Misplaced Pages

#233766

48-398: The Sisters were formed by Bopape, also a talent scout, at EMI South Africa. The group was named after Alexandra Township , known at the time as "Dark City" due to its lack of street lighting. The early line-up included Joyce Mogatusi, Francisca Mngomezulu, Irene Mawela , Hilda Mogapi, Kate Olene, and Esther Khoza. The group's close harmonies were often combined with a single male vocalist, at

96-648: A discussion of the ANC's ability to channel and direct the popular anger.") The Hector Pieterson Memorial and Museum opened in Soweto in 2002, not far from the spot that the 12-year-old Hector was shot on the 16 June 1976. The UN Security Council passed Resolution 392 , which strongly condemned the incident and the apartheid government. A week after the uprising began, US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger met South African State President Vorster in West Germany to discuss

144-472: A farmer, a Mr H.B. Papenfus, who tried to establish a white residential township there, naming it after his wife, Alexandra. However, because it was (at the time) a considerable distance from the centre of Johannesburg, this was not a great success. Consequently, in 1912, Alexandra was proclaimed as a so-called "native township". Because the township was proclaimed before the South African 1913 Land Act , it

192-817: A key moment in the fight against apartheid as it sparked renewed opposition against apartheid in South Africa both domestically and internationally. In remembrance of these events, 16 June is a public holiday in South Africa, named Youth Day. Internationally, 16 June is known as The Day of the African Child (DAC) . Black South African high school students in Soweto protested against the Afrikaans Medium Decree of 1974, which forced all black schools to use Afrikaans and English in equal terms as languages of instruction. The association of Afrikaans with apartheid prompted black South Africans to prefer English. Even

240-542: A lack of resources and proper management. When the National Party came into power in 1948 and started to implement its policy of apartheid , Alexandra was put under the direct control of the then Department of Native Affairs. In the early 1960s, the government decided to demolish all family accommodation in Alexandra and replace them with single-sex hostels, which led to widespread resistance and protest. However, owing to

288-460: A mass funeral for a number of the victims, swept through Soweto and broke up other services being held, including one at Regina Mundi Roman Catholic, where tear gas canisters were thrown into a bus containing mourners. A service at Avalon Cemetery at which thousands were reported to have gathered was also dispersed with tear gas and armored vehicles. Tear gas was also reported to have been dropped from helicopters on processions and crowds. Images of

336-557: A meeting on 13 June 1976 to discuss what should be done. Students formed an Action Committee, later known as the Soweto Students' Representative Council, which organised a mass rally for 16 June to make themselves heard. On the morning of 16 June 1976, between 3,000 and 20,000 black students walked from their schools to Orlando Stadium for a rally to protest having to learn in Afrikaans in school. Many students who later participated in

384-634: A photography project with 190 of the youth of Alexandra. It resulted in a book, alexandra: our view of ekasi. In June/July 2008 the grassroots photographic project Shooting Jozi inspired by the Academy award-winning documentary Born into Brothels took place in Alexandra with local community members. In May 2008 a series of xenophobic attacks that took place throughout South Africa started in Alexandra Township. Foreigners including Zimbabweans, Mozambicans, Congolese, and even some South Africans from

432-403: A resident telephoned a reporter to say, "The police are shooting left and right. They just shot an old man. They are shooting at everyone, everything". The UDF leader Frank Chikane described the police actions "as if entering enemy territory, with guns blazing." Minister of Information Louis Nel later came under fire for stating at a press conference, "Let there be no misunderstanding regarding

480-587: A surge of recruits joined. Many white South Africans were outraged at the government's actions in Soweto. The day after the massacre, about 400 white students from the University of the Witwatersrand marched through Johannesburg's city centre in protest of the killing of children. Black workers went on strike as well and joined them as the campaign progressed. Riots also broke out in the black townships of other cities in South Africa. Student organisations directed

528-635: A time when most bands consisted of a female lead backed up by a group of men. In their early days the Sisters were fronted by vocalist Jack Lerole and later by Simon "Mahlathini" Nkabinde . Their backing band was Alexandra Black Mambazo. The new style of the Dark City Sisters proved very popular and they enjoyed several hits during the 1960s, also touring South Africa and neighbouring countries. Membership changed frequently, with group vocalists such as Francisca Mngomezulu and Caroline Kapentar later singing for

SECTION 10

#1733093932234

576-479: The Bantustan regimes chose English and an indigenous African language as official languages. In addition, English was gaining prominence as the language most often used in commerce and industry. The 1974 decree was intended to force the reverse of the decline of Afrikaans among black Africans. The Afrikaner -dominated government used the clause of the 1909 Union of South Africa Act that recognised only English and Dutch,

624-539: The 1998 Media Awards of the One World International Broadcasting Trust and was highly commended at the 1998 Prix Italia radio awards. In May 1999, it was rebroadcast by BBC Radio 4 as The Death of Apartheid with a fresh introduction that provided added historical context for a British audience by Anthony Sampson , a former editor of Drum magazine and the author of the authorised biography (1999) of Nelson Mandela. Sampson linked extracts from

672-472: The Afrikaans Medium Decree. English would be the medium of instruction for general science and practical subjects (homecraft, needlework, woodwork, metalwork, art, agricultural science). Indigenous languages would be used only for religious instruction, music, and physical culture. The decree was resented deeply by the black population. Desmond Tutu , the bishop of Lesotho , stated that Afrikaans

720-468: The Mahotella Queens. Lead singer Joyce Mogatusi remained the only consistent link throughout the Dark City Sisters line-up. The second-longest serving member was Grace Msika, who joined the group in 1960. The group dissolved in 1971 for a short time, before reforming in the middle 1970s, primarily as a live performing group although contracted at various points to Gallo-Mavuthela, EMI and CCP. The 1980s

768-481: The Ulwazi Educational Radio Project of Johannesburg compiled an hour-long radio documentary 20 years after the uprising portraying the events of 16 June entirely from the perspective of people living in Soweto at the time. Many of the students who planned or joined the uprising, as well as other witnesses, took part, including the photographer Peter Magubane , the reporter Sophie Tema and Tim Wilson,

816-509: The age of 75. She had been a part of the Dark City Sisters for 53 years. Alexandra, Gauteng Alexandra , informally abbreviated to Alex , is a township in the Gauteng province of South Africa. It forms part of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality and is located next to the wealthy suburb of Sandton . Alexandra is bounded by Wynberg on the west, Marlboro and Kelvin on

864-537: The bloodshed had abated by the end of 1976, when the death toll had stood at more than 600. The continued clashes in Soweto caused economic instability. The South African rand devalued fast, and the government was plunged into a crisis. The African National Congress printed and distributed leaflets with the slogan "Free Mandela, Hang Vorster". It immediately linked the language issue to its revolutionary heritage and programme and helped to establish its leading role. (See Baruch Hirson 's "Year of Fire, Year of Ash", for

912-528: The considerable number of additional people moving into Alexandra during this time, led to a new area called the "East Bank" being built. Because of the insufficient capacity and difficult maintenance of the newly built infrastructure, the situation quickly deteriorated and thus the "Urban Renewal Plan" was shelved in 1990. During the communal and political conflicts that took place in the 1991–1992 period, many people were killed, injured or displaced. This led to several peace initiatives, which were greatly assisted by

960-472: The doctors refused to create the list. The Doctors recorded bullet wounds as abscesses . 1,500 armed police officers were deployed to Soweto on 17 June carrying weapons, including automatic rifles, stun guns, and carbines. They drove around in armoured vehicles with helicopters monitoring the area from above. The South African Army was also ordered on standby as a tactical measure to show military force. Crowd control methods used by South African police at

1008-576: The emergence of street committees and peoples' courts. After the imposition of the nationwide state of emergency in June, the Defence Force moved in to keep the peace. In its place, the government introduced the "Urban Renewal Plan" as part of its strategy during the state of emergency. However, this plan led to considerable demolitions, disruptions and displacement in the community as well as two treason trials involving 13 leaders of Alexandra. This, combined with

SECTION 20

#1733093932234

1056-782: The energy and anger of the youth toward political resistance. Students in Thembisa organised a successful and nonviolent solidarity march, but a similar protest held in Kagiso led to police stopping a group of participants, forcing them to retreat, and killing at least five people while reinforcements were awaited. The violence died down only on 18 June. The University of Zululand 's records and administration buildings were set ablaze, and 33 people died in incidents in Port Elizabeth in August. In Cape Town , 92 people died between August and September. Most of

1104-432: The figure to 12. The South African Information Bureau claimed that police opened fire on two occasions, one after a grenade had been tossed at police and wounded four policemen. Residents said that the fighting started when local officials sought to evict tenants who had been refusing to pay their rents for two months as part of a mass boycott. Security forces were said to have initially used tear gas to disperse crowds. Later,

1152-575: The first fully democratic South African elections in April 1994. To assist in renewing and uplift the community, the Alexandra Renewal Project was launched in 2000. The project has caused clashes between residents and companies, including SA Waste Holdings (Pty) Ltd , a waste disposal company based in nearby Marlboro . Approximately 3,000 houses have been built for relocation purposes to date. In August 2006 an American business student conducted

1200-752: The high costs, lack of alternative housing for the persons that would have to have been removed and the escalating opposition led by the Reverend Sam Buti's "Save Alexandra Party", only two hostels were actually completed, and so the scheme was cancelled in 1979. The riots that started in Soweto in June 1976 quickly spread to other areas such as Alexandra, where 19 people were killed. As a consequence of these riots, evictions, forced removals and expropriation of black properties were stopped; city blacks were no longer viewed as transient residents and their permanent status used to be recognised. Finally, in 1982, Alexandra

1248-535: The latter being replaced by Afrikaans in 1925, as official languages as its pretext. All schools had to provide instruction in both Afrikaans and English as languages, but white South African students learned other subjects in their home language . The Regional Director of Bantu Education (Northern Transvaal Region), J.G. Erasmus, told Circuit Inspectors and Principals of Schools that from 1 January 1975, Afrikaans had to be used for mathematics, arithmetic, and social studies from standard five (7th grade), according to

1296-543: The march, only to find out that police had barricaded the road along their intended route. The leader of the action committee asked the crowd not to provoke the police, and the march continued on another route and eventually ended up near Orlando High School. The crowd of between 3,000 and 10,000 students made its way towards the area of the school. Students sang and waved placards with slogans such as, "Down with Afrikaans", "Viva Azania " and "If we must do Afrikaans, Vorster must do Zulu ". The police set their trained dog on

1344-1040: The medium of instruction among the Black people as well?... No, I have not consulted them and I am not going to consult them. I have consulted the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa...." A change in language of instruction forced the students to focus on understanding the language, instead of the subject material. That made critical analysis of the content difficult and discouraged critical thinking. The resentment grew until 30 April 1976, when children at Orlando West Junior School in Soweto went on strike and refused to go to school. Their rebellion then spread to many other schools in Soweto. Black South African students protested because they believed that they deserved to be treated and taught like white South Africans. Also, very few people in Soweto spoke Afrikaans. A student from Morris Isaacson High School , Teboho "Tsietsi" Mashinini , proposed

1392-453: The north living there were attacked. The Vodacom League soccer (football) team Alexandra United plays there. Notable residents of Alexandra included: Soweto uprising The Soweto uprising , also known as the Soweto riots , was a series of demonstrations and protests led by black school children in South Africa during apartheid that began on the morning of 16 June 1976. Students from various schools began to protest in

1440-480: The north, Kew , Lombardy West and Lombardy East on the south. Alexandra is one of the poorest urban areas in the country. Alexandra is situated on the banks of the Jukskei River . In addition to its original, reasonably well-built houses, it also has a large number (estimated at more than 20,000) of informal dwellings or "shacks" called imikhukhu. Alexandra was established in 1912, on land originally owned by

1488-405: The official outposts of the state. The violence had abated by nightfall. Police vans and armoured vehicles patrolled the streets throughout the night. Emergency clinics were swamped with injured and bloody children. The police requested for the hospital to provide a list of all victims with bullet wounds to prosecute them for rioting. The hospital administrator passed the request to the doctors, but

Dark City Sisters - Misplaced Pages Continue

1536-600: The protest arrived at schools that morning without prior knowledge of the protest but agreed to become involved. The protest was planned by the Soweto Students' Representative Council's (SSRC) Action Committee, with support from the wider Black Consciousness Movement . Teachers in Soweto also supported the march after the Action Committee emphasized good discipline and peaceful actions. Tsietsi Mashinini led students from Morris Isaacson High School to join up with others who walked from Naledi High School . The students began

1584-452: The protesters, who responded by killing it. The police then began to shoot directly at the children. Among the first students to be shot dead were the 15-year-old Hastings Ndlovu and the 12-year-old Hector Pieterson , who were shot at Orlando West High School. The photographer Sam Nzima took a photograph of a dying Hector Pieterson as he was carried away by Mbuyisa Makhubo and accompanied by his sister, Antoinette Peterson, which became

1632-409: The real issue at stake. It is not the rental issue, it is not the presence of security forces in black residential areas, it is not certain remembrance days, it is not school programs. The violent overthrow of the South African state is the issue." As retaliation, a black town councilor was killed the following day, hacked to death by a mob. On September 4, police filled a stadium with tear gas to stop

1680-422: The riots spread all over the world and shocked millions. The photograph of Hector Pieterson's dead body, as captured by the photojournalist Sam Nzima , caused outrage and brought down international condemnation on the apartheid government. The Soweto riots were depicted in the 1987 film by the director Richard Attenborough , Cry Freedom and in the 1992 musical film Sarafina! and the musical production of

1728-548: The same name by Mbongeni Ngema . The riots also inspired the novel A Dry White Season by Andre Brink and a 1989 movie of the same title . The uprising also featured in the 2003 film Stander about the notorious bank robber and former police captain Andre Stander . The lyrics of the song " Soweto Blues " by Hugh Masekela and Miriam Makeba describe the Soweto Uprising and the children's part in it. In June 1996,

1776-713: The situation in Rhodesia , but the Soweto uprising did not feature in the discussions. Kissinger and Vorster met again in Pretoria in September 1976, with students in Soweto and elsewhere protesting his visit and being fired on by police. On the night of 26 August 1986, the police opened fire on a demonstration in the White City locale. They killed between 20 and 25 people, possibly more, and wounded over 60. The South African government officially claimed that 11 people had died but later raised

1824-481: The streets of the Soweto township in response to the introduction of Afrikaans , considered by many blacks as the "language of the oppressor", as the medium of instruction in black schools. It is estimated that 20,000 students took part in the protests. They were met with fierce police brutality , and many were shot and killed. The number of pupils killed in the uprising is usually estimated as 176, but some sources estimate as many as 700 fatalities. The riots were

1872-444: The symbol of the Soweto uprising. The police attacks on the demonstrators continued, and 23 people died on the first day in Soweto. Among them was Melville Edelstein . He was stoned to death by the mob and left with a sign around his neck proclaiming, "Beware Afrikaans is the most dangerous drug for our future". The violence escalated, as bottle stores and beer halls, seen as outposts of the apartheid government, were targeted, as were

1920-423: The time included mainly dispersement techniques. Hundreds of people were arrested, including activist Connie Mofokeng , who was tortured for information. The number of people who died is usually given as 176, with estimates up to 700. The original government figure claimed only 23 students were killed, with the number of wounded estimated to be over 1,000 people. Black students also killed two white people during

1968-422: The uprising, one of them Melville Edelstein . The clashes occurred while the South African government was being forced to "transform" apartheid in international eyes towards a more "benign" form. In October 1976, Transkei , the first Bantustan , was proclaimed "independent" by the government. That attempt to showcase supposed South African "commitment" to self-determination backfired, however, since Transkei

Dark City Sisters - Misplaced Pages Continue

2016-464: The violent "Alex Six Days" uprising in February 1986. The uprising resulted from an attack by the security forces on a funeral in the township. 40 people were killed. The Alexandra Township Committee, led by trade unionist Moses Mayekiso , were arrested and beaten. Mayekiso was only released following a strike by metal workers. By May the council started collapsing and the councillors resigned which saw

2064-495: The white doctor who pronounced Pieterson dead in Baragwanath Hospital. The programme was broadcast on SABC and on a number of local radio stations throughout South Africa. The following year, BBC Radio 4 and BBC World Service broadcast a revised version containing fresh interviews, The Day Apartheid Died . The programme was runner-up at the 1998 European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO) TV & Radio Awards and also at

2112-642: Was "the language of the oppressor." Also, teacher organizations, such as the African Teachers Association of South Africa, objected to the decree. Punt Janson, the Deputy Minister of Bantu Education, was quoted as saying: "A Black man may be trained to work on a farm or in a factory. He may work for an employer who is either English-speaking or Afrikaans-speaking and the man who has to give him instructions may be either English-speaking or Afrikaans-speaking. Why should we now start quarrelling about

2160-413: Was a decade in which very few recordings of new material were made, with most of their time taken up by concert performances. By the 1990s and early 2000s, following the explosion of international interest in South African music, the Sisters were fully immersed in concert appearances in the country and continued to make one-off recordings. In July 2012, group leader Joyce Mogatusi died from heart failure at

2208-424: Was given the official status of a residential area and the then Alexandra liaison committee, led by Rev Buti, was instituted to run the township. In 1980 a "Master Plan" for Alexandra was introduced, whose aim was to transform Alexandra into a "Garden City" with a completely new layout. However, only a small part of this plan was actually ever implemented; the execution of the "Master Plan" was permanently stopped by

2256-515: Was internationally derided as a puppet state . For the government, the uprising marked the most fundamental challenge yet to apartheid. The economic and political instability that it caused was heightened by the strengthening international boycott. It would be 14 years before Nelson Mandela was released, but the state could never restore the relative peace and social stability of the early 1970s, as black resistance grew. The liberation movements that were either weakened or exiled gained new momentum as

2304-567: Was one of the few urban areas in the country where black people could own land under a freehold title . By 1916, the population of Alexandra had grown to 30,000 people. The Alexandra Health Committee was established to manage the township. However, the Committee was not allowed to collect local taxes, nor was the Johannesburg City Council willing to take responsibility for an area that it claimed fell outside its jurisdiction, leading to

#233766