Dablo (also called Dablot Prejjesne ) is a family of two-player strategy board games of the Sámi people . Different variants of the game have been played in different parts of Sápmi.
65-544: The word "dablo" is a non-Sámi attempt to write the South Sámi word daabloe and the Lule Sámi word dábllo . This word actually just means "board game" or "gameboard". In South Sámi, daabloe may also mean "grid pattern". Another term for the game is dablot prejjesne which is in modern South Sámi spelling daablodh prejjesne . This simply means "to play a board game on a board", as opposed to daablodh duoljjesne ,
130-440: A 10×10 board – with the latter widely played in many countries worldwide. There are many other variants played on 8×8 boards. Canadian checkers and Malaysian/Singaporean checkers (also locally known as dam ) are played on a 12×12 board. American checkers was weakly solved in 2007 by a team of Canadian computer scientists led by Jonathan Schaeffer . From the standard starting position, perfect play by each side would result in
195-449: A children's variant of the game that is played on a reindeer hide rather than a board. The game is likely to have had another name than these among the Sámi, but outside researchers confused the name for the general activity "board gaming" with the name of the concrete games. This was also done when outside researchers wrote down the rules for the Sámi tafl game now called Tablut. In that case,
260-414: A draw. Checkers is played by two opponents on opposite sides of the game board. One player has dark pieces (usually black); the other has light pieces (usually white or red). The darker color moves first, then players alternate turns. A player cannot move the opponent's pieces. A move consists of moving a piece forward to an adjacent unoccupied square. If the adjacent square contains an opponent's piece, and
325-475: A full overview of the alternations: On the other hand, Southern Sámi is the only Sami language that does not have consonant gradation . Hence, consonants in the middle of words never alternate in Southern Sámi, even though such alternations are frequent in its relatives. Compare, for instance, Southern Sámi nomme 'name' : nommesne 'in the name' to Northern Sámi namma : namas , with
390-535: A higher rank piece. However, in Dablot Prejjesne ranks are pre-determined, and never change, whereas, in Italian checkers, pieces must be promoted to King in order to gain higher rank. In Italian Damone there are pre-determined ranked pieces also, however, it is played on an 8 x 8 draughts board with far fewer pieces as compared to Dablot Prejjesne. The board used is very similar to that of Kharbaga . The difference
455-493: A penalty (or muffin), and where there are two or more such positions the player forfeits pieces that cannot be moved (although some rule variations make capturing optional). In almost all variants, a player with no valid move remaining loses. This occurs if the player has no pieces left, or if all the player's pieces are obstructed from moving by opponent pieces. An uncrowned piece ( man ) moves one step ahead and captures an adjacent opponent's piece by jumping over it and landing on
520-400: A plural object in the nominative: dellie then manne 1 . SG . NOM naarra-h snare- NOM . PL tjeegk-i-m set.up- PST - 1SG dellie manne naarra-h tjeegk-i-m then 1.SG.NOM snare-NOM.PL set.up-PST-1SG "Then I set up snares." Subject and agent are always marked identically, while the marking of the object depends on definiteness. The verb agrees with
585-471: A single adjacent opposing piece, and land on an unoccupied space on the exact opposite side of the jumped piece from its starting location. The jumped opposing piece is removed from play. A piece cannot jump over two opposing pieces in one jump, nor may it jump over a piece of its own color or jump over a piece into a space that is occupied (whether by that player or his opponent). A piece can make multiple jumps in one turn, even changing direction from one jump to
650-409: A single piece, the player may choose freely which piece to use or which sequence of captures to make, but cannot choose not to capture if one is possible. 5. Pieces can only capture opposing pieces of equal or lower rank. The Sami King and Landowner are the highest ranked pieces and are of equal rank to one another, therefore, they can capture each other, and all the other pieces. The Sami Prince and
715-403: A singular or plural entity, and some also adapt to different cases. Demonstratives distinguish between three degrees of distance relative to the speaker. Southern Sámi verbs inflect for person (first, second, and third) and number (singular, dual, and plural, where dual is an optional category). There are also two finite inflectional categories, the present and the past tense. Subject suffixes are
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#1733085466732780-415: Is -h in the nominative case, otherwise -i/j-, to which the case endings are added. There are five different inflection classes but no declension classes. All nouns take the same case markers. The function of the nominative is to mark the subject, and the accusative marks the object. The nominative plural can also be used to mark plural (direct) objects, a feature called differential object marking , and here
845-604: Is called "ντάμα" (dama), which is also one term for the queen in chess. Similar games have been played for millennia. A board resembling a checkers board was found in Ur dating from 3000 BC. In the British Museum are specimens of ancient Egyptian checkerboards, found with their pieces in burial chambers, and the game was played by the pharaoh Hatshepsut . Plato mentioned a game, πεττεία or petteia , as being of Egyptian origin, and Homer also mentions it. The method of capture
910-697: Is closely based on Swedish and Norwegian and uses the following Latin alphabet : In 1976, the Sámi Language Council recommended the use of ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨ö⟩, but in practice the latter is replaced by ⟨ø⟩ in Norway and the former by ⟨ä⟩ in Sweden. This is in accordance with the usage in Norwegian and Swedish , based on computer or typewriter availability. The ⟨Ï ï⟩ represents a back version of ⟨I i⟩ ; however, many texts fail to distinguish between
975-498: Is developed from alquerque . The term "checkers" derives from the checkered board which the game is played on, whereas "draughts" derives from the verb "to draw" or "to move". The most popular forms of checkers in Anglophone countries are American checkers (also called English draughts ), which is played on an 8×8 checkerboard ; Russian draughts and Turkish draughts , both on an 8x8 board; and International draughts , played on
1040-460: Is no draw with one king and men versus one king. 10x10 15 10x10 15 Column draughts (Russian towers), also known as Bashni , is a kind of draughts, known in Russia since the beginning of the nineteenth century, in which the game is played according to the usual rules of Russian draughts, but with the difference that the captured man is not removed from the playing field: rather, it is placed under
1105-417: Is no promotion of pieces in this game; a player cannot recover a captured King, Landowner, Prince or Son, or augment their numbers of these pieces. Some variants of this game include additional winning conditions which further speed the pace of the game, such as: South S%C3%A1mi Southern or South Sámi (Southern Sami: åarjelsaemien gïele ; Norwegian : sørsamisk ; Swedish : sydsamiska )
1170-485: Is placed on the number of moves that are allowed in between jumps (which is a reasonable generalisation of the drawing rule in standard Checkers), then the problem is in PSPACE, thus it is PSPACE-complete. However, without this bound, Checkers is EXPTIME-complete. However, other problems have only polynomial complexity : In an ending with three kings versus one king, the player with three kings must win in thirteen moves or
1235-606: Is played in Turkey, Kuwait, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Greece, and several other locations in the Middle East, as well as in the same locations as Russian checkers. There are several variants in these countries, with the Armenian variant (called tama ) allowing also forward-diagonal movement of men and the Greek requiring the king to stop directly after the captured piece. With this rule, there
1300-512: Is that in Kharbaga, the board is 4 x 4 or 5 x 5 whereas in Dablot Prejjesne, the board is 6 x 7. A player wins if it captures all their opponent's pieces. There are additional winning conditions common in variants; see the rules section below. A draw is possible by mutual agreement or after a number of turns made by each player without a capture. The board used is a 6 (width) x 7 (length) grid board with diagonal lines running through each "square" of
1365-784: Is the southwesternmost of the Sámi languages , and is spoken in Norway and Sweden . It is an endangered language . The strongholds of Southern Sámi in Norway are Aarborten Municipality (Hattfjelldal) in Nordlaante County (Nordland) and also in Raarvihken Municipality (Røyrvik), Snåasen Municipality (Snåsa), and Rossen Municipality (Røros), all of which are in Trööndelage County (Trøndelag). Out of an ethnic population of approximately two thousand, only about five hundred still speak
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#17330854667321430-608: The kings row or crown head , it becomes a king . It is marked by placing an additional piece on top of, or crowning , the first man. The king has additional powers, namely the ability to move any amount of squares at a time (in international checkers), move backwards and, in variants where men cannot already do so, capture backwards. Like a man, a king can make successive jumps in a single turn, provided that each jump captures an enemy piece. In international draughts, kings (also called flying kings ) move any distance. They may capture an opposing man any distance away by jumping to any of
1495-561: The 13th-century book Libro de los juegos . The rule of crowning was used by the 13th century, as it is mentioned in the Philippe Mouskés 's Chronique in 1243 when the game was known as Fierges , the name used for the chess queen (derived from the Persian ferz , meaning royal counsellor or vizier). The pieces became known as "dames" when that name was also adopted for the chess queen. The rule forcing players to take whenever possible
1560-512: The Landowner's Son and Landowner are placed on that player's farthest right on the sixth and seventh rank, respectively. 3. All pieces move alike. A piece moves one space along one of the gridlines to any adjacent, unoccupied intersection. All pieces can move forward or backward at any time. Only one piece may be moved per turn, or used to capture. 4. Pieces may capture other pieces by jumping over them, similar to draughts . The piece must jump over
1625-500: The Landowner's Son are the second highest ranked pieces, and cannot capture the Sami King or Landowner; however, they can capture each other, and the other lower pieces. The Sami soldiers and peasants are the lowest ranked pieces. They can not capture the Sami King or Sami Prince, or the Landowner or Landowner's Son; however, they can capture each other. This is a primary difference between Dablot and most other draughts variants. 6. There
1690-565: The Lule Sámi word dábllut ("to play a board game") was mistaken for the name of the game. In North Sámi, Dablo has been known as cuhkka , a word that means "broken" or "destroyed". The player who loses the game is said to be "cuhkka", cf. Checkmate . The following describes one version of the South Sámi variant of the game, and is not representative for other dablo variants. Sami people are represented in this game with one piece representing
1755-474: The Sami King ("gånneka"), one piece representing the Sami Prince ("gånnekan alke"), and 28 pieces representing their soldiers or warriors ("dårake"), . The landowners are represented with one piece representing the landowner, one piece representing the landowner's son, and 28 pieces representing their peasants. The game is a relative of draughts and Alquerque . Pieces leap over one another to capture. However,
1820-453: The above with the exception of the essive). A demonstrative pronoun without specific deictic bias is employed as the third-person pronoun, treating dual and plural forms as indistinguishable. Additional pronouns encompass pronominal and adnominal demonstratives, along with interrogative and relative pronouns, reflexive, logophoric, reciprocal, and a variety of indefinite pronouns. The majority of these pronouns change based on whether they refer to
1885-403: The basic structure SOV (Subject-Object-Verb). Only the copula ('to be') and auxiliary verbs appear second. The case-alignment system is nominative-accusative. However, plural objects are also sometimes marked with the nominative. Objects in the nominative plural get an indefinite reading, while objects in the accusative plural are definite. This applies for nouns as well as pronouns. An example of
1950-723: The board. Pieces are placed on the intersections between gridlines similar to Alquerque and its variants, instead of within the square spaces as in other draughts variants. Each player has 30 pieces total. One player traditionally plays the Sami tribe, which can be the red or white colored pieces, and one player plays the landowner party, which are the black colored pieces. The Sami tribe consist of 1 Sami King piece, 1 Sami Prince piece, and 28 soldiers or warriors (referred to as soldiers in this article). The Landowner party consist of 1 Landowner piece, 1 Landowner's Son piece, and 28 peasants. For simplicity, both sides' pieces can be referred to by
2015-486: The cells of a square grid was not already known to the Moors who brought it, which it probably was, either via playing on a chessboard (in about 1100, probably in the south of France, this was done once again using backgammon pieces, thereby each piece was called a "fers", the same name as the chess queen , as the move of the two pieces was the same at the time) or adapting Seega using jumping capture. The rules are given in
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2080-582: The conditional. In the verbum, a distinction must be made between odd-syllable and even-syllable verbs; in the latter, there are six different stem classes. An overview of the forms of the ie stems using the example of båetedh 'to come': The morphology of adjectives is restricted to comparative and superlative forms. Some have different forms in attributive and predicative position, but most are invariable. Southern Sámi verbs conjugate for three grammatical persons : Southern Sámi verbs conjugate for three grammatical numbers : Southern Sámi, like Finnish,
2145-430: The consonant gradation mm : m . Southern Sámi has eight cases : Southern Sámi nouns inflect for singular and plural and have eight cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, illative, locative, elative, comitative, and essive, but number is not distinguished in the essive. Inflection is essentially agglutinative, but the case endings are not always the same in the plural and in the singular. The plural marker
2210-428: The essive marks a state or a function. Four stem classes can be distinguished: ie-stems, e-stems, a-stems, and oe-stems. An overview of the modern inflection of guelie 'fish': Earlier, in the comitative singular and in the plural, besides the nominative i, umlaut of the root vowel to öö took place: Gen. Pl. göölij etc. Personal pronouns inflect for three numbers (singular, dual, and plural) and seven cases (all of
2275-458: The first 5 ranks (including the intersections of the diagonals in between the "main" orthogonal grid). The Sami Prince is placed on the sixth rank, on the intersection of diagonals to that player's farthest right. The Sami King is placed on the seventh rank, at the right edge of the board (please refer to the image above and the first external link below for a visual description of the initial setup for both Sami tribe and landowner party). Similarly,
2340-474: The first computer checkers and arguably the first video game ever according to certain definitions. In the 1950s, Arthur Samuel created one of the first board game-playing programs of any kind. More recently, in 2007 scientists at the University of Alberta developed their " Chinook " program to the point where it is unbeatable. A brute force approach that took hundreds of computers working nearly two decades
2405-437: The game from English speakers), checkers is called dame , dames , damas , or a similar term that refers to ladies. The pieces are usually called men , stones , "peón" (pawn) or a similar term; men promoted to kings are called dames or ladies. In these languages, the queen in chess or in card games is usually called by the same term as the kings in checkers. A case in point includes the Greek terminology, in which checkers
2470-455: The game is a draw. In an ending with three kings versus one king, the player with three kings must win in thirteen moves or the game is a draw. There is also a 10×8 board variant (with two additional columns labelled i and k ) and the give-away variant Poddavki . There are official championships for shashki and its variants. 10x10 15 With this rule, there is no draw with two kings versus one. Slovak draughts 10x10? 15? 8 It
2535-427: The game. American checkers (English draughts) has been the arena for several notable advances in game artificial intelligence . In 1951 Christopher Strachey wrote the first video game program on checkers. The checkers program tried to run for the first time on 30 July 1951 at NPL, but was unsuccessful due to program errors. In the summer of 1952 he successfully ran the program on Ferranti Mark 1 computer and played
2600-399: The landowner's son are the second highest ranked pieces, and are of equal rank. The Sami Prince can not capture the landowner, and likewise, the landowner's son can not capture the Sami King. However, they can capture each other, and all the other pieces. The 28 soldiers or warriors and the 28 peasants are the lowest ranked pieces. The 28 soldiers or warriors can not capture the landowner or
2665-408: The landowner's son. Likewise, the 28 peasants cannot capture the Sami King or the Sami Prince. However, they can capture each other. All pieces do move alike, and can move and capture in any direction. There is no promotion of pieces in Dablot Prejjesne. Its closest relative in the draught family may be Italian Checkers and Italian Damone . In all these games, a lower rank piece can not capture
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2730-431: The language at Umeå University. Language courses are also offered at different Sámi-language centres throughout the Southern Sámi area. Southern Sámi is one of the eight Sámi languages that have an official written standard, but only a few books have been published for the language, one of which is an adequate-sized Southern Sámi–Norwegian dictionary. This language has had an official written form since 1978. The spelling
2795-859: The language fluently. Southern Sámi belongs to the Saamic group within the Uralic language family . In Sweden, Saami is one of five recognized minority languages, but the term "Saami" comprises different varieties/languages, and they are not individually recognized. In Norway, Southern Sámi is recognized as a minority language in its own right. It is possible to study Southern Sámi at Nord University in Levanger Municipality , Umeå University in Umeå Municipality , and Uppsala University in Uppsala Municipality. In 2018, two master's degrees were written in
2860-556: The language from its closest relatives, like SOV instead of SVO as basic constituent order, no stem gradation, and a genitive possessive. Nevertheless, most features of Southern Sámi are commonly found in other Uralic languages. Draughts Checkers ( American English ), also known as draughts ( / d r ɑː f t s , d r æ f t s / ; British English ), is a group of strategy board games for two players which involve forward movements of uniform game pieces and mandatory captures by jumping over opponent pieces. Checkers
2925-601: The most complex game ever solved . In November 1983, the Science Museum Oklahoma (then called the Omniplex) unveiled a new exhibit: Lefty the Checker Playing Robot. Programmed by Scott M Savage, Lefty used an Armdroid robotic arm by Colne Robotics and was powered by a 6502 processor with a combination of Basic and Assembly code to interactively play a round of checkers with visitors to the museum. Originally,
2990-414: The names of the Sami side (King, Prince and Soldiers), as the distinction between the names for each side's pieces has no significant in-game meaning. This article will however use the appropriate names for each side. 1. Players decide what colors to play, and who starts first. 2. The 28 soldiers or peasants are initially set up on each player's half of the board, on each intersection of the gridlines of
3055-430: The necessity for two pieces to cooperate to capture one, although, like Ghanaian draughts, the game could still be declared lost by a player with only one piece left. An Arabic game called Quirkat or al-qirq , with similar play to modern checkers, was played on a 5×5 board. It is mentioned in the tenth-century work Kitab al-Aghani . Al qirq was also the name for the game that is now called nine men's morris . Al qirq
3120-428: The next square. Multiple enemy pieces can be captured in a single turn provided this is done by successive jumps made by a single piece; the jumps do not need to be in the same line and may "zigzag" (change diagonal direction). In American checkers, men can jump only forwards; in international draughts and Russian draughts , men can jump both forwards and backwards. When a man reaches the farthest row forward, known as
3185-488: The next, as long as the prior rules are followed. 4a. As the original rules for Dablot Prejjesne are not completely known, it is unknown if capturing was originally compulsory. However, in modern play of the game, similar to other draughts variants, a player who has an available capture or chain of captures is required to make the capture(s). If the player has a choice regarding two or more pieces that can be used to capture, or between two or more "paths" for multiple captures by
3250-405: The northern dialect are the following; orthographic counterparts are given in italics: The non-high vowels /e/ , /æ/ , /o/ , and /ɑ/ contrast in length : they may occur as both short and long. High vowels only occur short. The vowels may combine to form ten different diphthongs : In Southern Sámi, all consonants occur as geminates in word-medial position. In Southern Sámi, the vowel in
3315-458: The noun gets an indefinite reading, while the accusative plural marks definite direct objects. The genitive is used in adnominal possession and marks the dependent of postpositions. The illative is a spatial case marking the recipient; while the locative and elative are also spatial cases, the locative is additionally used in existential constructions and the elative in partitive constructions. The comitative expresses participation and instrument, and
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#17330854667323380-448: The other Sámi languages, and Estonian, has a negative verb . In Southern Sámi, the negative verb conjugates according to tense (past and non-past), mood (indicative and imperative), person (first, second, and third), and number (singular, dual, and plural). This differs from some other Sámi languages, e.g. Northern Sámi , which do not conjugate according to tense. Like Skolt Sámi and unlike other Sámi languages, Southern Sámi has
3445-606: The phonemic system of the northern dialect is explained below. The typical word in Southern Sámi is disyllabic, containing a long stem vowel and ending in a vowel, as in the word /pa:ko/ 'word'. Function words are monosyllabic, as are the copula and the negative auxiliary. Stress is fixed and always word-initial. Words with more than three syllables are given secondary stress in the penultimate syllable. The eleven vowel phonemes comprise four phonologically short and long vowels (i-i:, e-e:, a-a:, u-u:) and three vowel phonemes which do not distinguish length (ø, æ, o). The vowel phonemes of
3510-401: The program was deliberately simple so that the average museum visitor could potentially win, but over time was improved. The improvements however proved to be more frustrating for the visitors, so the original code was reimplemented. Generalized Checkers is played on an M × N board. It is PSPACE-hard to determine whether a specified player has a winning strategy. And if a polynomial bound
3575-489: The same across the tenses, and there are three different inflectional classes based on the thematic vowels and their behaviour in inflection. Furthermore, there are 4 non-finite forms: the perfect participle, the progressive, the infinitive, and the connegative and imperative form. Meanwhile, verbs express the TAM categories present indicative, past indicative, perfect, pluperfect, progressive, and imperative. The copula also inflects for
3640-430: The second syllable of a word causes changes to the vowel in the first syllable, a feature called umlaut . The vowel in the second syllable can change depending on the inflectional ending being attached, and the vowel in the first vowel will likewise alternate accordingly. Often there are three different vowels that alternate with each other in the paradigm of a single word, for example as follows: The following table gives
3705-457: The similarities basically end there. In draughts and Alquerque, any piece can capture any enemy piece whether that enemy piece is a King or not. In Dablot Prejessne, pieces can only capture each other if they are of the same rank or lower. They cannot capture pieces of a higher rank. The Sami King and the landowner are the highest ranked pieces and are equal in rank, therefore, they can capture each other and all other pieces. The Sami Prince and
3770-407: The square immediately beyond it is vacant, the piece may be captured (and removed from the game) by jumping over it. Only the dark squares of the checkerboard are used. A piece can only move forward into an unoccupied square. When capturing an opponent's piece is possible, capturing is mandatory in most official rules. If the player does not capture, the other player can remove the opponent's piece as
3835-452: The subject in person and number. The TAM categories mentioned above are based on non-finite verb forms and are expressed in periphrastic constructions with an auxiliary. The subject agrees with the auxiliary, but it is not obligatory. It is either marked on the pronoun or inferred from context. The imperative second singular uses the same non-finite irrealis form also used in negation constructions. Southern Sámi has some features that separate
3900-507: The two. ⟨C c⟩ , ⟨Q q⟩ , ⟨W w⟩ , ⟨X x⟩ , and ⟨Z z⟩ are only used in words of foreign origin. Long sounds are represented with double letters for both vowels and consonants. Southern Sámi has fifteen consonant and eleven vowel phonemes; there are six places of articulation for consonants and six manners of articulation. There are also two dialects, northern and southern. The phonological differences are relatively small;
3965-507: The unoccupied squares immediately beyond it. Because jumped pieces remain on the board until the turn is complete, it is possible to reach a position in a multi-jump move where the flying king is blocked from capturing further by a piece already jumped. Flying kings are not used in American checkers; a king's only advantage over a man is the additional ability to move and capture backwards. In most non-English languages (except those that acquired
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#17330854667324030-721: Was brought to Spain by the Moors , where it became known as Alquerque , the Spanish derivation of the Arabic name. It was maybe adapted into a derivation of latrunculi , or the game of the Little Soldiers, with a leaping capture, which, like modern Argentine, German, Greek and Thai draughts, had flying kings which had to stop on the next square after the captured piece, but pieces could only make up to three captures at once, or seven if all directions were legal. That said, even if playing al qirq inside
4095-503: Was introduced in France in around 1535, at which point the game became known as Jeu forcé , identical to modern American checkers. The game without forced capture became known as Le jeu plaisant de dames , the precursor of international checkers. The 18th-century English author Samuel Johnson wrote a foreword to a 1756 book about checkers by William Payne , the earliest book in English about
4160-505: Was placing two pieces on either side of the opponent's piece. It was said to have been played during the Trojan War . The Romans played a derivation of petteia called latrunculi , or the game of the Little Soldiers. The pieces, and sporadically the game itself, were called calculi ( pebbles ). Like the pawn in Chess , Alquerque was probably derived from πεττεία and latrunculi by removing
4225-460: Was used to solve the game, showing that a game of checkers will always end in a draw if neither player makes a mistake. The solution is for the checkers variation called go-as-you-please (GAYP) checkers and not for the variation called three-move restriction checkers, however it is a legal three-move restriction game because only openings believed to lose are barred under the three-move restriction. As of December 2007, this makes American checkers
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