68-576: Daniels Park is a former working ranch in Douglas County, Colorado , United States. The park is one of the Denver Mountain Parks and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. It is located along Douglas County Road 67 northeast of Sedalia and east of Castle Pines . The modern-day park may have been the site of Kit Carson 's last campfire and includes a memorial to
136-426: A college or university campus, a tribe, or any other organization that can provide startup funds, insurance, and volunteer workers. A powwow committee consists of several individuals who do all the planning before the event. If a pow wow has a sponsor, such as a tribe, college , or organization, many or all members of the committee may come from that group. The committee is responsible for recruiting and hiring
204-407: A host drum, which is accorded great respect. The members of drum groups are often family, extended family, or friends. Groups are then often named for families, geographic locations, tribal societies, or more colorful names. Many groups display their names on jackets, caps, vehicles, and chairs. Traditionally, only men would drum and women would sit behind the men, singing high harmonies. Beginning in
272-542: A 3,400-acre privately owned property which forms a 12,000-acre open space with the Highlands Ranch Backcountry and Daniels Park . The area is host to a variety of animals and the Cherokee Ranch petrified forest . The Prairie Canyon Ranch , at 4620 CO-83 , about 10 miles (16 km) south of Franktown , is a Douglas County Open Space. It is a working cattle ranch on 978 acres (3.96 km ), open to
340-497: A 70-acre area of northern Daniels Park, which Denver set aside for exclusive Native American use in 1977; this grant was extended for 25 years in 1997. Management of the Tall Bull Memorial Grounds is coordinated by the intertribal Tall Bull Memorial Council, which hosts an annual pow wow on Labor Day Weekend . From the late 1990s onward, Denver and Douglas County coordinated on improving the park's accessibility due to
408-476: A different step to be used during them, but are open for dancers of any style. In addition to the open dances, contest dances for a particular style and age group are often held, with the top winners receiving a cash prize. To compete in a contest, the dancer must be in regalia appropriate for the competition. Larger pow wows have more specific categories. The dance categories vary somewhat by region, but general categories are as follows: Normal intertribal dancing
476-402: A drum to indicate his request for a song even if it is not that drum group's turn to sing. In some regions, it is considered disrespectful to leave a drum completely unattended. Some drum groups do not allow females to sit down at their drum but welcome them to stand behind the drummers and sing backup harmonies; the reasons for this point vaguely to a variety of tribal stories that attempt to tell
544-399: A family was $ 88,482 (these figures had risen to $ 93,819 and $ 102,767, respectively, as of a 2007 estimate ). Males had a median income of $ 60,729 versus $ 38,965 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 34,848. About 1.6% of families and 2.1% of the population were below the poverty line , including 1.9% of those under age 18 and 3.7% of those age 65 or over. Douglas County had
612-661: A number of national periodicals: 39°21′N 104°56′W / 39.35°N 104.93°W / 39.35; -104.93 Pow wow A powwow (also pow wow or pow-wow ) is a gathering with dances held by many Native American and First Nations communities. Powwows today are an opportunity for Indigenous people to socialize, dance, sing, and honor their cultures. Powwows may be private or public, indoors or outdoors. Dancing events can be competitive with monetary prizes. Powwows vary in length from single-day to weeklong events. In mainstream American culture, such as 20th-century Western movies or by military personnel,
680-432: A pow-wow. In many cases, the head dancers are also responsible for leading the dancers during songs, and often dancers will not enter the arena unless the head dancers are already out dancing. The singers perform while singing. Host drummers are responsible for leading songs at the beginning and end of a pow-wow session, typically starting with a grand entry song, followed by a flag song, veterans or victory song. To conclude
748-625: A respected member of the community to deliver an invocation. The host drum that did not perform the Grand Entry song will then perform a Flag Song, followed by a Victory or Veterans' Song, during which the flags and staffs are placed at the MC's table. The styles and types of dances at a pow wow are descended from the traditions of the Great Plains nations of Canada and the United States . Besides those for
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#1732863312132816-463: A sandstone mesa . It is the Denver Mountain Parks system's sole prairie park. Much of the park is inaccessible to the public due to the presence of a herd of bison . Elk also roam the park's grounds. Daniels Park is east of the community of Castle Pines , though the developments do not impair the park's westward views. Highlands Ranch borders the park to the north. U.S. Route 85 runs to
884-398: A shortened chorus. Sometimes a drum group will sing the song more than four times, particularly when the song feels good and the singers seize the moment for an extra pushup or two (or more), or when a dancer blows a whistle or passes his staff or fan over the drum to signal that the song is to be continued four extra pushups while he prays. Singing differs by region in that a high falsetto
952-453: Is an individual activity, but there are also couples and group dances. Couples dances include the two step and owl dance . During a two step, each couple follows the lead of the head dancers, forming a line behind them. In contrast, in an owl dance, each couple dances alone. Group dances include the Snake and Buffalo dance, where the group dances to mimic the motions of a snake at the beginning of
1020-584: Is often covered by either a committee-built arbor or tent, or each group, particularly the MC and the drums, will provide their own. While most of the time, a tent provides shelter from the sun, rain can also plague outdoor events. It is particularly important to protect the drums used by the drum groups, as they are sensitive to temperature changes and, if it rains, they cannot get wet. Most vendors provide their own tents or shelters at an outdoor pow wow. Pow-wow etiquette includes guidelines regarding acceptable behavior, such as rules for photography and protocol during
1088-492: Is often set up as a series of large circles. The center circle is the dance arena , outside of which is a larger circle consisting of the MC's table, drum groups, and sitting areas for dancers and their families. Beyond these two circles for participants is an area for spectators, while outside of all are designated areas with vendor's booths, where one can buy food, music, jewelry, souvenirs, arts and crafts, beadwork, leather, and regalia supplies. At outdoor pow wows, this circle
1156-399: Is owned by Douglas County. In June 2022, Douglas County's commissioners issued a proposal to take over Daniels Park in retaliation against Denver following a May vote by Denver city council to prohibit carrying concealed weapons in city parks. The effort was led by Douglas County commissioner George Teal and opposed by fellow commissioner Lora Thomas. The payment required to acquire the park
1224-493: Is particularly evident in intertribal songs, such as the AIM Song , which cannot be biased towards a certain language . The song structure consists of four pushups , singing through the chorus and verse four times. In each chorus, the melody is introduced or led off by the lead singer, who is then seconded by another singer. The second singer begins to vary the melody before the leader's first line ends. They are then joined by
1292-528: Is served by Douglas County School District RE-1 , which covers the entire county. It is the third-largest school district in Colorado. In addition to traditional neighborhood schools, the district includes sixteen charter schools, four option schools, and an online school . Schools are rated generally high in the area. The University Center at Chaparral in Parker offers courses through Arapahoe Community College ,
1360-402: Is used in the north, while in the south, a lower range is used. "To the unfamiliar listener, Indian singing sounds exotic, different, and difficult to comprehend," and the contrast in the quality or timbre of voice used in traditional Indian and European music may have much to do with that difficulty. However, "to the trained ear, melodies flow, ascend and descend" while dancers react to changes in
1428-467: The 2020 Census , the population was 357,978. The county is named in honor of U.S. Senator Stephen A. Douglas . The county seat is Castle Rock . Douglas County is part of the Denver – Aurora – Lakewood metropolitan statistical area . It is located midway between Colorado's two largest cities, Denver and Colorado Springs , and contains a portion of Aurora, the state's third-largest city. Douglas County has
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#17328633121321496-623: The Cherokee Ranch petrified forest —in the modern-day Daniels Park area. Florence Martin , an Australian-American philanthropist, made two donations of her ranch's land totaling around 1,000 acres (400 ha) that became Daniels Park. William Cooke Daniels–a major and owner of the Daniels & Fisher department store in Denver–and his wife, Cicely Banner Daniels, both died in 1918. The store's ownership passed to store president Charles MacAllister Willcox and Martin (a friend of Cicely). Martin purchased
1564-568: The U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 844 square miles (2,190 km ), of which 841 square miles (2,180 km ) are land and 2.6 square miles (6.7 km ) (0.3%) are covered by water. Three state parks fall within Douglas County: Castlewood Canyon State Park , Chatfield State Park and Roxborough State Park . Parts of the county lie within the Pike National Forest and were crossed by
1632-668: The University of Colorado Denver , University College of the University of Denver , and the Douglas County School District. The University of Phoenix has a campus in Lone Tree. The county was home to its own university, the University of Colorado South Denver in Lone Tree, but it permanently closed in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and financial concerns. The Douglas County Libraries system has seven branches throughout
1700-554: The highest median household income of any Colorado county or statistical equivalent. It is ranked seventh nationally in that category. Douglas County is lightly wooded, mostly with ponderosa pine , with broken terrain characterized by mesas, foothills , and small streams. Cherry Creek and Plum Creek rise in Douglas County and flow north toward Denver and into the South Platte River . Both were subject to flash flooding in
1768-404: The "Hot Five" method five beats are used, with the first hard beat four beats before the second, after which the beats alternate. To understand drum protocol, a drum may be thought of as a person or being and is to be regarded and respected as such. Drum etiquette is highly important. There are regional variations. The drum is the central symbol of Oklahoma pow wows and is located in the center of
1836-528: The "first" pow wow. Initially, public dances that most resemble what are now known as pow wows were most common in the Great Plains region of the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a time when the United States government destroyed many Native communities in the hopes of acquiring land for economic exploitation. In 1923, Charles H. Burke , Commissioner of Indian Affairs in
1904-439: The "hard beats" used to indicate sections of the song. The "traditional method" consists of a pronounced strike by all singers every other beat. These may appear in the first or second line of a song, the end of a section, before the repetition of a song. A cluster of three hard beats (on consecutive beats) may be used at the end of a series of hard beats, while a few beats in the first line of a song indicate performer enthusiasm. In
1972-562: The Denver and Douglas County governments. Earlier in the year, a crime wave was reported in the park, including substantial amounts of graffiti, litter, open campfires. The damage to the park proved expensive, leading the Denver Mountain Park Rangers and Douglas County Sheriff to introducing additional fences and patrols in the park; teenagers were suspected in the damage. The park is under the city's ownership, while Daniels Park Road
2040-594: The Genesee and Daniels Park herds have become sources of bison for Native Americans , including to the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes in Oklahoma . While the bison had been previously auctioned, Denver began donating yearlings to selected tribes in 2022. Richard Tall Bull, a Cheyenne , pressed Denver to procure a space where the city's Native American community could have exclusive access to permit ceremonies and celebrations. He chose
2108-437: The Grand Entry. Common practices emphasize respect for participants and traditions. The clothing worn by participants is referred to as 'regalia' and should not be called a 'costume.' Additionally, certain rules promote courtesy, such as refraining from touching or playing the drums unless one is part of the drum group. It is also important to avoid touching individuals or their regalia without permission. Certain tribes, including
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2176-547: The Pascua Yaqui and Hopi, prohibit photography and sketching during ceremonies. A pow-wow session begins with the Grand Entry and a prayer. The Eagle Staff leads the Grand Entry, followed by flags and then the dancers, while one of the host drums performs an opening song. This event is considered sacred, and some pow-wows prohibit filming or photography during this time, though others permit it. When military veterans or active duty service members are present, they are often given
2244-482: The United States, passed legislation modeled on Circular 1665, which he published in 1921. This legislation restricted the times of the year in which Native Americans could practice traditional dance, which Burke deemed as a direct threat to the Christian religion. However, many Native communities continued to gather together in secret to practice their cultures' dance and music in defiance of this and other legislation. By
2312-437: The county lived 84.0 years on the average compared to the U.S. average of 77.5 years. As a primarily exurban county, Douglas County has long been known as a Republican stronghold. In the 2012 election, Mitt Romney won 62% of the vote. However, Douglas County has become more competitive in recent years, with Donald Trump winning 55% of the county's vote in 2016 and only 52% of the vote in 2020 and 2024. In 2020, Joe Biden achieved
2380-711: The county. The library also houses the Douglas County History Research Center, which collects and preserves the history of Douglas County, the High Plains, the Divide area of the Front Range and the State of Colorado, to provide historical research resources to the public. According to the county's 2015 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the county are: Douglas County has been recognized by
2448-421: The dance floor and pow wow (which are themselves shaped in concentric circles). Southern drums are suspended by four posts, one for each direction. Northern drums are set up on the outside of the dance area, with the host drum in the best position. Drummer-singers are expected to remain at their drum and ready to sing at any moment's notice; a dancer might approach the drum and whistle, fan, or gesture his staff over
2516-513: The dance, then changes to mimic the actions of a herd of buffalo. At pow wows, where there is a large Southern Plains community in the area, the Gourd Dance is often included before the start of the pow wow sessions. The gourd dance originated with the Kiowa tribe and spread from there. It is a society dance for veterans and their families. Unlike other dances, the gourd dance is normally performed with
2584-458: The drum in the center of the dance arena, not on the side. Though there are many genres unique to different tribes , pow wow music is characterized by pan or intertribalism with the Plains cultures , the originators of the modern pow wow, predominating. For information on dancing, see Dances . There may be many drums at a pow wow, especially weekend or week-long ones, but each pow wow features
2652-409: The entire chorus for the rest of the pushup. Three down strokes or hard beats mark the end of the chorus and beginning of the verse, and during these dancers will alter their dancing such as by hopping low like fancy dancers. An increase in tempo and volume on the last five beats marks the end of the final verse. The dancing stops on the final beat and then a tail , or coda , finishes the song with
2720-470: The first of Colorado's territorial roads. In 1868, noted frontiersman Kit Carson supposedly made his last campfire on Wildcat Point while traveling from Denver over Riley Hill before dying at Fort Lyon . The modern park now includes a memorial to Carson, placed by the Territorial Daughters in 1923. In the 1860s, newspaper reporter Fitz Hugh Ludlow attested to a petrified forest—now recognized as
2788-463: The frontiersman. Florence Martin , an Australian-American philanthropist, made two donations of her ranch's 1,000 acres (400 ha) to establish Daniels Park. The park includes some structures dating from 1920, and work by architect Jules Jacques Benoit Benedict . Prominent locations include Florence Martin Ranch, Riley Hill, and Wildcat Point. A herd of bison lives in the park, and the bison graze on
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2856-433: The head staff is an honor, showing respect for the person's skills or dedication. The master of ceremonies , or MC, is the voice of the pow wow. It is his job to keep the singers, dancers, and public informed as to what is happening. The MC sets the schedule of events and maintains the drum rotation , or order of when each drum group gets to sing. The MC is also responsible for filling any dead air time that may occur during
2924-410: The head staff, publicizing the powwow, securing a location, and recruiting vendors who pay for the right to set up and sell food or merchandise at the powwow. The head staff of a pow-wow are the people who run the event on the day or days it occurs. They are generally hired by the powwow committee several months in advance, as the quality of the head staff can affect attendance. To be chosen as part of
2992-456: The highest median household income of any Colorado county or statistical equivalent in 2000. In 2008, it ranked eighth in the United States in that category; it was one of two in the top 15 not in the vicinity of New York or Washington . In 2021, Douglas County was judged by the U.S. News & World Report to be the second healthiest of 3,143 counties and county-equivalents of the United States based on 84 different factors. Residents of
3060-423: The highest vote share for a Democratic presidential nominee in the county since 1964. In 2022 , incumbent Democratic governor Jared Polis lost the county by a razor-thin margin, winning nearly 49% of the vote. However, Democratic strength is mostly limited to northern Douglas County, including Highlands Ranch , Lone Tree , and Meridian , while the rest of the county is still strongly Republican. Douglas County
3128-400: The historic South Platte Trail . Recreation trails in the county include: The Rueter–Hess Reservoir , when filled, may provide significant recreation, including fishing, hiking, and nonmotorized boating. If filled to capacity, surface size would be 1,140 acres, making this a fairly significant reservoir in Colorado and Douglas County's largest body of water. Cherokee Ranch and Castle is
3196-560: The history of drumming as each group understands it. The drum is offered gifts of tobacco during giveaways and musicians acknowledge this by standing. While the drum is central to pow wows, "the drum only helps them keep beat. Dancers key on the melody of the song. Rhythms , tones, pitch all help create their ' moves '." (p. 85) Note that Bill Runs Above did not mention the lyrics of the songs, and while they are no doubt important, most lyrics of most songs employ vocables , syllable sounds such as "ya," "hey," and "loi" (p. 86). This
3264-431: The honor for carrying the flags and eagle staffs. These individuals are followed by the head dancers, after which the remaining dancers typically enter the arena in a designated order: Men's Traditional, Men's Grass Dance, Men's Fancy, Women's Traditional, Women's Jingle, and Women's Fancy. This sequence is then followed by teens and small children in the same order. After the Grand Entry, the master of ceremonies (MC) invites
3332-544: The mid-1970s, women began drumming with men and seconding , or singing, an octave higher, the song. Today, there are mixed-gender and all-female drum groups. The supplies a drum group carries include the drum, rawhide headed, a cloth bag for padded drum sticks, the drum stand, folding chairs for sitting, and, in some cases, a public address system. The drum head, stand, microphone stands, and PA box are often decorated with paintings or eagle feathers, fur, flags, and strips of colored cloth. Readily noticeable in performances are
3400-456: The mid-twentieth century, powwows were also being held in the Great Lakes region. Planning for a powwow generally begins months, perhaps even a year, before the event by a group of people usually referred to as a powwow committee. Pow wows may be sponsored by a tribal organization, an American Native community within an urban area, a Native American Studies program, or an American Native club on
3468-558: The new park. The city also constructed several campfire sites. The park's views of the Front Range from Pikes Peak to Longs Peak meant the small area became a popular picnic site. On the land retained by Martin, a house and ranch facilities were constructed through the early 1920s. Martin's house burned in 1937, spurring her to donate 962 acres of the ranch to Denver Mountain Parks system. Park maintenance employees and their equipment moved into
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#17328633121323536-406: The opening and closing of a pow wow session, the most common is the intertribal , where a Drum will sing a song, and anyone who wants to can come and dance. Similar dances are the round dance ; crow hop when performed by a northern drum or a horse stealing song by a southern drum; there is also "double beat", "sneakup" and, for Women's Traditional and Jingle, "sidestep". Each of these songs have
3604-602: The past, Plum Creek being partially responsible for the Denver flood of 1965. Cherry Creek and Plum Creek are now dammed. Most residents commute to workplaces elsewhere in the metropolitan area outside of the county. Suburban development is supplementing the traditional ranching economy of the county. Douglas County was one of the original 17 counties created in the Colorado Territory by the Colorado Territorial Legislature on November 1, 1861. The county
3672-420: The population. Of the 60,924 households, 47.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.8% were married couples living together, 5.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.2% were not families. About 13.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.88, and the average family size
3740-550: The pow wow, often with jokes. The MC often runs any raffles or other contests that may happen during the pow wow. The head dancers consist of the Head Man Dancer and the Head Woman Dancer, and often Head Teen Dancers, Head Little Boy and Girl Dancers, Head Golden Age Dancers, and a Head Gourd Dancer if the pow wow has a Gourd Dance . The head dancers lead the other dancers in the grand entry or parade of dancers that opens
3808-475: The pow-wow, they also perform a flag song, retreat song, and a closing song. Additionally, if a pow-wow has gourd dancing, the Southern Host Drum is often the drum that sings all the gourd songs, though another drum can perform them. The host drums are often called upon to sing special songs during the pow-wow. Famous host drums include Black Lodge Singers , Cozad Singers , and Yellowhammer . A pow wow
3876-442: The prairie grass in the park's upper elevations. Because of the presence of the bison, most of the park is not open to the public. The clear views afforded by the prominences on Riley Hill ridge and Wildcat Point led the area that would become Daniels Park to become popular as a stop for travelers in the 19th century. The Daniels Park Road originated as a trail constructed on the ridge in the late 1850s or early 1860s, making it one of
3944-404: The property that became Daniels Park in 1919 as a summer home for herself and her sister, Emily. The next year, Florence donated 38 acres to the Denver Mountain Parks system contingent on them naming it for the late Daniels; the area was renamed to Daniels Park after previously being known as Wild Cat Mountain and Auto View. In 1922, Jules Jacques Benoit Benedict designed a picnic shelter for
4012-525: The public on special events. As of the census of 2000, 175,766 people, 60,924 households, and 49,835 families were residing in the county. The population density was 209 people per square mile (81 people/km ). The 63,333 housing units averaged 75 units per square mile (29 units/km ). The racial makeup of the county was 92.77% White, 2.51% Asian, 0.95% African American, 0.41% Native American, 1.49% from other races, and 1.88% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race made up 5.06% of
4080-458: The recent nearby residential developments. The Martin Ranch barn's exterior was restored in 2006, followed a master plan for improving the park being shared in 2007. In 2008, Denver and Douglas County entered a cooperative agreement focused on restoring the park. Another improvement program that included paved roads, new trails, and additional parking and overlook locations was announced in 2017. The improvements, to cost $ 2 million, were funded by both
4148-481: The south and west. The park is adjacent to the Highlands Ranch Backcountry Wilderness and privately-held preserved Cherokee Ranch , creating a combined 12,000-acre open space that runs from Sedalia to Highlands Ranch. The area includes a 55 million-year-old petrified forest . Douglas County, Colorado Douglas County is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of
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#17328633121324216-466: The structure of the melody and the song. Boye Ladd says, "If you give me a stink song, I'll dance stink. If you give me good music, I'll give you a great show," implying that one can appreciate the music through the dancing, which is readily appreciated by everyone. But others say that today's contemporary contest dancers should dance their best no matter how well or poorly the drum group singing for their contest is. Generally, Native American singing follows
4284-456: The structures is a picnic shelter designed by architect Jules Jacques Benoit Benedict. The surviving Florence Martin Ranch as an example of early 20th-century Colorado ranching and displays craftsmen elements typical of contemporary rural architecture. The prominent Riley Hill ridge bisects the park and reaches the 6,600-foot elevation Wildcat Point. The landscape of the park includes varied topography, including pastureland, rocky outcroppings, and
4352-457: The surviving ranch facilities. At another Denver Mountain Park, Genesee Park , a herd of bison was growing too large for the area. This bison herd had been sourced from Yellowstone National Park as part of earlier efforts to preserve the endangered species. Twenty bison were taken from the Genesee herd and relocated to Daniels Park in 1938, with around 800 acres of the park allocated to the herd. Both
4420-479: The term powwow was used to refer to any type of meeting. This usage is now considered by some Native Americans to be an offensive case of appropriation because of the cultural significance powwows hold. The word powwow is derived from the Narragansett word powwaw , meaning "spiritual leader." The term has variants, including Powaw , Pawaw , Powah, Pauwau and Pawau . A number of nations claim to have held
4488-399: Was 3.19. In the county, the population distribution was 31.6% under the age of 18, 4.8% from 18 to 24, 37.9% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 4.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.4 males. The median income for a household in the county was $ 82,929, and for
4556-623: Was estimated by a Denver government official at around $ 800 million. Michael Hancock , the then- mayor of Denver , announced he had "no interest" in Daniels Park coming under Douglas County's ownership and said the proposals would not deter the city from pursuing the prohibition of concealed firearms in its parks. The roughly 1000 acre park included four clusters of structures, including a total of 10 contributing buildings , nine contributing structures , and three contributing sites in its 1994 National Register of Historic Places registration. Among
4624-485: Was named in honor of U.S. Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois , who died five months before the county was created. The county seat was originally Franktown , but was moved to California Ranch in 1863, and then to Castle Rock in 1874. Although the county's boundaries originally extended eastward to the Kansas state border, in 1874, most of the eastern portion of the county became part of Elbert County . According to
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