Misplaced Pages

#617382

80-402: The Sony DPT-S1 is a 13.3-inch (approaching A4 ) E ink e-reader by Sony , aimed at professional business users. The DPT-S1 Digital Paper can display only PDF files at their native size and lacks the ability to display any other e-book formats. The reader has been criticized for being too expensive for most consumers, with an initial price of US$ 1,100, falling to $ 700 at its end. The reader

160-420: A geologic timescale , many minerals exhibit Ostwald Ripening as their crystal forms evolve as the mineral ages. Related to solubility and crystallization was Ostwald's finding that dissolution of a solid depends on the size of the crystal. When the crystals are small, typically less than a micron , the solubility of the solid in the solution phase is increased. Ostwald quantified this effect mathematically in

240-536: A Painter, 1904) and Die Farbenfibel ( The Color Primer, 1916). His work in color theory was influenced by that of Albert Henry Munsell , and in turn influenced Piet Mondrian and other members of De Stijl and Paul Klee and other members of the Bauhaus school . Ostwald's theories also influenced Americans Faber Birren and Egbert Jacobson . He was also interested in the international language movement, first learning Esperanto , then later supporting Ido . He

320-441: A larger rectangle with the aspect ratio of 2 {\textstyle {\sqrt {2}}} and double the area of each individual sheet. The ISO system of paper sizes exploits these properties of the 2 {\textstyle {\sqrt {2}}} aspect ratio. In each series of sizes (for example, series A), the largest size is numbered 0 (so in this case A0), and each successive size (A1, A2, etc.) has half

400-573: A notable scientist in the area of colloid chemistry. Ostwald was initiated to the Scottish Rite Masonry and became Grand Master of the Grand Lodge "Zur Aufgehenden Sonne" in Bayreuth . In 1887, he moved to Leipzig where he worked for the rest of his life. At the time of his retirement, he moved to a country estate near Groβbothen, Saxony, which he named "Landhaus Energie". He lived at

480-510: A page from A4 to A3. Similarly, two sheets of A4 can be scaled down to fit one A4 sheet without excess empty paper. This system also simplifies calculating the weight of paper. Under ISO 536 , paper's grammage is defined as a sheet's mass in grams (g) per area in square metres (unit symbol g/m ; the nonstandard abbreviation "gsm" is also used). One can derive the grammage of other sizes by arithmetic division . A standard A4 sheet made from 80 g/m paper weighs 5 grams (0.18 oz), as it

560-483: A paid assistant in the Physics Institute, after Oettingen's assistant moved to Riga. He also supported himself for a time by teaching mathematics and science at a Dorpat high school. Ostwald was deeply interested in questions of chemical affinity and the reactions that formed chemical compounds . This was the central theoretical question facing chemists at the time. As part of his early work, Ostwald developed

640-521: A pipette that could be used to transfer and measure liquids, especially serous fluids . This design was later improved by Otto Folin . This type of pipette has a bulb at the lower end as a particular design feature. It became known as the Ostwald-Folin pipette and is widely used in contemporary times. Following his 1906 retirement from academia, Ostwald became interested in the systematization of colors , which could be useful both scientifically and in

720-539: A relationship that became known as the Ostwald-Freundlich equation . Ostwald first published his finding in 1900, and his mathematical equation was refined by German chemist Herbert Freundlich in 1909. This mathematical relationship also applies to the partial pressure of substance in the system. The Ostwald-Freundlich equation takes into account the surface tension of the particle in the system, in addition to curvature and temperature. The size dependence of solubility

800-523: A research position in Ostwald's laboratory. This was four years before Einstein's publication on special relativity . Ostwald rejected Einstein's application, although later the two developed strong mutual respect. Subsequently, Ostwald nominated Einstein for the Nobel Prize in 1910 and again in 1913. Following his 1906 retirement, Ostwald became active in philosophy, politics, and other humanities. During

880-494: A scientific basis at the Bridge association ( German : Die Brücke ), as a replacement for the vast variety of other paper formats that had been used before, in order to make paper stocking and document reproduction cheaper and more efficient, in 1911 Wilhelm Ostwald proposed, over a hundred years after the 1798 French law, a global standard – a world format ( Weltformat ) – for paper sizes based on

SECTION 10

#1732875930618

960-406: A solution of certain chemical reactants can have a strong influence of the rate of chemical processes. He realized that this is manifestation of the concept of chemical catalysis first articulated by Berzelius . Ostwald articulated the idea that a catalyst is a substance that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction without being a part of either the reactants or the products. Ostwald's advances in

1040-441: A surface area of 1 square metre (11 sq ft) up to a rounding error , with a width of 841 millimetres (33.1 in) and height of 1,189 millimetres (46.8 in), so an actual area of 0.999949 square metres (10.76336 sq ft); A4 is recommended as standard paper size for business, administrative and government correspondence; and A6 for postcards. Series B is based on B0 with width of 1 metre (3 ft 3 in), C0

1120-469: A three-dimensional affinity table that took into account the effects of temperature as well as the affinity constants of acids and bases . Ostwald also investigated mass action , electrochemistry , and chemical dynamics . Ostwald completed his Magisterial degree at the University of Dorpat in 1877, enabling him to give lectures and charge for teaching. Ostwald published his doctoral dissertation at

1200-454: Is 1 ⁄ 16 (four halvings, ignoring rounding) of an A0 page. Thus the weight, and the associated postage rate , can be approximated easily by counting the number of sheets used. ISO 216 and its related standards were first published between 1975 and 1995: Paper in the A series format has an aspect ratio of √ 2 (≈ 1.414, when rounded). A0 is defined so that it has an area of 1  m (11  sq ft ) before rounding to

1280-1084: Is 917 by 1,297 millimetres (36.1 in × 51.1 in), and D0 771 by 1,090 millimetres (30.4 in × 42.9 in). Series C is the basis for envelope formats. The DIN paper-format concept was soon introduced as a national standard in many other countries, for example, Belgium (1924), Netherlands (1925), Norway (1926), Switzerland (1929), Sweden (1930), Soviet Union (1934), Hungary (1938), Italy (1939), Finland (1942), Uruguay (1942), Argentina (1943), Brazil (1943), Spain (1947), Austria (1948), Romania (1949), Japan (1951), Denmark (1953), Czechoslovakia (1953), Israel (1954), Portugal (1954), Yugoslavia (1956), India (1957), Poland (1957), United Kingdom (1959), Venezuela (1962), New Zealand (1963), Iceland (1964), Mexico (1965), South Africa (1966), France (1967), Peru (1967), Turkey (1967), Chile (1968), Greece (1970), Zimbabwe (1970), Singapore (1970), Bangladesh (1972), Thailand (1973), Barbados (1973), Australia (1974), Ecuador (1974), Colombia (1975) and Kuwait (1975). It finally became both an international standard ( ISO 216) as well as

1360-497: Is also known by other unofficial names like "A00". Wilhelm Ostwald Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald ( German pronunciation: [ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈɔstˌvalt] ; 2 September [ O.S. 21 August] 1853 – 4 April 1932) was a Baltic German chemist and philosopher . Ostwald is credited with being one of the founders of the field of physical chemistry , with Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff , Walther Nernst , and Svante Arrhenius . He received

1440-422: Is defined in the standard as follows: "A subsidiary series of sizes is obtained by placing the geometrical means between adjacent sizes of the A series in sequence." The use of the geometric mean makes each step in size: B0, A0, B1, A1, B2 ... smaller than the previous one by the same factor. As with the A series, the lengths of the B series have the ratio √ 2 , and folding one in half (and rounding down to

1520-457: Is folded in half so that it is A5 in size, it will fit into a C5 envelope (which will be the same size as a C4 envelope folded in half). Any C n paper can be defined as C n = S × L , where (measuring in metres) Therefore The tolerances specified in the standard are: These are related to comparison between series A, B and C. The ISO 216 formats are organized around the ratio 1: √ 2 ; two sheets next to each other together have

1600-539: Is its scaling. Rectangular paper with an aspect ratio of 2 {\textstyle {\sqrt {2}}} has the unique property that, when cut or folded in half midway between its longer sides, each half has the same 2 {\textstyle {\sqrt {2}}} aspect ratio as the whole sheet before it was divided. Equivalently, if one lays two same-sized sheets of paper with an aspect ratio of 2 {\textstyle {\sqrt {2}}} side by side along their longer side, they form

1680-560: Is lightweight and has low power consumption , a Wi-Fi connection, and a stylus for making notes or highlights. The DPT-S1 was released in Japan on December 3, 2013 and launched elsewhere in 2014. Sony announced the discontinuation of the DPT-S1 in late 2016. The 13.3-inch e-Ink Mobius electronic paper screen has a resolution of 1200 × 1600 pixels, with a capacitive touchscreen. The device has an ARM Cortex-A8 at 1 GHz microprocessor. It

SECTION 20

#1732875930618

1760-448: Is no size half-way between B n and A( n − 1) : A4, C4, B4, "D4", A3, ...; there is such a D-series in the Swedish extensions to the system. The lengths of ISO C series paper are therefore √ 2 ≈ 1.09 times those of A-series paper. The C series formats are used mainly for envelopes . An unfolded A4 page will fit into a C4 envelope. Due to same width to height ratio, if an A4 page

1840-484: Is sometimes utilized in the formulation of pharmaceuticals that have low solubility so as to enhance their uptake by the patient. The size dependence also has a role in Ostwald Ripening. Collaborating with German chemist Raphael E. Liesegang , Ostwald recognized that substances can crystallize in a periodic fashion wherein the crystallization behavior follows a spatial or temporal pattern. In certain circumstances,

1920-465: Is the German Institute for Standardisation ( Deutsches Institut für Normung , or DIN in short) today, published German standard DI Norm 476 the specification of four series of paper formats with ratio 2 {\textstyle {\sqrt {2}}} , with series A as the always preferred formats and basis for the other series. All measures are rounded to the nearest millimetre. A0 has

2000-548: Is the length of the shorter side and y {\textstyle y} is the length of the longer side, for the second equation both in metres. Porstmann also argued that formats for containers of paper, such as envelopes, should be 10% larger than the paper format itself. In 1921, after a long discussion and another intervention by Porstmann, the Standardisation Committee of German Industry ( Normenausschuß der deutschen Industrie , or NADI in short), which

2080-486: Is the size A4, which is 210 mm × 297 mm (8.27 in × 11.7 in) and thus almost exactly 1 ⁄ 16 square metre (0.0625 m ; 96.8752 sq in) in area. For comparison, the letter paper size commonly used in North America ( 8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in × 11 in; 216 mm × 279 mm) is about 6 mm ( 0.24 in ) wider and 18 mm ( 0.71 in ) shorter than A4. Then,

2160-484: The HSL and HSV color system. Much of Ostwald's work on systematization of color was done in collaboration with Deutscher Werkbund , which was an association of painters and architects. In 1887, Ostwald founded the peer-reviewed scientific journal Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie , specializing in original research in the field of physical chemistry. He served as its editor-in-chief until 1922. In 1894, Ostwald formed

2240-649: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1909 for his scientific contributions to the fields of catalysis , chemical equilibria , and reaction velocities . Following his 1906 retirement from academic life, Ostwald became much involved in philosophy, art, and politics. He made significant contributions to each of these fields. He has been described as a polymath . Ostwald was born ethnically Baltic German in Riga , Russian Empire (now Latvia ) to master-cooper Gottfried Wilhelm Ostwald (1824–1903) and Elisabeth Leuckel (1824–1903). He

2320-494: The humanities , the arts, and philosophy, which became a focus of his endeavors after his 1906 retirement from academia . Ostwald began his career as an independent unpaid investigator at the University of Dorpat in 1875. He worked in the laboratory of Carl Schmidt , along with his contemporary Johann Lemberg. Lemberg taught Ostwald many of the basics of the analysis of inorganic compounds and measurements of equilibria and chemical reaction rates . Lemberg also taught Ostwald

2400-646: The silver ratio . An adjunct to the ISO paper sizes, particularly the A series, are the technical drawing line widths specified in ISO 128 . For example, line type A ("Continuous - thick", used for "visible outlines") has a standard thickness of 0.7 mm on an A0-sized sheet, 0.5 mm on an A1 sheet, and 0.35 mm on A2, A3, or A4. The matching technical pen widths are 0.13, 0.18, 0.25, 0.35, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.40, and 2.0 mm, as specified in ISO 9175-1 . Colour codes are assigned to each size to facilitate easy recognition by

2480-494: The " A ", " B " and " C " series of paper sizes, which includes the A4 , the most commonly available paper size worldwide. Two supplementary standards, ISO 217 and ISO 269 , define related paper sizes; the ISO 269 " C " series is commonly listed alongside the A and B sizes. All ISO 216, ISO 217 and ISO 269 paper sizes (except some envelopes) have the same aspect ratio , √ 2 :1 , within rounding to millimetres . This ratio has

Sony Digital Paper - Misplaced Pages Continue

2560-616: The German Electrochemical Society which ultimately became the Deutsche Bunsen-Gesellschaft für angewandte physikalische Chemie [German Bunsen-Society for Applied Physical Chemistry]. He created the journal Klassiker der exakten Wissenschaften in 1889, of which more than 250 volumes have been published. As part of his interest in philosophy, in 1902 Ostwald started the journal Annalen der Naturphilosophie (Annales of Natural Philosophy). In 1927, he initiated

2640-582: The German scientist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg to Johann Beckmann , both at the University of Göttingen . Early variants of the formats that would become ISO paper sizes A2, A3, B3, B4, and B5 then evolved in France, where they were listed in a 1798 French law on taxation of publications ( French : Loi sur le timbre (Nº 2136) ) that was based in part on page sizes. Searching for a standard system of paper formats on

2720-497: The ISO 216 paper format, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Colombia, the Philippines, and Chile also use mostly U.S. paper sizes. Rectangular sheets of paper with the ratio 1: √ 2 are popular in paper folding , such as origami , where they are sometimes called "A4 rectangles" or "silver rectangles". In other contexts, the term "silver rectangle" can also refer to a rectangle in the proportion 1:(1 +  √ 2 ), known as

2800-489: The ISO standard) can be defined as B n = S × L , where (measuring in metres) Therefore The C series formats are geometric means between the B series and A series formats with the same number (e.g. C2 is the geometric mean between B2 and A2). The width to height ratio of C series formats is √ 2 as in the A and B series. A, B, and C series of paper fit together as part of a geometric progression , with ratio of successive side lengths of √ 2 , though there

2880-583: The Nobel Prize 20 times beginning in 1904, and he submitted nine nominations of other scientists for the Nobel Prize following his own award. This included two nominations of Albert Einstein. Ostwald donated more than US$ 40,000 of his Nobel Prize award money to advance the cause of the Ido language. He was elected an International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1912. In 1923, Ostwald

2960-1380: The United States. In 1899 he was made a Geheimrat by the King of Saxony , which by that time was a recognition of Ostwald's scholarly contributions. There is a Wilhelm Ostwald Park and Museum in Grimma, Germany , at the site of Ostwald's vacation home. This institution also houses many of Ostwald's scholarly works. Ostwald crater , which is on the far side of the Earth's moon , was named in honor of Wilhelm Ostwald. On 24 April 1880 Ostwald married Helene von Reyher (1854–1946), with whom he had five children. These were: Grete, (1882–1960) born in Riga and died in Großbothen ; Wolfgang (1883–1943) born 1883 in Riga and died in Dresden ; Elisabeth (1884– 1968) born in Riga and died in Großbothen; Walter (1886–1958) born in Riga and died in Freiburg im Breisgau ; and Carl Otto (1890–1958) born in Leipzig and died in Leipzig. Wolfgang Ostwald became

3040-545: The University of Dorpat in 1878, with Carl Schmidt as his thesis advisor . His doctoral thesis was entitled Volumchemische und Optisch-Chemische Studien ("Volumetric and Optical-Chemical Studies"). In 1879, he became a paid assistant to Carl Schmidt. In 1881, Ostwald became a Professor of Chemistry at the Riga Polytechnicum (now Riga Technical University). In 1887, he moved to Leipzig University where he became Professor of Physical Chemistry. Ostwald remained on

3120-455: The a non-thermodynamically preferred polymorph may crystallize first, more thermodynamically stable forms can continue to develop as the solution ages. Often this results in large crystals forming, since they are more thermodynamically stable than are large numbers of small crystals. This phenomenon came to be known as Ostwald Ripening and is observed in many situations. An everyday example is the gritty texture that ice cream develops as it ages. On

3200-414: The area of the preceding sheet and can be cut by halving the length of the preceding size sheet. The new measurement is rounded down to the nearest millimetre. A folded brochure can be made by using a sheet of the next larger size (for example, an A4 sheet is folded in half to make a brochure with size A5 pages). An office photocopier or printer can be designed to reduce a page from A4 to A5 or to enlarge

3280-399: The arts as having a common aim, that of "coping with the infinite diversity of appearances through the formation of appropriate concepts" ... Towards this aim, science builds "intellectual ideas; art constructs visual ones." Ostwald developed a strong interest in color theory in the later decades of his life. He wrote several publications in the field, such as his Malerbriefe ( Letters to

Sony Digital Paper - Misplaced Pages Continue

3360-431: The arts. He published The Color Primer and also The Color Atlas during the period of 1916–8. These publications established relationships between the various visual colors. Ostwald represented these as a three dimensional representation of color space that is a topological solid consisting of two cones. One apex of the cone is pure white while the other is pure black. The eight primary colors are represented along

3440-426: The behavior of a weak electrolyte follows the principles of mass action , being extensively dissociated at infinite dilution. This characteristic of weak electrolytes can be observed experimentally, such as by electrochemical determinations . Through his research on chemical reaction rates and velocities and his studies of acids and bases, Ostwald found that the concentration of acid or the concentration of base in

3520-529: The chemical basis of many geologic phenomena. These endeavors formed part of the subjects of Ostwald's later research efforts. In addition to his work in Carl Schmidt's laboratory, Ostwald also studied in the university's physics institute with Arthur von Oettingen . Around 1877, still continuing his work as an unpaid investigator in the Chemistry Laboratory at the University of Dorpat, Ostwald became

3600-401: The chemical systems under investigation. He therefore turned to physical measurements as surrogate methods to understand these important basic phenomena. One such physical measurement is the measurement of the viscosity , or resistance to flow, of a liquid. Ostwald invented a device for this purpose consisting of bulbs that act as reservoirs for a liquid with a capillary, or thin tube, in between

3680-451: The circumference or curved surfaces of the two cones. In this representation, each color is a mixture of white, black, and the eight primary colors. In this way, there are three degrees of freedom that represent each color. This representation of colors was an important early step toward their systematization, replacing color perception by the human eye with an objective system. Over time, Ostwald's advances in color science became part of

3760-405: The course of his academic career, Ostwald published more than 500 original research papers for the scientific literature and approximately 45 books. Ostwald invented a process for the inexpensive manufacture of nitric acid by oxidation of ammonia . He was awarded patents for this process. Ostwald's patent made use of a catalyst and described conditions under which the yield of nitric acid

3840-457: The drafter. Like the paper sizes, these pen widths increase by a factor of √ 2 , so that particular pens can be used on particular sizes of paper, and then the next smaller or larger size can be used to continue the drawing after it has been reduced or enlarged, respectively. The earlier DIN 6775 standard upon which ISO 9175-1 is based also specified a term and symbol for easy identification of pens and drawing templates compatible with

3920-454: The efficiency of various chemical societies. The association is an example of a scientific society . Ostwald served as the first president of the Association of Chemical Societies. In addition to his research in chemistry, Wilhelm Ostwald was productive in a broad range of fields. His published work, which includes numerous philosophical writings, contains about forty thousand pages. Ostwald

4000-603: The faculty at Leipzig University until his retirement in 1906. He also served as the first "exchange professor" at Harvard University in 1904 and 1905. During Ostwald's academic career, he had many research students who became accomplished scientists in their own right. These included future Nobel Laureates Svante Arrhenius , Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff , and Walther Nernst . Other students included Arthur Noyes , Willis Rodney Whitney and Kikunae Ikeda . All of these students became notable for their contributions to physical chemistry. In 1901, Albert Einstein applied for

4080-567: The intention of preventing suffering. Monist promotion of such ideas is suggested to have indirectly facilitated acceptance of the later Social Darwinism of the National Socialists . Ostwald died before the Nazis adopted and enforced the use of eugenics and euthanasia as involuntary government policies, to support their racist ideological positions. Ostwald's Monism also influenced Carl G. Jung 's identification of psychological types. Ostwald

SECTION 50

#1732875930618

4160-545: The journal Die Farbe (Colour). Ostwald was one of the directors of the Die Brücke institute in Munich, and he played a role in its founding in 1911. The institute was sponsored, significantly, from Ostwald's Nobel Prize money. Through the institute, Ostwald's intention was to develop a standardized system for scholarly publications. In 1911, Ostwald founded the Association of Chemical Societies, which sought to organize and improve

4240-417: The length but the area; that is, linking the system of paper formats to the metric system using the square metre rather than the centimetre, constrained by x y = 2 {\textstyle {\tfrac {x}{y}}={\sqrt {2}}} and area a = x × y = 1 {\textstyle a=x\times y=1} square metre, where x {\textstyle x}

4320-422: The nearest 1 millimetre (0.039 in). Successive paper sizes in the series (A1, A2, A3, etc.) are defined by halving the area of the preceding paper size and rounding down, so that the long side of A( n + 1) is the same length as the short side of A n . Hence, each next size is nearly exactly half the area of the prior size. So, an A1 page can fit two A2 pages inside the same area. The most used of this series

4400-555: The nearest millimetre) gives the next in the series. The shorter side of B0 is exactly 1 metre. There is also an incompatible Japanese B series which the JIS defines to have 1.5 times the area of the corresponding JIS A series (which is identical to the ISO A series). Thus, the lengths of JIS B series paper are √ 1.5 ≈ 1.22 times those of A-series paper. By comparison, the lengths of ISO B series paper are √ 2 ≈ 1.19 times those of A-series paper. Any B n paper (according to

4480-457: The official United Nations document format in 1975, and it is today used in almost all countries in the world, with the exception of several countries in the Americas. In 1977, a large German car manufacturer performed a study of the paper formats found in their incoming mail and concluded that out of 148 examined countries, 88 already used the A series formats. The main advantage of this system

4560-421: The ratio 2 {\textstyle {\sqrt {2}}} , referring to the argument advanced by Lichtenberg's 1786 letter, but linking this to the metric system using 1 centimetre (0.39 in) as the width of the base format. Walter Porstmann  [ de ] argued in a long article published in 1918, that a firm basis for the system of paper formats, which deal with surfaces, ought not be

4640-437: The relative rates of crystallization of each polymorphic form. Ostwald found that the relative rates were dependent on the surface tension between the solid polymorph and the liquid form. Many common materials exhibit this type of behavior, including minerals and various organic compounds . This finding came to be known as Ostwald's rule . Ostwald realized that solid or liquid solutions can continue to evolve over time. While

4720-500: The reservoirs. The time that it takes for the liquid to flow through the capillary from one reservoir to the other is an indication of the viscosity of the liquid. Using a reference solution, the viscosity of the liquid can be quantified. Ostwald typically used this device to study the behavior of solutes in water solutions. These devices came to be known as Ostwald viscometers and are in widespread use in contemporary times for research and quality control purposes. Ostwald designed

4800-503: The result of this periodic crystallization behavior is easily visually observed, for example, in various geologic formations . Liesegang had previously investigated this phenomenon in specific laboratory experiments, showing his results to Ostwald. Ostwald then developed a mathematical model for the phenomenon that served to explain the observations and realized how widespread is the periodic crystallization behavior. These observations came to be known as Liesegang rings . Ostwald introduced

4880-403: The same as that of a rectangle half its size, ⁠ y / x /2 ⁠ , which means that ⁠ x / y ⁠ = ⁠ y / x /2 ⁠ , which reduces to ⁠ x / y ⁠ = √ 2 ; in other words, an aspect ratio of 1: √ 2 . Any A n paper can be defined as A n = S × L , where (measuring in metres) Therefore The B series

SECTION 60

#1732875930618

4960-408: The same ratio, sideways. In scaled photocopying, for example, two A4 sheets reduced to A5 size fit exactly onto one A4 sheet, and an A4 sheet in magnified size onto an A3 sheet; in each case, there is neither waste nor want. The principal countries not generally using the ISO paper sizes are the United States and Canada, which use North American paper sizes . Although they have also officially adopted

5040-432: The size of A5 paper is half of A4, i.e. 148 mm × 210 mm ( 5.8 in × 8.3 in ). The geometric rationale for using the square root of 2 is to maintain the aspect ratio of each subsequent rectangle after cutting or folding an A-series sheet in half, perpendicular to the larger side. Given a rectangle with a longer side, x , and a shorter side, y , ensuring that its aspect ratio, ⁠ x / y ⁠ , will be

5120-489: The standard, called Micronorm , which may still be found on some technical drafting equipment. DIN 476 provides for formats larger than A0, denoted by a prefix factor. In particular, it lists the formats 2A0 and 4A0, which are twice and four times the size of A0 respectively: While not formally defined, ISO 216:2007 notes them in the table of Main series of trimmed sizes (ISO A series) as well: "The rarely used sizes [2A0 and 4A0] which follow also belong to this series." 2A0

5200-582: The understanding of chemical catalysis were widely applicable in biological processes such as enzymatic catalysis and also in many industrial processes. A catalyst is used in the nitric acid process that Ostwald invented. Ostwald studied the crystallization behavior of solids, especially those solids that are capable of crystallizing in different forms, in the phenomenon known as polymorphism . He discovered that solids do not necessarily crystallize in their most thermodynamically stable form but instead sometimes crystallize preferentially in other forms dependent on

5280-399: The unique property that when cut or folded in half widthways, the halves also have the same aspect ratio. Each ISO paper size is one half of the area of the next larger size in the same series. The oldest known mention of the advantages of basing a paper size on an aspect ratio of 2 {\textstyle {\sqrt {2}}} is found in a letter written on 25 October 1786 by

5360-639: The unusual note: "Because of the European war the Committee has had much difficulty in the way of correspondence. The German member, Professor Ostwald, has not been heard from in connection with this report. Possibly the censorship of letters, either in Germany or en route, has led to a miscarriage". As part of Ostwald's investigations in to chemical equilibria , chemical affinity , and acid-base interactions , he recognized that many established analytical methods disturb

5440-412: The word mole into the lexicon of chemistry around 1900. He defined one mole as the molecular weight of a substance in units of mass grams. The concept was linked to the ideal gas , according to Ostwald. Ironically, Ostwald's development of the mole concept was directly related to his theory of energeticism , in philosophical opposition to atomic theory , against which he (along with Ernst Mach )

5520-585: Was a member of a Committee of the Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language . Ostwald donated half the proceedings of his 1909 Nobel prize to the Ido movement, funding the Ido magazine Progreso which he had proposed in 1908. Ostwald later went on to create his own language Weltdeutsch in a period of extreme nationalism during the First World War. One of Ostwald's continuing interests

5600-514: Was also engaged in the peace movement of Berta von Suttner . Among his other interests, Ostwald was a passionate amateur painter who made his own pigments. He left more than 1,000 paintings along with 3,000 pastels and color studies. For Ostwald, science and the arts were mutually supportive areas of engagement. "Poetry, music and painting have given me refreshment and new courage, when exhausted by scientific work I have been obliged to lay my tools aside."–Ostwald Ostwald regarded science and

5680-579: Was announced in April 2017. It features a 13.3-inch screen. The DPT-CP1 from 2018 had a smaller 10.3-inch screen. In 2023, Sony introduced the DPT-RP2. This computer hardware article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . A4 paper size ISO 216 is an international standard for paper sizes , used around the world except in North America and parts of Latin America. The standard defines

5760-636: Was awarded the Wilhelm Exner Medal , which recognized the economic impact of Ostwald's scientific contributions. In 1904 he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences . He became an honorary member of scientific societies in Germany, Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands, Russia, Great Britain, and the United States. Ostwald received honorary doctorates from various universities in Germany, Great Britain and

5840-584: Was built on a SoC circuit made by Freescale . The amount of RAM was not published anywhere. Its internal storage, 4 GB, is shared between system and user; however, it is possible to expand the storage with a microSD card. It weighs 358 g (0.8 pounds) with a thickness of 6.8 mm. Novel to the DPT-S1 was the ability to interface with specific corporate networks by adding encryption, thus allowing legal professionals to make use of it in their workflow by integrating handwritten annotations into PDFs that could propagate when copied. The Digital Paper DPT-RP1

5920-546: Was elected an International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1905 and an International Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1906. He received the 1909 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his contributions to understanding catalysis and for his investigations of the fundamental principles underlying chemical equilibria and reaction rates. He was nominated for

6000-458: Was in short supply during World War I . The process is often referred to as the Ostwald Process . The process remains in widespread use in contemporary times for manufacture of nitric acid. Ostwald also conducted significant research on dilution theory leading to his conceptualization of the law of dilution which at times is referred to as "Ostwald's Dilution Law". This theory holds that

6080-568: Was liberal, pacifist, and international, seeking in science a basis of values to support social and political reforms. Ostwald himself developed a system of ethics based on science, around the core idea that one should "not waste energy, but convert it into its most useful form." in 1911, Ostwald became President of the Deutscher Monistenbund (Monist Association), founded by Ernst Haeckel . Ostwald (and other Monists) promoted eugenics and euthanasia , but only as voluntary choices with

6160-608: Was near the theoretical limit . Aspects of the basic process had also been patented some 64 years earlier by Kuhlmann . Kuhlmann's process did not become industrially significant, likely due to the lack of an inexpensive source of ammonia. Shortly after Ostwald's finding, inexpensive ammonia became available as a result of Haber and Bosch's invention of a process for nitrogen fixing process (completed by 1911 or 1913) for ammonia synthesis. The combination of these two breakthroughs soon led to more economical and larger-scale production of fertilizers and explosives , of which Germany

6240-471: Was one of the last holdouts. He explained in a conversation with Arnold Sommerfeld that he was convinced by Jean Perrin 's experiments on Brownian motion . In 1906 Ostwald was elected a member of the International Committee on Atomic Weights . As a consequence of World War I , this membership ended in 1917 and was not resumed after the war. The 1917 Annual Report of the committee ended with

6320-460: Was the middle child of three, born after Eugen (1851–1932) and before Gottfried (1855–1918). Ostwald developed an interest in science as a child and conducted experiments at his home, particularly related to fireworks and photography. Ostwald entered the University of Dorpat (now the University of Tartu, Estonia) in 1872. He completed his Kandidatenschrift examinations there in 1875. During his time at Dorpat, Ostwald had significant exposure to

6400-426: Was unification through systematization. In particular, Ostwald perceived that energy efficiency was a unifying theme in all facets of society and culture. In political matters, Ostwald's interest in energy efficiency extended to such political matters as the need for organization of labor. Ostwald's interest in unification through systematization led to his adaptation of the philosophy of Monism . Initially, Monism

#617382