Misplaced Pages

#733266

72-700: The Tenth Five Year Plan (2002–07) projected that freight traffic in India would rise from 489 million tons in 2001–02 to 624 million tons by 2006–07, growing at a rate of 5% annually. The mid-term appraisal of the Tenth Five Year Plan suggested building dedicated freight corridors (DFC) on trunk routes . The objective of the DFC was to separate freight traffic from passenger traffic on high density routes in order to improve operational efficiency, reduce cost of operation and carry higher volumes of freight traffic. In April 2005,

144-671: A 1,183 km section of the EDFC connecting Ludhiana with Mughalsarai. The Union Cabinet approved both corridors in February 2008 with a target completion date of 2013. Under the Eleventh Five Year Plan of India (2007–12), the Ministry of Railways started constructing a new Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC) in two long routes, namely the Eastern and Western freight corridors. The two routes cover

216-614: A 15-year period of striving towards steady growth, the Seventh Plan was focused on achieving the prerequisites of self-sustaining growth by 2000. The plan expected the labour force to grow by 39 million people and employment was expected to grow at the rate of 4% per year. Some of the expected outcomes of the Seventh Five-Year Plan India are given below: Under the Seventh Five-Year Plan, India strove to bring about

288-760: A load of 4,500 tonnes (4,400 long tons; 5,000 short tons) on grades of 1 in 60 (1.67%). The WAG-9H was expected to haul 58 BOXN wagons, i.e.,4,700 tonnes (4,600 long tons; 5,200 short tons), without multiple units on grades of 1 in 150 (0.67%). The locomotive can run even in 100% humidity, or in deserts, where there is high saturation of conductive particles. For shunting up to 15 km/h (9.3 mph), it can haul 7,500 tonnes (7,400 long tons; 8,300 short tons) on grades of 1 in 1000 (0.1%) or less. The atmosphere may be humid and salty. Regenerative braking will provide braking force of no less than 260 kN (58,000 lb f ) at 10–62 km/h (6.2–38.5 mph) and closer to 260 kN (58,000 lb f ) at higher speeds. Below

360-427: A record 99.38 kmph. 3,077 trains ran on EDFC; the maximum speed so far was 97.85 kmph before the milestone was reached. On WDFC, the maximum speed of the 837 trains was 89.50 kmph. The new generation pantograph allows an increase in the height of the overhead wires ( catenary height) from the standard 6 meters (19 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 4  in) to 7.45 meters (24 ft 5 + 1 ⁄ 4  in), setting

432-424: A self-sustained economy in the country with valuable contributions from voluntary agencies and the general populace. The target growth rate was 5.0% and the actual growth rate was 6.01%. and the growth rate of per capita income was 3.7%. The Eighth Plan could not take off in 1990 due to the fast changing economic situation at the centre and the years 1990–91 and 1991–92 were treated as Annual Plans. The Eighth Plan

504-416: A single WAG-9. This includes both leading a long consist and for banking operations. The regenerative braking capabilities of WAG-9 has also helped reduce the electricity consumption. The original WAG-9 had some wheel slippage incidents while hauling heavy load. This was rectified through the introduction of WAG-9H and subsequently using WAG-9i. This has significantly reduced the issue that were associated with

576-487: A state responsibility. The target growth rate was 5.6%, but the actual growth rate was 2.4%. It was based on John Sandy and Sukhamoy Chakraborty 's model. Due to miserable failure of the Third Plan the government was forced to declare "plan holidays" (from 1966 to 1967, 1967–68, and 1968–69). Three annual plans were drawn during this intervening period. During 1966–67 there was again the problem of drought. Equal priority

648-529: A total 10,122 km (6,290 mi) route length. The line capacity utilisation on the existing highly saturated shared trunk routes of Howrah-Delhi on the Eastern Corridor and Mumbai-Delhi on the Western Corridor varies between 115% and 150%. The surging requirement for the power generation requiring heavy coal movement, booming infrastructure construction and growing international trade has led to

720-766: A total length of 3,260 kilometres (2,030 mi), with the Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor stretching from Ludhiana in Punjab to Dankuni in West Bengal and the Western Dedicated Freight Corridor from Jawaharlal Nehru Port in Mumbai ( Maharashtra ) to Dadri in Uttar Pradesh . Upgrading of transportation technology, increase in productivity and reduction in unit transportation cost are

792-457: A total output of 5500 hp. Newer WAG-9 units have "CLW Glorious 60 years" marked on their sides. Some WAG-9(x)s are fitted with a solid cowcatcher while others are fitted with grilled cowcatchers. Some have American style flasher lamps while others have Indian style flasher lamps. Newer versions of the WAG-9 feature full Insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) traction control; the debut model

SECTION 10

#1732901172734

864-477: Is a class of 25 kV AC electric locomotives that was developed in 1995 by ABB for Indian Railways . The model name stands for broad gauge (W) , AC Current (A), Goods traffic (G), 9th generation (9) locomotive. They entered service in 1996. A total of 5140 WAG-9 have been built at Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW), with more units being built at Banaras Locomotive Works (BLW), Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) and Patiala Locomotive Works (PLW). It

936-552: Is a class of Indian multi-frame electric locomotive that was developed in 2017 by Alstom . With a horsepower of 12,000 hp it is one of the most powerful locomotives in the world. These locomotives are being used on the existing dedicated freight corridors. WAG-9HH locomotive is a 9000 hp single-frame electric locomotive developed by Chittaranjan Locomotive Works to be used in Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (WDFC). The WAG-9 series are quite similar to

1008-513: Is referred to as the "Heavy Haul" freight locomotive of the Indian Railways (IR). It was conceived in response to the extreme growth in the rail freight transportation sector, which is considered to be of great importance to the growth of the economy of India . The need for more electrification and electric locomotives in India had increased. Around 60-65% of the freight haulage of the IR takes place on

1080-703: The Government of India has been decided to achieve a growth rate of 9% but the National Development Council (NDC) on 27 December 2012 approved a growth rate of 8% for the Twelfth Plan. Indian locomotive class WAG-9 WAG-9H/9Hi/9i/9HH : 132 tonnes (130 long tons; 146 short tons) WAG-9TWIN/EF12K: WAG-9HC : 6,120 hp (4,564 kW) WAG-9HH/EF9K : 9,000 hp (6,711 kW) WAG-9H/HH Starting Effort : 510 kN (110,000 lb f ) The Indian locomotive class WAG-9

1152-697: The Green Revolution in India advanced agriculture. In addition, the situation in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh ) was becoming dire as the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War took funds earmarked for industrial development. The target growth rate was 5.6%, but the actual growth rate was 3.3%. The Fifth Five-Year Plan laid stress on employment , poverty alleviation ( Garibi Hatao ), and justice . The plan also focused on self-reliance in agricultural production and defence. In 1978

1224-658: The Planning Commission (1951–2014) and the NITI Aayog (2015–2017). With the prime minister as the ex-officio chairman, the commission has a nominated deputy chairman, who holds the rank of a cabinet minister. Prior to the Fourth Plan, the allocation of state resources was based on schematic patterns rather than a transparent and objective mechanism, which led to the adoption for the Gadgil formula in 1969. Revised versions of

1296-604: The WAP-5 units , the WAG-9 has GTO thyristor converters and three-phase asynchronous motors. The following variants are built from the WAG-9: WAG-9 has quickly become one of the important locos in the Indian railways. With its higher power, this locomotive has replaced WAG-7 which was the main electric loco before WAG-9's arrival. Applications where twin WAG-7s were required are now handled by

1368-509: The WAP-7 class locomotive but features a different gear ratio, which makes it suitable for heavy freight operations. They are also the freight-dedicated three-phase AC locomotives in the country fitted with IGBT. The Western DFC will have special head-hardened (HH) 250m-long rails welded using flash butt welding machines. The axle load of the track will be 32.5t compared to the existing 25t axle load used on Indian rail tracks. As of December 2019, in

1440-591: The Western DFC . The Konkan Railway is the only railway zone in India that has streamlined the RORO service and is able to save 75 million litres of diesel fuel and related foreign exchange for the country. RORO services are deployed in the East Central Railway and Northeast Frontier Railway zones along with Konkan railway, but RORO has failed to be successful in existing electrical railway infrastructure because of

1512-462: The cost of living . This was the end of Nehruvian socialism . The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development was established for development of rural areas on 12 July 1982 by recommendation of the Shivaraman Committee. Family planning was also expanded in order to prevent overpopulation . In contrast to China's strict and binding one-child policy , Indian policy did not rely on

SECTION 20

#1732901172734

1584-538: The per capita income , which increased by 8%. National income increased more than the per capita income due to rapid population growth. Many irrigation projects were initiated during this period, including the Bhakra , Hirakud and Damodar Valley dams. The World Health Organization (WHO), with the Indian government , addressed children's health and reduced infant mortality , indirectly contributing to population growth . At

1656-628: The DPR for East-West DFC will be submitted by April-end (2024). The combined project value is expected to be Rs. 2 lakh crore. In 2007, India set a world record with the indigenously designed pantograph , developed for the use in dedicated freight corridors and other freight routes. with many other added features, such as twin catenary height of 6 and 7.5 meters, auto upward-force adjustment to improve effective current collection in adverse conditions, thereby enabling reduction in energy consumption and allowing trains to run at much higher speeds. WAG-12 locomotive

1728-473: The Second Five-Year Plan in India was Rs. 48 billion. This amount was allocated among various sectors: power and irrigation, social services, communications and transport, and miscellaneous. The second plan was a period of rising prices. The country also faced foreign exchange crisis. The rapid growth in population slowed down the growth in the per-capita income. The target growth rate was 4.5% and

1800-504: The WAG-9. The first WAG-9H was commissioned on 30 June 2000. The #30130 prototype was housed at Gomoh (GMO). This was then converted back to standard WAG-9 in 2002. This unit has a livery of twin white stripes on green, instead of yellow stripe on green, seen on the other WAG-9(x)s. The WAG-9i was introduced in 2010, and was No. 31215. It was homed at the GMO shed. With IGBT, even if one traction motor failed, other traction motors can function with

1872-482: The actual growth rate was 4.27%. The plan was criticized by classical liberal economist B.R. Shenoy who noted that the plan's "dependence on deficit financing to promote heavy industrialization was a recipe for trouble". Shenoy argued that state control of the economy would undermine a young democracy. India faced an external payments crisis in 1957, which is viewed as confirmation of Shenoy's argument. The Third Five-year Plan stressed agriculture and improvement in

1944-565: The allotment of land along the Ganga Expressway from investors. Most of the queries are for land in Meerut , Budaun and its adjoining areas." Five-Year Plans of India This is an accepted version of this page From 1947 to 2017, the Indian economy was premised on the concept of planning . This was carried through the Five-Year Plans , developed, executed, and monitored by

2016-758: The commissioned sections, a total of 4000 trains have been run. Some of the trains in the section are achieving the average speed of 99.38 kmph in EDFC and the average speed is 89.50 kmph in WDFC. Since its inauguration, on average 150 to 200 freight trains are running daily maintaining the average speed between 75 to 80 kmph. DFCC officials say that their target is to increase the operation to 300 trains daily with an average speed of 90 kmph, previously trails have been completed on sections with 99 kmph not on entire route.    Operational    Partly opened    Approved    Proposed GQFC has six DFCs; two are being implemented and

2088-511: The conception of the GQFCs. Carbon emission reduction from DFCs will help DFCCIL claim carbon credits. The dedicated freight corridors aim to bring down the cost of freight transport (by using electricity, longer trains with more capacity can be operated, plus the western DFC utilises double stacking to transport more containers), thus helping Indian industries to become competitive in the world export market. These corridors will also help India achieve

2160-491: The country and to provide affordable healthcare, education in low price to people. The total planned budget of ₹2,069 crore ( ₹2,378 crore later) was allocated to seven broad areas: irrigation and energy (27.2%), agriculture and community development (17.4%), transport and communications (24%), industry (8.6%), social services (16.6%), rehabilitation of landless farmers (4.1%), and for other sectors and services (2.5%). The most important feature of this phase

2232-504: The country's economy . The main disadvantage of this plan was that if the targets were revised each year, it became difficult to achieve the targets laid down in the five-year period and it turned out to be a complex plan. Also, the frequent revisions resulted in the lack of stability in the economy. The Sixth Five-Year Plan marked the beginning of economic liberalisation . Price controls were eliminated and ration shops were closed. This led to an increase in food prices and an increase in

Dedicated freight corridors in India - Misplaced Pages Continue

2304-401: The dedicated freight corridors. It will also increase the distance between track centers to 5.3 m (17 ft 5 in), allowing larger out-of-gauge trains. Only low platforms will be permissible. The Eastern DFC may not be able to support RORO as it has height of 5.1 meters (16 ft 8 + 3 ⁄ 4  in) compared to 7.1 meters (23 ft 3 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) of

2376-552: The electrified section of the Golden Quadrilateral (Indian Railways) and diagonals (which account for 25% of the route). These are very busy routes, so clearance is a necessity. Electrical powers give it a great sectional clearance ability. Thus, these locomotives are important for the Indian Railways. These locomotives have entered the Western Railway zone of Mumbai . The first 22 units were imported from ABB . Of these,

2448-403: The end of the plan period in 1956, five Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) were started as major technical institutions. The University Grants Commission (UGC) was set up to take care of funding and take measures to strengthen the higher education in the country. Contracts were signed to start five steel plants, which came into existence in the middle of the Second Five-Year Plan. The plan

2520-590: The feasibility of the DFCs. Japan agreed to conduct a feasibility study on the project in November 2005. RITES submitted its feasibility report on the project in January 2006. The Union Cabinet granted in-principle approval to the project the next month. The Dedicated Freight Corridors Corporation of India Limited (DFCCIL), a public sector company to build and operate the DFCs, was incorporated on 30 October 2006. RITES submitted

2592-492: The first Five-Year Plan in the Soviet Union in 1928. Most communist states and several capitalist countries subsequently have adopted them. China continues to use FYPs, although China renamed its Eleventh FYP, from 2006 to 2010, a guideline ( guihua ), rather than a plan ( jihua ), to signify the central government's more hands-off approach to development. India launched its First FYP in 1951, immediately after independence, under

2664-583: The first six were fully assembled and rest were in kit form. CLW started producing of WAG-9 traction motors on 1 November 1999. The units built by ABB have pantographs with two end horns while the CLW built units have pantographs with single end horns which are common in India. This class had a capacity to MU several units, but IR restricts them to two, because of dynamic loading restriction on most bridges. Regenerative brakes provide about 260 kN of braking effort. The WAG-9H also has different application software than

2736-505: The focus areas for the project. The construction of Eastern Freight Corridor has been completed by February 2024. As of April 2024, Eastern Freight Corridor is fully operational whereas Western Freight Corridor has 85% operational status. Overall 90% of the network is operational. 300 trains run on the lines every day. The operational rate shall reach 95% by April-end. The Detailed Project Review (DPR) of North-South and East-Coast Freight Corridor are being prepared has been submitted whereas

2808-506: The formula have been used since then to determine the allocation of central assistance for state plans. The Narendra Modi government elected in 2014, announced the dissolution of the Planning Commission, and its replacement by a think tank called the NITI Aayog (an acronym for National Institution for Transforming India). Five-Year Plans (FYPs) are centralized and integrated national economic programs. Joseph Stalin implemented

2880-475: The freight locomotives with the highest operational speed in India. It is similar to the WAP-7 class locomotive but features a different gear ratio , which makes it suitable for heavy freight operations. In November 1998, the Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW) started producing these with indigenous components. The first of which, named Navyug (New Era), was produced on 14 November 1998. Like

2952-540: The funding for the remaining four was approved in January 2018. The rail tracks linking the four largest metropolitan cities of Delhi , Mumbai , Chennai and Kolkata , and the two diagonals of North-South Dedicated Freight Corridor (Delhi- Chennai ) and East-West Dedicated Freight Corridor (Kolkata-Mumbai) are called the Golden Quadrilateral (GQFC). These carry 55% of the India Railway's freight traffic over

Dedicated freight corridors in India - Misplaced Pages Continue

3024-609: The government proposed building DFCs along the Golden Quadrilateral . The Committee on Infrastructure established a task force in May 2005 to prepare a concept paper on the Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor (EDFC) and the Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (WDFC). The Ministry of Railways appointed RITES in July 2005 to conduct a feasibility and preliminary engineering cum traffic survey for both corridors. The Government also sought support from Japan for technical cooperation to assist in assessing

3096-453: The grass-root level, Panchayat elections were started and the states were given more development responsibilities. For the first time India resorted to borrowing from IMF. Rupee value devalued for the first time in 1966. State electricity boards and state secondary education boards were formed. States were made responsible for secondary and higher education . State road transportation corporations were formed and local road building became

3168-590: The height of the overhead electrical wires. Uttar Pradesh government has announced large logistic parks to be created in Meerut and Khurja due to its proximity to Ganga Expressway and being on the line of the Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor. Ashok Agarwal, national president, Indian Industries Association (IIA), said during the UP Investors Summit, "We have also received queries related to

3240-512: The help of the Soviet Union , Britain (the U.K) and West Germany respectively. Coal production was increased. More railway lines were added in the north east. The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and Atomic Energy Commission of India were established as research institutes. In 1957, a talent search and scholarship program was begun to find talented young students to train for work in nuclear power. The total amount allocated under

3312-439: The higher power rating. The class has been allocated a block of serial numbers starting with 90001, the number of the first unit. The decision to upgrade the power output of the WAG-9 was taken to partly meet the demands of the upcoming electrified Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (WDFC). The upgraded locomotive class will also augment hauling capacity on the existing network of the Indian Railways. Two WAG-9 class units can haul

3384-414: The infrastructure, institutional building, tourism management, human resource development, involvement of Panchayati rajs , Nagar Palikas , NGOs , decentralisation and people's participation. Energy was given priority with 26.6% of the outlay. The target growth rate was 5.6% and the actual growth rate was 6.8%. The Ninth Five-Year Plan came after 50 years of Indian Independence. Atal Bihari Vajpayee

3456-666: The nearly bankrupt nation back from the edge. It was the beginning of liberalization , privatisation and globalization (LPG) in India. Modernization of industries was a major highlight of the Eighth Plan. Under this plan, the gradual opening of the Indian economy was undertaken to correct the burgeoning deficit and foreign debt. Meanwhile, India became a member of the World Trade Organization on 1 January 1995. The major objectives included, controlling population growth, poverty reduction, employment generation, strengthening

3528-468: The newly elected Morarji Desai government rejected the plan. The Electricity Supply Act was amended in 1975, which enabled the central government to enter into power generation and transmission. The Indian national highway system was introduced and many roads were widened to accommodate the increasing traffic . Tourism also expanded. The twenty-point programme was launched in 1975. It was followed from 1975 to 1979. The Minimum Needs Programme (MNP)

3600-573: The objective of correcting the earlier trend of increased concentration of wealth and economic power. It was based on the Gadgil formula focusing on growth with stability and progress towards self reliance. At this time Indira Gandhi was the prime minister . The Indira Gandhi government nationalised 14 major Indian banks (Allahabad Bank, Bank of Baroda, Bank of India, Bank of Maharashtra, Central Bank of India, Canara Bank, Dena Bank, Indian Bank, Indian Overseas Bank, Punjab National Bank, Syndicate Bank, UCO Bank, Union Bank and United Bank of India ) and

3672-455: The original version. Nowadays, it is quite common to see special passenger trains hauled by WAG-9 locomotives. Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW) turned out its first 9,000 hp WAG-9 freight locomotive on 31 March 2019, the last day of the financial year. This 9,000 hp version of the WAG-9H has been classified by IR as WAG-9 HH. The first H stands for higher axle load and the second H stands for

SECTION 50

#1732901172734

3744-555: The preliminary engineering cum traffic survey for the project in January 2007. The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) completed a feasibility study on the project in October 2007, and subsequently agreed to provide funding for the WDFC. The Ministry of Railways approached the World Bank to provide funding for the EDFC in 2008. In May 2011, the World Bank agreed to provide funds for

3816-612: The prevalent state-of-the-art techniques of operations research and optimization as well as the novel applications of statistical models developed at the Indian Statistical Institute . The plan assumed a closed economy in which the main trading activity would be centred on importing capital goods . From the Second Five-Year Plan, there was a determined thrust towards substitution of basic and capital good industries. Hydroelectric power projects and five steel plants at Bhilai , Durgapur , and Rourkela were established with

3888-620: The production of wheat, but the brief Sino-Indian War of 1962 exposed weaknesses in the economy and shifted the focus towards the defence industry and the Indian Army. In 1965, India fought a war with Pakistan . There was also a severe drought in 1965. The war led to inflation and the priority was shifted to price stabilisation. The construction of dams continued. Many cement and fertilizer plants were also built. Punjab began producing an abundance of wheat . Many primary schools were started in rural areas. In an effort to bring democracy to

3960-585: The rate of inflation, and favourable balance of payments which had provided a strong base for the Seventh Five-Year Plan to build on the need for further economic growth. The Seventh Plan had striven towards socialism and energy production at large. The thrust areas of the Seventh Five-Year Plan were: social justice, removal of oppression of the weak, using modern technology, agricultural development, anti-poverty programmes, full supply of food, clothing, and shelter, increasing productivity of small- and large-scale farmers, and making India an independent economy. Based on

4032-465: The socialist economy. P.V. Narasimha Rao was the ninth prime minister of the Republic of India and head of Congress Party , and led one of the most important administrations in India's modern history, overseeing a major economic transformation and several incidents affecting national security. At that time Dr. Manmohan Singh (later prime minister of India) launched India's free market reforms that brought

4104-627: The socialist influence of India's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru . The first Indian prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru , presented the First Five-Year Plan to the Parliament of India and needed urgent attention. The First Five-year Plan was launched in 1951 which mainly focused in the development of the primary sector . The First Five-Year Plan was based on the Harrod–Domar model with few modifications. This five years plan's president

4176-540: The targets it has committed to in the Paris Climate Accords , by switching from diesel propelled freight trains and fossil fuel-based road traffic to the electricity based railway locomotives. India is growing in renewable energy production, with most of the country's new electricity generation capacity being added through solar, wind and nuclear sources. Goods trains on the dedicated freight corridor are running at speeds faster than Rajdhani trains, with one clocking

4248-434: The threat of force . More prosperous areas of India adopted family planning more rapidly than less prosperous areas, which continued to have a high birth rate . Military Five-Year Plans became coterminous with Planning Commission's plans from this plan onwards. The Sixth Five-Year Plan was a great success to the Indian economy. The target growth rate was 5.2% and the actual growth rate was 5.7%. The Seventh Five-Year Plan

4320-441: The world record for the "high reach pantograph for highest catenary for electric locomotives". This will also enable Indian railways to introduce double-decker passenger trains in high-density suburban passenger route and RORO cargo service across the Indian railways network. The Indian passenger railway network will be able to run semi-high speed and high-speed trains in the existing network, as 70% of cargo traffic will migrate to

4392-409: Was Jawaharlal Nehru and Gulzarilal Nanda was the vice-president. The motto of first five years plan was ' Development of agriculture' and the aim was to solve different problems that formed due to the partition of the nation, second world war. Rebuilding the country after independence was the vision of this plan. Another main target was to lay down the foundation for industry, agriculture development in

SECTION 60

#1732901172734

4464-416: Was a perspective plan for long terms i.e. for 10, 15 or 20 years. Hence there was no fixation of dates for the commencement and termination of the plan in the rolling plans. The main advantage of the rolling plans was that they were flexible and were able to overcome the rigidity of fixed Five-Year Plans by mending targets, the object of the exercise, projections and allocations as per the changing conditions in

4536-473: Was active role of state in all economic sectors . Such a role was justified at that time because immediately after independence , India was facing basic problems—deficiency of capital and low capacity to save. The target growth rate was 2.1% annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth; the achieved growth rate was 3.6% the net domestic product went up by 15%. The monsoon was good and there were relatively high crop yields, boosting exchange reserves and

4608-541: Was again rejected by the Indian National Congress government in 1980 and a new Sixth Plan was made. The Rolling Plan consisted of three kinds of plans that were proposed. The First Plan was for the present year which comprised the annual budget and the Second was a plan for a fixed number of years, which may be 3, 4 or 5 years. The Second Plan kept changing as per the requirements of the Indian economy . The Third Plan

4680-537: Was deemed successful for the government having outperformed growth projections. The Second Plan focused on the development of the public sector and "rapid Industrialisation". The plan followed the Mahalanobis model , an economic development model developed by the Indian statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis in 1953. The plan attempted to determine the optimal allocation of investment between productive sectors in order to maximise long-run economic growth. It used

4752-418: Was finally launched in 1992 after the initiation of structural adjustment policies. 1989–91 was a period of economic instability in India and hence no Five-Year Plan was implemented. Between 1990 and 1992, there were only Annual Plans. In 1991, India faced a crisis in foreign exchange (forex) reserves, left with reserves of only about US$ 1 billion. Thus, under pressure, the country took the risk of reforming

4824-405: Was given to agriculture, its allied activities, and industrial sector. The government of India declared "Devaluation of Rupee" to increase the exports of the country. The main reasons for plan holidays were the war, lack of resources and increase in inflation. The Fourth Five-Year Plan was delayed for more than a year amid disagreements over India's economic development strategy. The plan adopted

4896-507: Was introduced in the first year of the Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974–78). The objective of the programme is to provide certain basic minimum needs and thereby improve the living standards of the people. It is prepared and launched by D.P.Dhar. The target growth rate was 4.4% and the actual growth rate was 4.8%. The Janata Party government rejected the Fifth Five-Year Plan and introduced a new Sixth Five-Year Plan (1978–1980). This plan

4968-593: Was led by the Congress Party with Rajiv Gandhi as the prime minister. The plan laid stress on improving the productivity level of industries by upgrading technology. The main objectives of the Seventh Five-Year Plan were to establish growth in areas of increasing economic productivity, production of food grains, and generating employment through "Social Justice". As an outcome of the Sixth Five-Year Plan, there had been steady growth in agriculture, controls on

5040-584: Was the WAG-9 31248 . The class as a whole is denoted by the WAG-9i prefix in its model number, although there is a technical variant of this class named WAG-9H, with the "H" meaning "Heavy". The WAG-9H/9Hi locomotives are the second heaviest in regular service in India (after the WAG-12 ), the only freight-dedicated three-phase AC locomotives in the country, and the only electric locomotives in India fitted with IGBT. They are also

5112-542: Was the most powerful freight locomotive in the Indian Railways fleet until the introduction of the WAG-12 . The WAG-9 is one of the most successful locomotives of Indian Railways, serving freight trains since its introduction in 1995. A passenger variant of the WAG-9 was developed, namely the WAP-7 locomotive, by modifying the gear ratio to pull lighter loads at higher speeds. Nowadays, WAG-9 locomotives are commonly used to haul freight trains. The WAG-9 locomotive

5184-588: Was the prime minister of India during the Ninth Plan. The Ninth Plan tried primarily to use the latent and unexplored economic potential of the country to promote economic and social growth. The main objectives of the Tenth Five-Year Plan: Out of total plan outlay, ₹ 921,291 crore (US$ 110 billion) (57.9%) was for central government and ₹ 691,009 crore (US$ 83 billion) (42.1%) was for states and union territories. The Twelfth Five-Year Plan of

#733266