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33-406: Apodimorphae is a clade of strisorean birds that include the extant families Trochilidae (hummingbirds) , Hemiprocnidae (treeswifts) , Apodidae (swifts) , and Aegothelidae (owlet-nightjars) , as well as many fossil families. This grouping of birds has been supported in a variety of recent studies. There are two higher classification schemes that have been proposed for the apodimorph families. One

66-532: A Late Paleocene or Early Eocene genus of North America, cannot be assigned to any one strisore lineage with certainty but appears to be some ancestral form. Over some 20 million years, throughout the Eocene , the present-day diversity (as well as some entirely extinct lineages) slowly unfolds. By mid- Oligocene , some 30 million years ago, the crown lineages are present and adapting to their present-day ecological niches . These Paleogene birds strongly suggest that

99-480: A bovid atlas as belonging to Macrauchenia patachonica . Burmeister was said to be harsh and did not have any close circle of friends. While working at the Argentine museum, he had a fall from a ladder and landed on a glass case and injured himself seriously on 8 February 1892. He resigned from work on 18 April and died on 2 May. A state funeral was held on the 4 May and the president of Argentina, Carlos Pellegrini

132-441: A complicated situation where some researchers currently use the resurrected name Strisores in a new sense, others expand the order Caprimulgiformes to include the 'traditional' apodiform families, whereas others use the superordinal name Caprimulgimorphae Cracraft, 2013, raising the 'traditional' caprimulgiform families to the rank of order. Proposed phylogenetic definitions of Strisores and Caprimulgimorphae treat Strisores as

165-623: A family within Apodiformes . Traditionally, Caprimulgiformes were regarded, on morphological grounds, as being midway between the owls (Strigiformes) and the swifts . Like the owls, they are nocturnal hunters with a highly developed sense of sight, and like the swifts they are excellent flyers with small, weak legs. At one time or another, they have been allied with owls, swifts, kingfishers , hoopoes , mousebirds , hornbills , rollers , bee-eaters , woodpeckers , trogons and hummingbirds . A close relationship to owls can be rejected since there

198-459: A scientist. Burmeister headed the Academy of Sciences, formed from the scientific faculty of Argentina's National University of Córdoba . He took an interest in paleontology and was keenly interested in protecting fossils in the pampas region and helped the passage of a law. In the field of herpetology he described many new species of amphibians and reptiles . He also mistakenly described

231-448: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Strisores Strisores ( / s t r aɪ ˈ s oʊ r iː z / stry- SOH -reez ), sometimes called nightbirds , is a clade of birds that includes the living families and orders Caprimulgidae (nightjars, nighthawks and allies), Nyctibiidae (potoos), Steatornithidae ( oilbirds ), Podargidae ( frogmouths ), Apodiformes (swifts and hummingbirds), as well as

264-419: Is all strisorean birds are classified in the order Caprimulgiformes , while the other is the strisorean birds are split into several distinct orders. In this case Apodimorphae is a subclade of Strisores that includes the orders Aegotheliformes (only including the owlet-nightjars of Australasia ) and the Apodiformes (the swifts, treeswifts, and hummingbirds which have a global distribution). A similar name for

297-538: Is strong molecular evidence that owls are members of a clade, called Telluraves , that excludes Caprimulgiformes. Based on analysis of DNA sequence data – notably β- fibrinogen intron 7 – Fain and Houde considered the families of the Caprimulgiformes to be members of the proposed clade Metaves , which also includes the hoatzin , tropicbirds , sandgrouse , pigeons , kagu , sunbittern , mesites , flamingos , grebes and swifts and hummingbirds . Metaves

330-562: The ossa maxillaria separated by a large cleft, a mandible with short pars symphysialis , and rami mandibulae slender in their distal half. The taxonomy of this group of birds has a long and complicated history. Jean Cabanis originally coined the name Strisores in 1847 as an order encompassing a much broader group of birds subdivided into two 'tribes': the Macrochires ( hummingbirds , swifts , and nightjars , including oilbirds and potoos , but notably excluding frogmouths ) and

363-850: The Aegotheliformes (owlet-nightjars) whose distinctness was only recently realized. The Apodiformes (which include the " Trochiliformes " of the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy ) and the Aegotheliformes form the Daedalornithes . The material evidence for this group is very equivocal; the most ancient Strisores are quite nondescript tree-dwellers but already tend towards peculiarly apomorphic feet, and no Cretaceous fossils are known. Torpor and other metabolic peculiarities are frequently found in this group, perhaps more often than in any other bird lineage. The synapomorphies that define this clade are

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396-689: The Amphibolae ( hoatzin , mousebirds , and turacos ). Hermann Burmeister later excluded the taxa in Cabanis' Amphibolae from Strisores, but added kingfishers and motmots . Subsequent authors used either definition according to their own judgement, with Baird following Cabanis', and Cooper following Burmeister's usage. In 1867, Thomas Henry Huxley proposed the name Cypselomorphae for hummingbirds, swifts, and nightjars (including owlet-nightjars and potoos), however, he considered frogmouths and oilbirds unrelated due to aspects of their skull morphology. In

429-520: The Early Eocene (though this is somewhat uncertain), seems to be a basal form that at times has been allied with the oilbird and the potoos, but cannot be assigned to either with certainty. In the consensus scenario, it would represent a record of the initial divergence of the three lineages. This agrees with fossils suggesting that the basal divergence of the owlet-nightjar and apodiform branch also occurred during that time. In addition, Eocypselus ,

462-490: The crown group and Caprimulgimorphae as the total group . This allows both names to be valid, with similar but not identical meanings. Strisores has a well-represented fossil record, with fossils of most major strisorean lineages known from the Paleogene . Chen et al. (2019) included 14 fossil lineages in their analysis. Nonetheless, it supports the emerging consensus phylogeny well. The genus Paraprefica , probably from

495-454: The "Metaves" must originate quite some time before the Paleogene , and they reconciled this with the fossil record. While the relationships of cypselomorphs are a subject of ongoing debate, the phylogeny of the individual lineages is better resolved. Much of the remaining uncertainty regards minor details. Initial mtDNA cytochrome b sequence analysis agreed with earlier morphological and DNA-DNA hybridization studies insofar as that

528-440: The 1880s Anton Reichenow continued to use Strisores in a similar sense as Huxley's Cypselomorphae (this time also excluding the owlet-nightjars ), but by the late 19th Century, Strisores had fallen into disuse, and this remained the case through the 20th Century. By the early 21st century, analyses of anatomical morphology and molecular phylogenomics demonstrated that the order Caprimulgiformes as had been used for much of

561-447: The 20th century (oilbirds, potoos, nightjars, frogmouths, and owlet-nightjars) is actually paraphyletic respective to Apodiformes (hummingbirds, swifts, and treeswifts ), with apodiform birds nesting deeply within caprimulgiformes and a sister taxon to the owlet-nightjars. The discovery has led to a challenge of reconciling a Linnean hierarchy with phylogenetic relationships while still maintaining nomenclatural stability, resulting in

594-411: The daughter of shipowner and insect collector M.C. Sommer of Altona in 1836. In 1848, during the revolutionary excitement , he was sent by the city of Halle as deputy to the national assembly , and subsequently by the town of Leibnitz to the first Prussian chamber . Around 1848 he became a socialist and still later opposed slavery. He traveled to Brazil from 1850 to 1852, partly supported through

627-940: The distribution of fossils, the Paleogene radiation seems to have originated in Asia , which at that time became a highly fragmented landscape as the Himalayas lifted up and the Turgai Strait started to disappear. Several fossil taxa are tentatively placed here as basal or incertae sedis Strisores contains the extant orders Aegotheliformes , Apodiformes (with families Apodidae , Hemiprocnidae , and Trochilidae ), Caprimulgiformes , Nyctibiiformes , Podargiformes , Steatornithiformes . Apodidae and Hemiprocnidae are grouped together as Apodi, Apodi and Trochilidae are grouped together as Apodiformes , and Apodiformes and Aegotheliformes are grouped together as Daedalornithes. The classification of

660-737: The efforts of Alexander von Humboldt was cut short by a leg injury. He then visited Argentina from 1857 to 1860, returning to Germany with zoological collections. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1856. In 1861, he divorced his wife and went to live in Argentina, founding the Institute at the Museo Nacional in Buenos Aires. He married an Argentine woman and they had two sons, Carlos and Federico. Carlos also became

693-442: The frogmouths seem quite distinct among the remaining Caprimulgiformes, but their exact placement cannot be resolved based on osteological data alone. Even the study of Ericson et al. could not properly resolve the oilbird's and frogmouths' relationships beyond the fact that they are quite certainly well distinct. It robustly supported, however, the idea that the owlet-nightjars should be considered closer to Caprimulgiformes, unlike

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726-517: The group Daedalornithes has been used for the owlet-night-apodiform clade, there is a difference between the two names with Apodimorphae defined as the total-group (the most inclusive clade including Aegotheles cristatus and Apus apus but not Caprimulgus europaeus , Steatornis caripensis , Nyctibius grandis , or Podargus strigoides ) and Daedalornithes defined as the crown group (the least inclusive clade including Aegotheles cristatus and Apus apus ). This bird-related article

759-550: The methodologically weaker studies of Mariaux & Braun (1996) and Fain and Houde (2004). Alternatively, Mayr's phylogenetic taxon Cypselomorphae might be placed at order rank and substitute the two present orders Caprimulgiformes and Apodiformes. Such a group would be fairly uninformative as regards its evolutionary history, as it has to include some very plesiomorphic and some extremely derived lineages (such as hummingbirds) to achieve monophyly. Reddy et al . (2017) included hummingbirds and swifts in Caprimulgiformes, preserving

792-423: The monophyly of the order. The following cladogram follows the results of Mayr's (2002) phylogenetic study, which used a parsimony analysis of 25 morphological characters: Steatornithidae Podargidae Caprimulgidae Nyctibiidae Aegothelidae Trochilidae Hemiprocnidae Apodidae Subsequent molecular work has converged on two alternative topologies (topologies 1 and 2 below) that differ in

825-416: The oilbird and the frogmouths seemed rather distinct. The other lineages appeared to form a clade , but this is now known to have been caused by methodological limitations. The Aegothelidae ( owlet-nightjars ) with about a dozen living species in one genus are apparently closer to the Apodiformes ; these and the Caprimulgiformes are closely related, being grouped together as Cypselomorphae . The oilbird and

858-574: The order Caprimulgiformes identical to the clade Strisores. Authorities that favor the use of Strisores for this group (e.g., Yuri et al. 2013 and Chen et al. 2019 ) adopt a sensu stricto definition of the order, limiting to the family Caprimulgidae . They also elevate many (or even all) of the families traditionally placed in Caprimulgiformes to ordinal rank. This requires recognizing at least three additional orders: Nyctibiiformes , Steatornithiformes , and Podargiformes . Owlet-nightjars can be placed in their own order ( Aegotheliformes ) or viewed as

891-1208: The placement of the root. Although Braun et al. (2019) suggested that topology 1 was favored in large-scale analyses of non-coding data were analyzed and that topology 2 was favored in large-scale analyses of coding data (e.g., Prum et al . (2015) ) subsequent analyses of datasets with many non-coding loci have also recovered topology 2. Thus, topology 2 should be viewed as the best-corroborated hypothesis at this time. Topology 1: phylogeny according to Reddy et al . (2017), which analyzed 54 nuclear loci (mostly introns ): Steatornithidae Nyctibiidae Caprimulgidae Podargidae Aegothelidae Hemiprocnidae Apodidae Trochilidae Topology 2: phylogeny according to Prum et al . (2015) (259 "anchored hybrid enrichment" loci, which are mostly coding exons), Chen et al. (2019) (combined analysis of 2289 ultra-conserved elements [UCEs] and 117 morphological characters and including fossil taxa), and White and Braun (2019) (based on analyses of multiple UCE datasets, ranging in size from 2289 to 4243 loci): Caprimulgidae Steatornithidae Nyctibiidae Podargidae Aegothelidae Hemiprocnidae Hermann Burmeister Burmeister

924-594: The same year. He then joined for military service in Berlin and Grünberg (Silesia). He was soon after appointed an instructor in the gymnasium at Cologne . He later became a professor of zoology at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg serving there from 1837 to 1861. During this period he published several major works on insects which also involved the examination of insect collections around Europe and those of wealthy collectors. He married, Marie Elise,

957-587: The two main extant lineages of strisores separated about 60-55 mya ( Selandian - Thanetian ), and that some time around the Lutetian - Bartonian boundary, some 40 mya, the common ancestors of Nyctibiidae, Caprimulgidae and eared nightjars diverged from those of oilbird and frogmouths. The relationships of the Early Eocene Parvicuculus and Procuculus from the southern North Sea basin are unresolved, but they bear some similarities to strisores. By

990-404: The various birds that make up the order has long been controversial and difficult, particularly in the case of the nightjars and the paraphyly of the traditional Caprimulgiformes in relation to " Apodiformes ", traditionally considered a separate order. The IUCN adopts the following classification of Order Caprimulgiformes, which follows recent phylogenetic studies: The IUCN definition renders

1023-734: Was also found by the expanded study of Ericson et al. (2006), but support for the clade was extremely weak. While only the latter study recovered monophyly of the Cypselomorphae (see below) within Metaves, the former was based on only a single locus and could not resolve their relationships according to standard criteria of statistical confidence. No morphological synapomorphies have been found that uniquely unite Metaves (or Caprimulgiformes for that matter), but numerous unlinked nuclear genes independently support their monophyly either in majority or whole. Ericson et al. (2006) concluded that if valid,

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1056-452: Was born in Stralsund , where his father was a customs officer. He studied medicine at Greifswald (1825–1827) and Halle (1827–1829), and in 1830 went to Berlin to qualify himself to be a teacher of natural history. His dissertation was titled De insectorum systemate naturali and graduated as a doctor of medicine on November 4, 1829 and then received a doctor of philosophy on December 19 in

1089-577: Was present. A monument was placed on the bank of the Rio de La Plata in the Parque 3 Febrero on October 7, 1900 and later moved to the Parque Centenario . Burmeister was a critic of Darwinism , he rejected common descent . However, he changed his views slightly on common descent in the late 1870s. In 1879 he commented that: I am wholly convinced that the beings found in the older formations of our globe are

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