can be produced or a cluster of up to 11 inflorescences can be produced at
7040-422: The axis of the color sphere , with white at the north pole and black at the south pole of the color sphere. The various tones of achromatic gray are along the axis of the color sphere from white at the top of the axis to black at the bottom of the axis. At right is displayed the color gray . The first recorded use of gray as a color name in the English language was in 700. This tone of gray ( HTML gray )
7168-438: The beetles have arrived, the spadix is usually quite hot; up to around 46 °C in some species, but usually around 35 °C. The thermogenesis coincides with the arrival of the beetles and appears to increase their presence. The maximum temperature reached by the spadix remains about 20 °C higher than the outside ambient temperature. The time dependence of the temperature can vary from species to species. In some species,
7296-406: The beetles home in on the inflorescence, they first move in a zig-zag pattern until they get reasonably close, when they switch to a straight-line path. The beetles may be using scent to find the inflorescence when they are far away, but once within range, they find it by means of the infrared radiation. This would account for the two different types of paths the beetles follow. Once female anthesis
7424-466: The beetles to stay indefinitely if they could due to the very favorable conditions the inflorescence provides. After male anthesis, the males will go off and find another philodendron undergoing female anthesis, so will pollinate the female flowers with the pollen it had collected from its previous night of mating. Botanically, the fruit produced is a berry . The berries develop later in the season; berry development time varies from species to species from
7552-447: The berries are poisonous, probably due to the oxalate crystals. Many tropical plants contain oxalates in varying amounts. Sometimes proper preparation can render these harmless, and in many cases eating minor amounts causes most people no distress or minor gastric irritation. However, care should be taken to verify the toxicity of any particular species before ingesting these berries, particularly regularly or in large amounts. The color of
7680-456: The berries can vary depending on the species, but most produce a white berry with slight tones of green. Some produce orange berries and others yellow berries, though. Still others will produce berries that start off white, but then change to another color with time. Philodendrons that produce orange berries tend to be members of the section Calostigma . Contained within the berries are the seeds which are extremely small compared to other members of
7808-448: The black screen makes white; by lowering the intensity, it is possible to create shades of grey . In printing, grey is usually obtained with the CMYK color model , using cyan , magenta , yellow, and black. Grey is produced either by using black and white, or by combining equal amounts of cyan, magenta, and yellow. Most greys have a cool or warm cast to them, as the human eye can detect even
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#17328690948147936-669: The case of Philodendron oxycardium in containers of water. Indoor plants thrive at temperatures between 15 and 18 °C and can survive at lower light levels than other house plants. Although philodendrons can survive in dark places, they much prefer bright lights. Wiping the leaves off with water will remove any dust and insects. Plants in pots with good root systems will benefit from a weak fertilizer solution every other week. New plants can be grown by taking stem cuttings with at least two joints. Cuttings then can be rooted in pots of sand and peat moss mixtures. These pots are placed in greenhouses with bottom heat of 21–24 °C. During
8064-482: The case, then such studies would be incorrectly attributing the sickness of the cats to the philodendrons. The forced feeding study may have failed to show signs of philodendron toxicity because the tube feeding bypassed the mouth and hence minimized the typical signs of irritation. Some philodendrons are, however, known to be toxic to mice and rats . In one study, 100 mg of Philodendron cordatum leaves suspended in distilled water were fed to six mice. Three of
8192-498: The centuries, artists have traditionally created grey by mixing black and white in various proportions. They added a little red to make a warmer grey, or a little blue for a cooler grey. Artists could also make a grey by mixing two complementary colors , such as orange and blue. Today the grey on televisions, computer displays, and telephones is usually created using the RGB color model . Red, green, and blue light combined at full intensity on
8320-567: The chart Color names that clash between X11 and HTML/CSS in the X11 color names article to see those colors which are different in HTML/CSS and X11. Spanish gray is the color that is called gris (gray in Spanish) in the Guía de coloraciones ( Guide to colorations ) by Rosa Gallego and Juan Carlos Sanz, a color dictionary published in 2005 that is widely popular in the Hispanophone realm. Davy's gray
8448-445: The classification. Heinrich Wilhelm Schott addressed the problem of providing improved taxonomy and created the genus Philodendron and described it in 1829. The genus was first spelled as 'Philodendrum', but in 1832, Schott published a system for classifying plants in the family Araceae titled Meletemata Botanica in which he provided a method of classifying philodendrons based on flowering characteristics. In 1856, Schott published
8576-414: The color is described as the color of a wet asphalt. Gray Grey (more frequent British English ) or gray (more frequent American English ) is an intermediate color between black and white . It is a neutral or achromatic color, meaning that it has no chroma and therefore no hue . It is the color of a cloud-covered sky, of ash , and of lead . The first recorded use of grey as
8704-681: The color of humility and modesty, grey is worn by friars of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin and Franciscan order as well as monks of the Cistercian order . Grey cassocks are worn by clergy of the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church . Buddhist monks and priests in Japan and Korea will often wear a sleeved grey, brown, or black outer robe. Taoist priests in China also often wear grey. Grey
8832-405: The course of the century, bright colors disappeared from men's fashion, and were largely replaced by a black or dark charcoal grey frock coat in winter, and lighter greys in summer. In the early 20th century, the frock coat was gradually replaced by the lounge suit , a less formal version of evening dress, which was also usually black or charcoal grey. In the 1930s the English suit style was called
8960-536: The elderly and old age, because of the association with grey hair; it symbolizes the wisdom and dignity that come with experience and age. The New York Times is sometimes called The Grey Lady because of its long history and esteemed position in American journalism. Grey is the color most often associated in Europe and America with modesty. Philodendron Philodendron is a large genus of flowering plants in
9088-450: The environment. Hemiepiphytic philodendrons can be classified into two types: primary and secondary hemiepiphytes. A primary hemiepiphytic philodendron starts life high up in the canopy where the seed initially sprouts. The plant then grows as an epiphyte. Once it has reached a sufficient size and age, it will begin producing aerial roots that grow toward the forest floor. Once they reach the forest floor, nutrients can be obtained directly from
9216-530: The family Araceae. The berries often give off odors to attract animals to eat and disperse them. For example, Philodendron alliodorum berries are known to emit an odor similar to that of garlic . The animals that distribute the seeds depends on the species, but some possible dispersers include bats and monkeys . Insects also may be responsible for dispersing seeds, as beetles and wasps have been seen feeding on philodendron berries. Eurytomid wasps also seek out philodendrons and are known to lay their eggs in
9344-453: The fertile female flowers. The entire spathe is then covered in a plastic bag so the water–pollen mixture does not dry out; the bag is removed a few days later. If the inflorescence has not been fertilized, it will fall off, usually within a few weeks. The resins produced during the flowering of Monstera and Philodendron are known to be used by Trigona bees in the construction of their nests. Indigenous people from South America use
9472-478: The flowering. The increased temperature increases the metabolism of the beetles, causing them to move about more within the spathe and increasing the likelihood they will be sufficiently coated with pollen. A sticky resin is also produced in drops attached to the spadix which help to keep the pollen attached to the beetles. This resin producing quality is unique to Philodendron and Monstera , as other genera of Araceae do not produce it on their spadices. The resin
9600-437: The flowers). The nectar attracts ants, with which the plant enjoys a protective symbiotic relationship. Nectaries can be found in a variety of locations on the plant, including the stalks , sheaths, lower surfaces of the leaves, and spathes . The nectaries produce a sweet, sticky substance the ants like to eat and which provides an incentive for them to build their nests amongst the roots of the given philodendron. In some cases,
9728-466: The following website: http://tx4.us/nbs/nbs-g.htm —The ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Colo(u)r Names (1955), a website for stamp collectors to evaluate the colors of their stamps. Poet George Sterling once wrote a poem calling San Francisco the "cool grey city of love" The phrase cool grey as applied to San Francisco refers to the frequent fogs from the Pacific Ocean that envelop the city . Cadet gray
9856-422: The form of calcium oxalate crystals as raphides . The risk of death, if even possible, is extremely low if ingested by an average adult, although its consumption is generally considered unhealthy. In general, the calcium oxalate crystals have a very mild effect on humans , and large quantities have to be consumed for symptoms to even appear. Possible symptoms include increased salivation, a sensation of burning of
9984-408: The golden light on the faces in the paintings. Grey became a highly fashionable color in the 18th century, both for women's dresses and for men's waistcoats and coats. It looked particularly luminous coloring the silk and satin fabrics worn by the nobility and wealthy. Women's fashion in the 19th century was dominated by Paris, while men's fashion was set by London. The grey business suit appeared in
10112-408: The ground below, the plant will begin taking up nutrients from the soil, of which it had been previously deprived. As a result, the plant will quickly morph into its adult leaves and gain in size dramatically. Another quality of philodendrons leaves is they are often quite different in shape and size even between two plants of the same species. As a result of all these different possible leaf shapes, it
10240-520: The hair grows. As hair grows, the melanocyte injects melanin into the hair cells, which contain the protein keratin and which makes up our hair, skin, and nails. As long as the melanocytes continue injecting melanin into the hair cells, the hair retains its original color. At a certain age, however, which varies from person to person, the amount of melanin injected is reduced and eventually stops. The hair, without pigment, turns grey and eventually white. The reason for this decline of production of melanocytes
10368-443: The heat's ability to waft the pheromones into the air. Oxidizing stored carbohydrates and lipids has been found to be the energy source for thermogenesis. The part of the spadix that heats up is the sterile zone. As it heats up, carbohydrates are used, but once the spadix has reached its maximum temperature, lipids are oxidized. The lipids are not first converted to carbohydrates, but rather are directly oxidized. The thermogenic reaction
10496-419: The human eye in equal amounts and with high brightness compared to the surroundings. A white visual stimulation will be void of hue and grayness. White is the lightest possible color. Achromatic grays are colors in which the RGB (red, green, and blue) values are exactly equal. Since achromatic grays have no hue, the hue code (the h in the hsv values of the color) is indicated with a dash. Achromatic grays are
10624-409: The inflorescence both have short lives, which means a large collection of philodendrons is necessary if crossbreeding is to be done successfully. The pollen life can be extended to a few weeks by storing it in film canisters in a refrigerator . Artificial pollination is usually achieved by first mixing the pollen with water. A window is then cut into the spathe and the water-pollen mixture is rubbed on
10752-438: The inflorescence is of great importance in determining the species of a given philodendron, since it tends to be less variable than the leaves. The genus Philodendron could be classified further by means of differentiating them based on the pattern of thermogenesis observed, although this is not currently used. Philodendron diverged from Adelonema and diversified during the late Oligocene , c. 25 million years ago, in
10880-551: The late 1930s, grey became a symbol of industrialization and war. It was the dominant color of Pablo Picasso 's celebrated painting about the horrors of the Spanish Civil War , Guernica . After the war, the grey business suit became a metaphor for uniformity of thought, popularized in such books as The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit (1955), which became a successful film in 1956. The whiteness or darkness of clouds
11008-552: The latter, the cataphylls are prevented from falling off in a timely manner due to the short internodes of the plant. The cataphylls will remain attached, drying out and becoming nothing more than fibers attached at the nodes. In some philodendrons, the cataphylls build up over time and eventually form a wet mass at the nodes. This may keep emerging roots moist and provide some form of lubrication to new leaves. Philodendrons have both aerial and subterranean roots. The aerial roots occur in many shapes and sizes and originate from most of
11136-580: The leaves they eat. Also, in the making of a particular recipe for curare by the Amazonian Taiwanos , the leaves and stems of an unknown philodendron species are used. The leaves and stems are mixed with the bark of Vochysia ferruginea and with some parts of a species in the genus Strychnos . Yet another use of philodendrons is for catching fish . A tribe in the Colombian Amazon is known to use Philodendron craspedodromum to add poison to
11264-411: The market. Payne's grey is a dark blue-grey , a mixture of ultramarine and black or of ultramarine and sienna . It is named after William Payne , a British artist who painted watercolors in the late 18th century. The first recorded use of Payne's grey as a color name in English was in 1835. Grey is a very common color for animals, birds, and fish, ranging in size from whales to mice. It provides
11392-430: The mice died. The same experiment was done with 100 mg of P. cordatum stems on three mice and none of them died. Leaves and flowers of Philodendron sagittifolium were also orally administered in 100-mg doses to the mice. Three mice were used for each of the leaves and flowers; none of the mice died. A similar experiment was done on rats with the leaves and stems of P. cordatum , but instead of oral administration of
11520-488: The mid-19th century in London; light grey in summer, dark grey in winter; replacing the more colorful palette of men's clothing early in the century. The clothing of women working in the factories and workshops of Paris in the 19th century was usually grey. This gave them the name of grisettes . " Gris " or grey also meant drunk, and the name " grisette " was also given to the lower class of Parisian prostitutes. Grey also became
11648-542: The mouth, swelling of the tongue , stomatitis , dysphagia , an inability to speak, and edema . Cases of mild dermatitis due to contact with the leaves have also been reported, with symptoms including vesiculation and erythema . The chemical derivatives of alkenyl resorcinol are believed to be responsible for the dermatitis in some people. Contact with philodendron oils or fluids with the eyes have also been known to result in conjunctivitis . Fatal poisonings are extremely rare; one case of an infant eating small quantities of
11776-418: The only beetles seen to pollinate the inflorescence are in the genera Cyclocephala or Erioscelis . Other smaller types of beetles in the genus Neelia visit the inflorescences, as well, but they are not believed to be involved in pollinating philodendrons. To attract the beetles, the sterile male flowers give off pheromones to attract the male beetles, usually at dusk . This process, female anthesis ,
11904-422: The ovaries of many Philodendron species, resulting in galled inflorescences. Philodendrons exhibit extremely few physical reproductive barriers to prevent hybridization , but very few natural hybrids are found in nature. This may be because philodendrons have many geographic and time barriers to prevent any such cross pollination. For example, it is rare for more than one philodendron species to be flowering at
12032-402: The past due to these differences, causing juvenile and adult plants to mistakenly be classified as different species. The trigger for the transformation to adult leaves can vary considerably. One possible trigger is the height of the plant. Secondary hemiepiphytes start off on the dark forest floor and climb their way up a tree, displaying their juvenile type leaves along the way. Once they reach
12160-409: The pheromones produced by the philodendron flowers. As a result, the male beetles benefit from this relationship with the philodendrons because they do not have to produce pheromones to attract females, since the philodendrons do it for them. Additionally, male beetles benefit because they are ensured of mating with only sexually receptive females, which is not necessarily certain otherwise. In doing so,
12288-445: The philodendron provides male beetles a more efficient way to find females than what they could achieve on their own. Pheromones produced by the philodendrons may be similar to those produced by female beetles when they wish to attract males to mate. Also, the pheromones have a sweet, fruity smell in many species and no noticeable smell for others. Not all beetle behavior directly benefits the philodendrons in this symbiosis: in addition to
12416-410: The philodendron's life, it starts producing adult leaves, a process called metamorphosis . Most philodendrons go through metamorphosis gradually; there is no immediately distinct difference between juvenile and adult leaves. Aside from being typically much bigger than the juvenile leaves, the shape of adult leaves can be significantly different. In fact, considerable taxonomic difficulty has occurred in
12544-413: The pigment melanin , found in the core of each hair. Melanin is also responsible for the color of the skin and of the eyes. There are only two types of pigment: dark ( eumelanin ) or light ( phaeomelanin ). Combined in various combinations, these pigments create all natural hair colors. Melanin itself is the product of a specialized cell, the melanocyte , which is found in each hair follicle , from which
12672-516: The plant's nodes or occasionally from an internode. The size and number of aerial roots per node depends on the presence of a suitable substrate for the roots to attach themselves. Aerial roots serve two primary purposes. They allow the philodendron to attach itself to a tree or other plant, and they allow it to collect water and nutrients. As such, the roots are divided morphologically into these two categories. Aerial roots used for attaching to trees tend to be shorter, more numerous, and sometimes have
12800-504: The poisoning of the fish possibly are coumarins formed during the fermentation process. Some philodendrons are also used for ceremonial purposes. Among the Kubeo tribe, native to Colombia , Philodendron insigne is used by witch doctors to treat ill patients. They use the juice of the spathe to stain their hands red, since many such tribes view the color red as a sign of power. Philodendrons can contain as much as 0.7% of oxalates in
12928-400: The presence of a specific beetle species to achieve pollination. The reverse is not always the case, as many beetle species will pollinate more than one philodendron species. These same beetles could also pollinate other genera outside of philodendron, as well as outside of the family Araceae . The pollinating beetles are males and members of the subfamily Rutelinae and Dynastinae , and to date
13056-403: The red coloration in the spathes. The upper portion of the spathe is called the limb or blade, while the lower portion is called the convolute tube or chamber due to its tubular structure at the base. The spadix is more often than not white and shorter than the spathe. On the spadix are found fertile female, fertile male, and sterile male flowers. The fertile male and female flowers are separated on
13184-439: The reproductive benefits to beetles, the philodendrons provide food in two forms. Pollen from the fertile male flowers is eaten by the beetles throughout the night. Secondly, the sterile male flowers consumed by the beetles are rich in lipids . The male beetles will stay overnight in the spathe, eating and mating throughout the night due to the benefits provided by the spathe and spadix. Typically, five to 12 beetles will be within
13312-473: The resin from the bees' nests to make their blowguns air- and watertight. Though they contain calcium oxalate crystals, the berries of some species are eaten by the locals. For example, the sweet white berries of Thaumatophyllum bipinnatifidum are known to be used. Additionally, the aerial roots are also used for rope in this particular species. The leaves of philodendrons are also known to be eaten by Venezuelan red howler monkeys, making up 3.1% of all
13440-424: The response from women was almost the same. According to color historian Eva Heller, "grey is too weak to be considered masculine, but too menacing to be considered a feminine color. It is neither warm nor cold, neither material or spiritual . With grey, nothing seems to be decided." It also denotes undefinedness and ambiguity , as in a grey area . Grey is the color most commonly associated in many cultures with
13568-448: The rooting, cuttings should be kept out of direct sunlight. Once rooted, the plants can be transplanted to larger pots or directly outside in milder climates. Stem cuttings, particularly from trailing varieties, can be rooted in water. In four to five weeks, the plant should develop roots and can be transferred to pots. Philodendrons can also propagate through air layering which is a more advanced method of propagation that involves creating
13696-623: The same time or to be pollinated by the same species of beetles. The beetles have also been observed to be selective to the height of the plant they pollinate, which would serve as an additional preventive measure to make hybrids less likely. Because of these outside barriers, philodendrons may not have had to evolve physical mechanisms to prevent cross-pollination. Hybrids in nature are only rarely reported. When found, these hybrids often can show remarkable genetic relationships. Crosses between two philodendrons in different sections can occur successfully. Philodendrons are known to have been collected from
13824-433: The soil. In this manner, the plant's strategy is to obtain light early in its life at the expense of nutrients. Some primary epiphytic species have a symbiotic relationship with ants. In these species, the ants' nest is grown amongst the plant's roots, which help keep the nest together. Philodendrons have extrafloral nectaries , glands that secrete nectar to attract the ants. The philodendron, in turn, obtains nutrients from
13952-481: The spadix by a sterile zone or staminodal region composed of sterile male flowers. This barrier of sterile male flowers ensures fertile male flowers do not fertilize the female flowers. The arrangement tends to be vertical, with fertile male flowers at the top of the spadix followed by sterile male flowers, and fertile female flowers very close to the bottom in the region known as the spathe tube or chamber. In some philodendrons, an additional region of sterile male flowers
14080-425: The spathe begins to close from the bottom, working its way up and forcing the beetles to move up and across the upper region of the spathe, where the fertile male flowers are located. In doing so, the philodendron controls when the beetles come and when they leave and forces them to rub against the top of the spadix where the pollen is located as they exit, thus ensuring they are well-coated with pollen. One would expect
14208-404: The spathe throughout the night. Rarely, cases of 200 beetles at a time have been observed and almost always the beetles are of the same species. Another feature of this symbiotic relationship, less well understood, is the series of events in which the spadix begins to heat up prior to the spathe opening up for the beetles. This process is known as thermogenesis . By the time the spathe is open and
14336-435: The spathe. The spathe provides a safe breeding area for the beetles. As such, the male beetles are often followed by female beetles with the intent of mating with the males within the spathe. The philodendrons benefit from this symbiotic relationship because the males will eventually leave the spathe covered in pollen and repeat the process at another philodendron, pollinating it in the process and thus providing philodendrons
14464-489: The stem and base of the leaf meet. In philodendrons, cataphylls typically fall into two categories: deciduous and persistent types. A deciduous cataphyll curls away from the leaf once it has formed, eventually turning brown and drying out, and finally falling off the plant, leaving a scar on the stem where it was attached. Deciduous cataphylls are typically found on vining philodendrons, whereas persistent cataphylls are typical of epiphytic philodendrons or appressed climbers. In
14592-429: The stem. A quality of philodendrons is that they do not have a single type of leaf on the same plant. Instead, they have juvenile leaves and adult leaves, which can be drastically different from one another. The leaves of seedling philodendrons are usually heart-shaped early in the life of the plant. But after it has matured past the seedling stage, the leaves will acquire the typical juvenile leaf's shape and size. Later in
14720-522: The surrounding ant nest, and the aggressive nature of the ants serves to protect the plant from other insects which would eat it. Secondary hemiepiphytes start life on the ground or on part of a tree trunk very close to the ground, where the seeds sprout. These philodendrons have their roots in the ground early in their lives. They then begin climbing up a tree and eventually may become completely epiphytic, doing away with their subterranean roots. Secondary hemiepiphytes do not always start their lives close to
14848-415: The temperature of the spadix will peak on the arrival of the beetles, then decrease, and finally increase reaching a maximum once again when the philodendron is ready for the beetles to leave. Other species, though, only show a maximum temperature on the arrival of the beetles, which remains roughly constant for about a day, and then steadily decreases. A few species will show three peaks in temperature during
14976-464: The toxicity of philodendrons in cats , the evidence is conflicting. In one study, 72 cases of cat poisonings were examined, of which 37 resulted in the death of the cat. The symptoms of the poisoned cats included excitability, spasms , seizures , kidney failure , and encephalitis . However, in another study, three cats were tube fed Philodendron cordatum and showed no signs of acute poisoning. In this study, two adult cats and one kitten were fed
15104-718: The trunks of trees with the aid of aerial roots . Philodendrons usually distinguish themselves in their environment by their large numbers compared to other plants, making them a highly noticeable component of the ecosystems in which they are found. They are found in great numbers in road clearings. Philodendrons can also be found in Australia , some Pacific islands , Africa and Asia , although they are not indigenous and were introduced or accidentally escaped. Philodendrons can be grown outdoors in mild climates in shady spots. They thrive in moist soils with high organic matter. In milder climates, they can be grown in pots of soil or in
15232-406: The two shades (128, also known as #808080), due to rounding up. Until the 19th century, artists traditionally created grey by simply combining black and white. Rembrandt Van Rijn , for instance, usually used lead white and either carbon black or ivory black , along with touches of either blues or reds to cool or warm the grey. In the early 19th century, a new grey, Payne's grey , appeared on
15360-435: The water, temporarily stunning the fish, which rise up to the surface, where they can be easily scooped up. To add the poison to the water, the leaves are cut into pieces and tied together to form bundles, which are allowed to ferment for a few days. The bundles are crushed and added to the water into which the poison will dissipate. Although the toxicity of Philodendron craspedodromum is not fully known, active ingredients in
15488-425: The wild as early as 1644 by Georg Marcgraf , but the first partly successful scientific attempt to collect and classify the genus was done by Charles Plumier . Plumier collected approximately six species from the islands of Martinique , Hispaniola , and St. Thomas . Since then, many exploration attempts have been made to collect new species by others. These include those by N.J. Jacquin who collected new species in
15616-555: Was a Crayola crayon color from 1958 to 1990. Glaucous (from the Latin glaucus , meaning "bluish-gray", from the Greek glaukos ) is used to describe the pale gray or blue appearance of the surfaces of some plants, as well as in the names of birds, such as the glaucous gull ( Larus hyperboreus ), glaucous-winged gull ( Larus glaucescens ), glaucous macaw ( Anodorhynchus glaucus ), and glaucous tanager ( Thraupis glaucocolpa ). Slate gray
15744-453: Was a particularly good background color for gold and for skin tones. It became the most common background for the portraits of Rembrandt van Rijn and for many of the paintings of El Greco , who used it to highlight the faces and costumes of the central figures. The palette of Rembrandt was composed almost entirely of somber colors. He composed his warm greys out of black pigments made from charcoal or burnt animal bones, mixed with lead white or
15872-411: Was also frequently used for the drawing of oil paintings, a technique called grisaille . The painting would first be composed in grey and white, and then the colors, made with thin transparent glazes, would be added on top. The grisaille beneath would provide the shading, visible through the layers of color. Sometimes, the grisaille was simply left uncovered, giving the appearance of carved stone. Grey
16000-550: Was confusion, and sometimes soldiers fired by mistake at soldiers of their own army. On June 6, 1861, the Confederate government issued regulations standardizing the army uniform and establishing cadet grey as the uniform color. This was (and still is) the color of the uniform of cadets at the United States Military Academy at West Point, and cadets at the Virginia Military Institute , which produced many officers for
16128-514: Was in 700 AD. The distinction between grey and gray spellings in usual Commonwealth and American English respectively developed c. the 20th century. In antiquity and the Middle Ages , grey was the color of undyed wool, and thus was the color most commonly worn by peasants and the poor. It was also the color worn by Cistercian monks and friars of the Franciscan and Capuchin orders as
16256-576: Was less visible at a distance than the previous German uniforms, which were Prussian blue . It was one of the first uniform colors to be chosen for its camouflage value, important in the new age of smokeless powder and more accurate rifles and machine guns. It gave the Germans a distinct advantage at the beginning of the First World War, when the French soldiers were dressed in blue jackets and red trousers. The Finnish Army also began using grey uniforms on
16384-644: Was proposed that Philodendron subg. Meconostigma be recognized as a separate genus, Thaumatophyllum . The genus Philodendron can also be subdivided into several sections and subsections. Section Baursia , section Philopsammos , section Philodendron (subsections Achyropodium , Canniphyllium , Macrolonchium , Philodendron , Platypodium , Psoropodium and Solenosterigma ), section Calostigma (subsections Bulaoana , Eucardium, Glossophyllum , Macrobelium and Oligocarpidium ), section Tritomophyllum , section Schizophyllum , section Polytomium , section Macrogynium and section Camptogynium . Typically,
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