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78-509: In October 2009, it was proposed to discontinue both men's cup competitions after 2010, meaning, both the DRV-Pokal and the league cup were not to be played anymore after this season. However, this proposal was initially not carried out but neither competition was held in 2011–12. The DRV-Pokal however returned in 2012–13, now contested by the Bundesliga teams not qualified for the second round of

156-803: A diet , dates back to the Holy Roman Empire . The building was built for the Diet of the German Empire , which was succeeded by the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic . The latter would become the Reichstag of Nazi Germany , which left the building (and ceased to act as a parliament) after the 1933 fire and never returned, using the Kroll Opera House instead; the term Reichstag has not been used by German parliaments since World War II. In today's usage,

234-554: A Roman-influenced Neoclassical architecture . Frederick William II summoned new German architects to Berlin, including Carl Gotthard Langhans from Wroclaw (then in Prussia, now Poland), who was appointed head court architect ("Oberhofbauampt", or Court Superintendent of Buildings) in 1788. Though he had designed many Neoclassical buildings, this was his first significant work in the Greek style, and his last major one; by 1792 he had designed

312-481: A fierce debate, considered by many as one of the most memorable sessions of parliament, on 20 June 1991, did the Bundestag conclude with quite a slim majority in favour of both government and parliament returning to Berlin from Bonn . On 21 June 1994, Norman Foster was asked to include a dome solution in his draft reconstruction proposal, which he included in his 10 February 1995 plans. Before reconstruction began,

390-733: A historic legislative government building on Platz der Republik in Berlin, is the seat of the German Bundestag . It is also the meeting place of the Federal Convention , which elects the President of Germany . The Neo-Renaissance building was constructed between 1884 and 1894 in the Tiergarten district on the left bank of the River Spree to plans by the architect Paul Wallot . It housed both

468-456: A large allegorical relief of the Triumph of Peace , the figures mostly women and children. Above this there is a second cornice, with a projecting central section. On top of this is a "bronze" sculptural group by Johann Gottfried Schadow of a quadriga —a chariot drawn by four horses—driven by a goddess figure. This was initially intended to represent Eirene , the Greek goddess of peace, but after

546-476: A more jaundiced view of parliamentary democracy than his grandfather. The original building was acclaimed for the construction of an original cupola of steel and glass, considered an engineering feat at the time. But its mixture of architectural styles drew widespread criticism. In 1916, the iconic words Dem deutschen Volke ("To the German People") were placed above the main façade of the building, much to

624-454: A policy of religious tolerance , and status as capital of the Kingdom of Prussia facilitated the growth of the city. With the construction of Dorotheenstadt around 1670 and its inclusion in Berlin's city fortifications, a first gate was built on the site, approximately at the level of today's Schadowstraße, consisting of a breach through the raised wall and a drawbridge over the dug moat. With

702-570: A small neo-Gothic building for the New Garden in Potsdam. The gate was the first element of a "new Athens on the river Spree" by Langhans. The gate was originally called the German: Friedenstor or "Peace Gate"; the military victory it celebrated had been very complete, but almost fatality-free, so the name seemed justified. Frederick William II had restored his brother-in-law to power in

780-730: Is also the usual finish line of the Berlin Marathon . A Soviet flag flew from a flagpole atop the gate from 1945 until 1957, when it was replaced by an East German flag . Since the reunification of Germany in 1990, the flag and the pole have been removed. During the 1953 riots in East Berlin the Soviet flag was torn off by West Germans. In 1963, U.S. President John F. Kennedy visited the Brandenburg Gate. The Soviets hung large red banners across it to prevent him looking into East Berlin. In

858-509: Is an 18th-century neoclassical monument in Berlin . One of the best-known landmarks of Germany, it was erected on the site of a former city gate that marked the start of the road from Berlin to Brandenburg an der Havel , the former capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg . The current structure was built from 1788 to 1791 by orders of King Frederick William II of Prussia , based on designs by

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936-589: The Berlin Philharmonic in a version of the Ninth Symphony of Beethoven at the then newly opened Brandenburg Gate. In the concluding choral movement of the symphony, the "Ode to Joy", the word Freude ("Joy") was replaced with Freiheit ("Freedom") to celebrate the fall of the Wall and the imminent reunification of Germany. On 2–3 October 1990, the Brandenburg Gate was the scene of the official ceremony to mark

1014-602: The Berlin Wall on Barbed Wire Sunday , 13 August 1961. West Berliners gathered on the western side of the gate to demonstrate against the Berlin Wall, among them West Berlin's mayor, Willy Brandt , who had returned from a federal election campaign tour in West Germany earlier the same day. The wall passed directly by the western side of the gate, closing it throughout the Berlin Wall period, which ended on 22 December 1989. When

1092-568: The Cold War emerged, the building was physically within West Berlin , but in ruins. During the Berlin Blockade , an enormous number of West Berliners assembled before the building on 9 September 1948, and Mayor Ernst Reuter held a famous speech that ended with "Ihr Völker der Welt... schaut auf diese Stadt..." ("You people of the world...look upon this city..."). In 1956, after some debate,

1170-466: The Last Generation used fire extinguishers to spray paint the Brandenburg Gate's columns orange. The Last Generation is known for their unorthodox protest tactics, including gluing themselves to roads to block traffic. The mayor of Berlin, Kai Wegner, condemned the tactics, saying they "go beyond legitimate forms of protest." The mayor went on to say, "With these actions, this group is not only damaging

1248-510: The Napoleonic Wars was rebranded as Victoria , the Roman goddess of victory, and given an Iron Cross standard with a crowned Imperial eagle perched on top, rather than a wreath . This faces into the city centre. It is the first quadriga group to be made since antiquity, made from copper sheets hammered in moulds; fortunately these moulds were kept, as they would be used more than once to renew

1326-583: The Reichstag Fire Decree suspending civil liberties, and pursue a "ruthless confrontation" with the Communists. Following the Reichstag fire , the building was not used for parliamentary sessions for the next 12 years of Nazi rule. Instead, the nearby Kroll Opera House was modified into a legislative chamber and served as the location of all parliamentary sessions, whilst the Reichstag building became

1404-516: The Reichstag was wrapped by the Bulgarian-American artists Christo and his wife Jeanne-Claude in 1995, attracting millions of visitors. The project was financed by the artists through the sale of preparatory drawings and collages, as well as early works of the 1950s and 1960s. During the reconstruction, the building was first almost completely gutted, taking out everything except the outer walls, including all changes made by Baumgarten in

1482-591: The Revolutions of 1989 occurred and the wall was demolished, the gate symbolized freedom and the desire to unify the city of Berlin. Thousands of people gathered at the wall to celebrate its fall on 9 November 1989. On 22 December 1989, the Brandenburg Gate border crossing was reopened when Helmut Kohl , the West German chancellor, walked through to be greeted by Hans Modrow , the East German prime minister. Demolition of

1560-685: The Straße des 17. Juni begins. One block to the north stands the Reichstag building , home to the German parliament ( Bundestag ), and further to the west is the Tiergarten inner-city park. The gate also forms the monumental entry to Unter den Linden, which leads directly to the former City Palace of the Prussian monarchs (now housing the Humboldt Forum museum), and Berlin Cathedral . Throughout its existence,

1638-471: The " Doric corner conflict ". The 16 metopes along each of the long faces have scenes from Greek mythology in relief; many echo the Parthenon in showing centaurs fighting men. Statues in niches at the furthest side wall of Minerva and Mars were added in the 19th century. After an attic storey that is plain apart from wide steps at the sides receding in both directions, leading, on the east side only, to

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1716-466: The 12th anniversary of German reunification. On this occasion, the Berlin office of Kardorff Ingenieure developed a new lighting concept that emphasises the gate as the most important building on the Pariser Platz. The Brandenburg Gate became the main venue for the 20th-anniversary celebrations of the fall of the Berlin Wall or "Festival of Freedom" on the evening of 9 November 2009. The high point of

1794-476: The 1960s. Respect for the historic aspects of the building was one of the conditions stipulated to the architects, so traces of historical events were to be retained in a visible state. Among them were bullet holes and graffiti left by Soviet soldiers after the final battle for Berlin in April–May 1945. However, graffiti considered offensive was removed, in agreement with Russian diplomats at the time. Reconstruction

1872-579: The 1980s, decrying the existence of two German states and two Berlins, West Berlin mayor Richard von Weizsäcker said: "The German Question is open as long as the Brandenburg Gate is closed." On 12 June 1987, U.S. President Ronald Reagan spoke to the West Berlin populace at the Brandenburg Gate, demanding the razing of the Berlin Wall. Addressing the General Secretary of the Communist Party of

1950-669: The 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall. On 13 August 2011, Germany marked the 50th anniversary of the day the Berlin Wall began construction with a memorial service and a minute of silence in memory of those who died trying to flee to the West. "It is our shared responsibility to keep the memory alive and to pass it on to the coming generations as a reminder to stand up for freedom and democracy to ensure that such injustice may never happen again," Berlin Mayor Klaus Wowereit said. German Chancellor Angela Merkel—who grew up behind

2028-457: The Brandenburg Gate was often a site for major historical events. After World War II and during the Cold War , until its fall in 1989 , the gateway was obstructed by the Berlin Wall , and was for almost three decades a marker of the city's division. Since German reunification in 1990, it has been considered not only a symbol of the tumultuous histories of Germany and Europe , but also of European unity and peace . The central portion of

2106-554: The Great had made the Kingdom of Prussia a power that could not be ignored in European politics, but Berlin lacked the monuments and cultural life of Vienna , Paris or London. His uncle's tastes had been those typical of his generation, drawing on French classicism and English Palladianism , and his Brandenburg Gate in Potsdam (1770–71) was a much smaller monument, poised between Rococo and

2184-557: The Nazi regime. The building took further damage during World War II , and its symbolism made it an important target for the Red Army during the Battle of Berlin . After the war, the building was modernised and restored in the 1960s and used for exhibitions and special events, as its location in West Berlin prevented its use as a parliament building by either of the two Germanies. From 1995 to 1999,

2262-649: The Netherlands. But the French Revolution began while construction was underway, and only a few years after it was completed, the Batavian Revolution sent the Dutch royal couple into exile in 1795, the first of many political upheavals throughout the gate's history. The Brandenburg Gate has played different political roles in German history. After the 1806 Prussian defeat at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt , Napoleon

2340-411: The Reichstag has a 360° view of the surrounding Berlin cityscape. The main hall ( debating chamber ) of the parliament below can also be seen from inside the dome, and natural light from above radiates down to the parliament floor. A large sun shield tracks the movement of the sun electronically and blocks direct sunlight which would not only cause large solar gain, but dazzle those below. Construction work

2418-407: The Reichstag legislature of the German Empire and the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic . The Reich's Federal Council also originally met there. The building was initially used by the Reichstag for Nazi Germany , but severe damage in the Reichstag fire of 1933 prevented further use and the Reichstag moved to the nearby Kroll Opera House . The 1933 fire became a pivotal event in the entrenchment of

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2496-492: The Reichstag was fundamentally redesigned by Norman Foster for its permanent use as a parliament building in the now reunified Germany. The keys were ceremonially handed over to the President of the Bundestag , Wolfgang Thierse , on 19 April 1999. A landmark of the city is the redesigned walk-in glass dome above the plenary chamber, proposed by artist and architect Gottfried Böhm . The term Reichstag , when used to connote

2574-472: The Soviet Union , Mikhail Gorbachev , Reagan said, General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall ! On 25 December 1989, less than two months after the Berlin Wall began to come down, the conductor Leonard Bernstein conducted

2652-427: The West German government decided that the Reichstag should not be torn down, but be restored instead under the guidance of Paul Baumgarten. The cupola of the original building, which had also been heavily damaged in the war, was dismantled, and the outside façade made simpler with the removal of ornaments and statues. Reconstruction started in 1961, and was complete by 1971. The artistic and practical value of his work

2730-526: The annual conference of the DRV , which was not granted. In 2008-09, 16 teams took part in the final rounds of the competition, played in knock-out format. The games are played as single rounds with one club having the home advantage. The final was played on 1 May 2008. In 2010-11, the competition was played in a different format, with four teams playing a final-four tournament in October 2010. While not held in 2011–12

2808-538: The border to the zone occupied by the British, which later became the border between East and West Berlin . In connection with the East German uprising of 1953 , three men took down the red flag on the roof of the Brandenburg Gate and, shortly after noon on 17 June 1953, hoisted the joint black-red-gold flag of East Germany and West Germany. One of the three men, Wolfgang Panzer, probably paid for this action with his life and

2886-653: The broad Straße des 17. Juni avenue to the west, is also one of the large public areas in Berlin where over a million people can gather to watch stage shows or party together, watch major sport events shown on huge screens, or see fireworks at midnight on New Year's Eve. After winning the 2014 FIFA World Cup , the Germany national football team held their victory rally in front of the gate. It has also hosted street events at 2009 IAAF World Championships in Athletics and repeated its role in 2018 European Athletics Championships . It

2964-454: The building was thus used only for occasional representative meetings, and one-off events, such as a free concert given by British rock band Barclay James Harvest on 30 August 1980 and by Tangerine Dream on 29 August 1981. It was also used for a widely lauded permanent exhibition about German history called Fragen an die deutsche Geschichte ("Questions on German history"). The official German reunification ceremony on 3 October 1990

3042-431: The celebrations was when over 1000 colourfully designed foam domino tiles, each over 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) tall, were lined up along the route of the former wall through the city centre. The domino "wall" was then toppled in stages converging here. The Brandenburg Gate is now again closed to vehicle traffic, and much of the Pariser Platz has been turned into a cobblestone pedestrian zone . The gate, along with

3120-468: The championship play-off entered the DRV-Pokal , the premier rugby union cup competition in Germany. The teams placed third and fourth received a bye for the first round: The first round saw the teams placed fifth to eighth drawn against each other: For the quarter-finals teams were not seeded, with the clubs placed third and fourth entering the competition. The quarter finals were scheduled for 4 and 5 June,

3198-419: The columns, and the fluting here follows the Greek style for Ionic and Corinthian columns, with flat fillets rather than sharp arrises between the flutes, and rounded ends to the top and bottom of flutes. The entablature up to the cornice follows Greek precedent, with triglyphs , guttae , metopes , and mutules , except that there are half-metopes at the corners, the Roman rather than Greek solution to

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3276-618: The competition returned in 2012–13, now contested between the worst-placed six Bundesliga teams after the first stage of the regular season and the best eight 2nd Bundesliga clubs. After another league reform in 2015 the DRV-Pokal will now be contested by the Rugby-Bundesliga teams not qualified for the German championship, meaning the teams placed third to eighth in each of the two regional divisions. The first round: The quarter finals: The remaining twelve Bundesliga clubs not qualified for

3354-411: The displeasure of Wilhelm II, who had tried to block the adding of the inscription for its democratic significance. During the revolutionary days of 1918, two days before World War I ended and just hours after Wilhelm's abdication was announced, Philipp Scheidemann proclaimed the institution of a republic from one of the balconies of the Reichstag building on 9 November. The building continued to be

3432-599: The expansion of Dorotheenstadt to the west and the construction of the Berlin Customs Wall (German: Akzisemauer ) in 1734, the latter of which enclosed the old fortified city and many of its then suburbs, a predecessor of today's Brandenburg Gate was built by the Court Architect Philipp Gerlach as a city gate on the road to Brandenburg an der Havel . The gate system consisted of two Baroque pylons decorated with pilasters and trophies , to which

3510-404: The gate as a party symbol. As part of Berlin's transformation into the so-called "world capital Germania", the gate was located on the east–west axis. A seven-kilometer-long section between the Brandenburg Gate and Adolf-Hitler-Platz (today Theodor-Heuss-Platz ) was extended and put into operation in 1939. During the further expansion of the east–west axis, which never materialised, one of the plans

3588-495: The gate draws from the tradition of the Roman triumphal arch , although in style it is one of the first examples of Greek Revival architecture in Germany. The gate is supported by twelve fluted Doric columns, six to each side, forming five passageways. There are also walls between the pairs of columns at front and back, decorated with classicizing reliefs of the Labours of Hercules . Citizens were originally allowed to use only

3666-457: The gate to be illuminated for events in partner cities and cities with a special connection to Berlin. In February 2022, the gate was lit up with the colours of the Ukrainian flag , during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . A candlelight vigil was also held in front of the gate on the 31st Independence Day of Ukraine . On 17 September 2023, German climate activists who call themselves

3744-399: The gate wings were attached. In addition to the ornamental gate, there were simple passages for pedestrians in the wall, which were decorated with ornamental vases at this point. Frederick William II of Prussia was in his early forties when he came to the throne in 1786. He was determined to establish his capital of Berlin as a cultural centre. The military triumphs of his uncle Frederick

3822-437: The historic Brandenburg Gate, but also our free discourse about the important issues of our time and future." Berlin police detained 14 people connected to the vandalism. Reichstag building The Reichstag ( German : Reichstag , pronounced [ˈʁaɪçsˌtaːk] ; officially: Plenarbereich Reichstagsgebäude [ˈʁaɪçstaːksɡəˌbɔʏdə] , lit.   ' Imperial Assembly ' ),

3900-428: The longer sides, stretching beyond the east side, have buildings set back from the columns. These are called "custom houses" for the Berlin Customs Wall , which was in force until 1860, or "gatehouses". The Doric order of the gate mostly, but not entirely, follows Greek precedents, which had recently become much better understood by the publication of careful illustrated records. The Greek Doric does not have bases to

3978-545: The main entrance, celebrating the process of unification. Some of the Reichstag's decorative sculptures, reliefs, and inscriptions were by sculptor Otto Lessing . On 29 June 1884, the foundation stone was finally laid by Wilhelm I , at the east side of the Königsplatz. Before construction was completed by Philipp Holzmann A.G. in 1894, Wilhelm I died (in 1888, the Year of Three Emperors ). His eventual successor, Wilhelm II , took

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4056-560: The night of 5 January 2015, the lights illuminating the gate were completely shut off in protest against a protest held by far-right anti-Islamic group Pegida . In April 2017, Die Zeit noted that the gate was not illuminated in Russian colours after the 2017 Saint Petersburg Metro bombing . The gate was previously illuminated after attacks in Jerusalem and Orlando. The Berlin Senate only allows

4134-514: The original quadriga survived, and is today kept in the collection of the Märkisches Museum . Efforts to disguise the government district of Berlin and confuse Allied bombers had included the construction of a replica Brandenburg Gate located away from the city centre. After Germany's surrender at the end of the war, the Brandenburg Gate was located in the Soviet occupation zone , directly next to

4212-655: The outbreak of World War I and was not completed until 1926. Meanwhile, the events of the November Revolution had led to further significant damage, particularly to the quadriga. Indeed, the gate was used as a firing position by government troops during both the Spartacist uprising of January 1919 and the Kapp Putsch in March 1920. The restoration work was carried out on site under the direction of Kurt Kluge. For this purpose,

4290-513: The outermost two passageways on each side. Its design is based on the Propylaea , the gateway to the Acropolis of Athens , which also had a front with six Doric columns, though these were topped by a triangular pediment . The central portion is flanked by L-shaped wings on either side, at a lower height, but using the same Doric order. Next to, and parallel with, the gate these are open " stoas ", but

4368-480: The quadriga was encased in a wooden structure. Berliners spoke of the "highest horse stable in Berlin", but regardless of the weather, the work could be carried out in the dry without any delay. The numerous sandstone reliefs were restored and partially renovated under the artistic direction of Wilhelm Wandschneider, who remodeled one of the centaur metopes with a different motif. When the Nazis ascended to power, they used

4446-463: The rest of the wall around the area took place the following year. In 1990, the quadriga was removed from the gate as part of renovation work carried out by the East German authorities following the fall of the wall in November 1989. Germany was officially reunified in October 1990. The Brandenburg Gate was privately refurbished on 21 December 2000, at a cost of €6 million. It was once again opened on 3 October 2002 following extensive refurbishment, for

4524-410: The return of the quadriga to the top of the gate. In addition, the central archway was also used by the coaches of ambassadors on the single occasion of their presenting their letters of credence to council. After 1900, due to weathering and environmental damage, smaller and larger pieces of stone began to fall from the gate. Comprehensive renovation work began in 1913, which had to be interrupted by

4602-448: The reunification of Germany. At the stroke of midnight on 3 October, the black-red-gold flag of West Germany —now the flag of a reunified Germany—was raised over the gate. On 12 July 1994, U.S. President Bill Clinton spoke at the Brandenburg Gate about peace in post–Cold War Europe. On 9 November 2009, Chancellor Angela Merkel walked through the Brandenburg Gate with Russia's Mikhail Gorbachev and Poland's Lech Wałęsa as part of

4680-434: The royal architect Carl Gotthard Langhans . The bronze sculpture of the quadriga crowning the gate is a work by the sculptor Johann Gottfried Schadow . The Brandenburg Gate is located in the western part of the city centre within Mitte , at the junction of Unter den Linden and Ebertstraße . The gate dominates the Pariser Platz to the east, while to the immediate west it opens onto the Platz des 18. März beyond which

4758-423: The sculptor Otto Schnitzer and the traditional foundry Hermann Noack in Friedenau . The restoration was completed on 14 December 1957. The Iron Cross standard above the quadriga was replaced by a wreath, as originally intended, but the Iron Cross returned after German Reunification , and remains in place in 2024. Vehicles and pedestrians could travel freely through the gate until the day after construction began on

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4836-512: The sculpture. The side wings have plain metopes, and simple angled roofs, ending in gable pediments with a small circular relief in the tympanum. In the time of King Frederick William I (1688), shortly after the Thirty Years' War and a century before today's Brandenburg Gate was constructed, Berlin was a small walled city within a star fort with several named gates: Spandauer Tor, St. Georgen Tor, Stralower Tor, Cöpenicker Tor, Neues Tor, and Leipziger Tor (see map) . Relative peace,

4914-448: The season and the best 2nd Bundesliga teams. The DRV-Pokal was established in 1962 under the guidance of the chairman of the DRV , Heinz Reinhold . Originally, the trophy for the winner was a picture of the Brandenburg Gate , an important symbol of the Cold War days in Germany. In October 2010, the board of the German rugby federation proposed to discontinue both cup competitions after 2010. This decision required formal approval at

4992-448: The seat of the parliament of the Weimar Republic (1919–1933), which was still called the Reichstag. Up to 42 protesters died during the Reichstag Bloodbath of 13 January 1920 , when workers tried to protest against a law that would restrict their rights; it was the bloodiest demonstration in German history. On 27 February 1933, there was an arson attack on the Reichstag building, precisely four weeks after Nazi leader Adolf Hitler

5070-448: The semi-finals for 11 and 12 June and the final for 26 June: The finals of the competition: Source: "Die DRV-Pokalsieger" . Deutscher Rugby Verband. Archived from the original on 2007-10-25 . Retrieved 2008-12-29 . As of 2016, this is the standing in the all–time winners list of the German cup: Brandenburg Gate The Brandenburg Gate (German: Brandenburger Tor [ˈbʁandn̩ˌbʊʁɡɐ ˈtoːɐ̯] )

5148-420: The setting for political exhibitions. In 1939, the library and archive were moved elsewhere, and the windows bricked up as the building was made into a fortress. By 1943, the building was used as a hospital, and a radio tube manufacturing facility by AEG . During the Battle of Berlin in 1945, it became one of the central targets for the Red Army to capture, due to its perceived symbolic significance. When

5226-413: The wall in Germany's communist eastern part—also attended the commemoration. German President Christian Wulff added, "It has been shown once again: Freedom is invincible at the end. No wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom." On 19 June 2013, U.S. President Barack Obama spoke at the Gate about nuclear arms reduction and the recently revealed U.S. internet surveillance activities. On

5304-456: The word Reichstag (Imperial Diet ) refers mainly to the building, while Bundestag (Federal Diet) refers to the institution. Construction of the building began well after the unification of Germany in 1871. Starting in 1871, and for the next 23 years, the parliament met in the former property of the Königliche Porzellan-Manufaktur Berlin , at Leipziger Straße 4. In 1872, an architectural contest with 103 participating architects

5382-446: Was Philadelphia 's Memorial Hall , the main building of the 1876 Centennial Exhibition . Wallot adorned the building's façade with crowns and eagles symbolising imperial strength. The building's four corner towers represented the four German kingdoms at unification, Prussia , Bavaria , Saxony and Württemberg , and the heraldic coat of arms of each kingdom, as well as smaller devices representing various German city-states, flanked

5460-535: Was carried out to erect a new building, a contest won by Ludwig Bohnstedt . The plan incorporated the Königsplatz (today's Platz der Republik ), which was then occupied by the palace of a Polish-Prussian aristocrat, Athanasius Raczyński . That property was unavailable at the time. In 1882, another architectural contest was held, with 200 architects participating. This time, the winner—the Frankfurt architect Paul Wallot —would actually see his Neo-Baroque project executed. The direct model for Wallot's design

5538-401: Was completed in 1999, with the Bundestag convening there officially for the first time on 19 April of that year. The Reichstag is now the second most visited attraction in Germany , not least because of the huge glass dome that was erected on the roof as a gesture to the original 1894 cupola, giving an impressive view over the city, especially at night. The large glass dome at the very top of

5616-503: Was equipped with the Prussian eagle and Iron Cross on her lance with a wreath of oak leaves. The quadriga faces east, as it did when it was originally installed in 1793. Only the royal family was allowed to pass through the central archway, as well as members of the Pfuel family, from 1814 to 1919. The Kaiser granted this honour to the family in gratitude to Ernst von Pfuel, who had overseen

5694-403: Was held at the Reichstag building, including Chancellor Helmut Kohl , President Richard von Weizsäcker , former Chancellor Willy Brandt and many others. The event included huge firework displays. The following day the parliament of the united Germany assembled as a symbolic act in the Reichstag building. However, at that time, the role of Berlin had not yet been decided upon. Only after

5772-416: Was never seen again. On 21 September 1956, the East Berlin magistrates decided to restore the only surviving but damaged former city gate. Despite heated arguments and mutual accusations, both parts of Berlin worked together on the restoration. The holes were patched, but were visible for many years. The quadriga was completely recreated based on a plaster cast from 1942; the reconstruction was carried out by

5850-400: Was sworn in as Chancellor of Germany . Despite the firefighters' efforts, most of the building was gutted. Marinus van der Lubbe , a Dutch "council communist" , was the apparent culprit; however, Hitler attributed the fire to Communist agitators. He used it as a pretext to claim that Communists were plotting against the German government, and induced President Paul von Hindenburg to issue

5928-401: Was the first to use the Brandenburg Gate for a triumphal procession, and took its quadriga to Paris. After Napoleon's defeat in 1814 and the Prussian occupation of Paris by General Ernst von Pfuel , the quadriga was restored to Berlin. It was then redesigned by Karl Friedrich Schinkel for the new role of the Brandenburg Gate as a Prussian triumphal arch. The goddess, now definitely Victoria,

6006-469: Was the subject of much debate after German reunification. Under the 1971 Four Power Agreement on Berlin , Berlin was formally outside the bounds of either East or West Germany, and so the West German parliament, the Bundestag , was not allowed to assemble formally in West Berlin. This prohibition was obeyed even though East Germany had declared East Berlin its capital, violating this provision. Until 1990,

6084-468: Was to move the side porticos away from the Brandenburg Gate. Traffic would then have been routed not only through, but also around the gate. The gate survived World War II and was one of the damaged structures still standing in the Pariser Platz ruins in 1945 (another being the Academy of Fine Arts). The gate was badly damaged with holes in the columns from bullets and nearby explosions. One horse's head from

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