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69-565: The D40 was the first Nikon DSLR without an in-body focus motor. Autofocus requires the use of a lens with an integrated autofocus-motor . In March 2007, Nikon released a sister model, the D40x , which included a 10.2-megapixel sensor and several other changes over the original D40. Reviews of the Nikon D40 have been generally favorable due to its ergonomics and image quality. It received some criticism for some design compromises Nikon undertook to keep

138-433: A sensor , a control system and a motor to focus on an automatically or manually selected point or area. An electronic rangefinder has a display instead of the motor; the adjustment of the optical system has to be done manually until indication. Autofocus methods are distinguished as active , passive or hybrid types. Autofocus systems rely on one or more sensors to determine correct focus. Some AF systems rely on

207-439: A voltage or current to control another, usually isolated circuit voltage or current by mechanically switching sets of contacts, and solenoids , by which a voltage can actuate a moving linkage as in solenoid valves. Before the development of modern electronics, electromechanical devices were widely used in complicated subsystems of parts, including electric typewriters , teleprinters , clocks , initial television systems, and

276-469: A bachelor's degree is required, usually in electrical, mechanical, or electromechanical engineering. As of April 2018, only two universities, Michigan Technological University and Wentworth Institute of Technology , offer the major of electromechanical engineering . To enter the electromechanical field as an entry-level technician, an associative degree is all that is required. As of 2016, approximately 13,800 people work as electro-mechanical technicians in

345-422: A burst of new electromechanics as spotlights and radios were used by all countries. By World War II , countries had developed and centralized their military around the versatility and power of electromechanics. One example of these still used today is the alternator , which was created to power military equipment in the 1950s and later repurposed for automobiles in the 1960s. Post-war America greatly benefited from

414-482: A camera based on their previous development at photokina , named Correfot, and in 1978 they displayed an SLR camera with fully operational autofocus. The first mass-produced autofocus camera was the Konica C35 AF , a simple point and shoot model released in 1977. The Polaroid SX-70 Sonar OneStep was the first autofocus single-lens reflex camera , released in 1978. The Pentax ME-F , which used focus sensors in

483-455: A certain degree of illumination to the subject (whether natural or otherwise), while active systems may focus correctly even in total darkness when necessary. Some cameras and external flash units have a special low-level illumination mode (usually orange/red light) which can be activated during auto-focus operation to allow the camera to focus. A method variously referred to as trap focus , focus trap , or catch-in-focus uses autofocus to take

552-643: A device based on large scale integration electronics was adopted in the Central Air Data Computer . Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have roots in the silicon revolution , which can be traced back to two important silicon semiconductor inventions from 1959: the monolithic integrated circuit (IC) chip by Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor , and the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) invented at Bell Labs between 1955 and 1960, after Frosch and Derick discovered and used surface passivation by silicon dioxide to create

621-547: A few "high-precision" focus points with an additional set of prisms and sensors; they are only active with " fast lenses " with certain geometrical apertures (typically f-number 2.8 and faster). Extended precision comes from the wider effective measurement base of the "range finder" Some modern sensors (for example one in Librem 5 ) include about 2% phase detection pixels on the chip. With suitable software support, that enables phase detection auto focus. Contrast-detection autofocus

690-515: A few dozen wide), some modern cameras ( Canon EOS-1V , Canon EOS-1D , Nikon D2X ) feature TTL area SIR sensors that are rectangular in shape and provide two-dimensional intensity patterns for a finer-grain analysis. Cross-type focus points have a pair of sensors oriented at 90° to one another, although one sensor typically requires a larger aperture to operate than the other. Some cameras ( Minolta 7 , Canon EOS-1V , 1D , 30D / 40D , Pentax K-1 , Sony DSLR-A700 , DSLR-A850 , DSLR-A900 ) also have

759-547: A galvanometer. Faraday's research and experiments into electricity are the basis of most of modern electromechanical principles known today. Interest in electromechanics surged with the research into long distance communication. The Industrial Revolution 's rapid increase in production gave rise to a demand for intracontinental communication, allowing electromechanics to make its way into public service. Relays originated with telegraphy as electromechanical devices were used to regenerate telegraph signals. The Strowger switch ,

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828-408: A glass of mercury with a magnet at the bottom. When the wire was connected to a battery a magnetic field was created and this interaction with the magnetic field given off by the magnet caused the wire to spin. Ten years later the first electric generator was invented, again by Michael Faraday. This generator consisted of a magnet passing through a coil of wire and inducing current that was measured by

897-412: A hybrid system is the combination of passive phase-detection auto-focus and passive contrast auto-focus, sometimes assisted by active methods, as both methods need some visible contrast to work with. Under their operational conditions, phase-detection auto-focusing is very fast, since the measurement method provides both information, the amount of offset and the direction, so that the focusing motor can move

966-423: A laser or LED light to the subject and calculating the distance based on the time it takes for the light to travel to the subject and back. This technique is sometimes called laser autofocus , and is present in many mobile phone models from several vendors. It is also present in industrial and medical devices. An exception to the two-step approach is the mechanical autofocus provided in some enlargers, which adjust

1035-535: A loss of contrast gives no indication of the direction of motion towards or away from the camera. Contrast-detect autofocus is a common method in digital cameras that lack shutters and reflex mirrors. Most DSLRs use this method (or a hybrid of both contrast and phase-detection autofocus) when focusing in their live-view modes. A notable exception is Canon digital cameras with Dual Pixel CMOS AF. Mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras typically used contrast-measurement autofocus, although phase detection has become

1104-399: A manually operated switch is an electromechanical component due to the mechanical movement causing an electrical output. Though this is true, the term is usually understood to refer to devices which involve an electrical signal to create mechanical movement, or vice versa mechanical movement to create an electric signal. Often involving electromagnetic principles such as in relays , which allow

1173-436: A problem, unless the window is stained. Accuracy of active autofocus systems is often considerably less than that of passive systems. Active systems may also fail to focus a subject that is very close to the camera (e.g., macro photography ). Passive systems may not find focus when the contrast is low, notably on large single-colored surfaces (walls, blue sky, etc.) or in low-light conditions. Passive systems are dependent on

1242-510: A shot when a subject moves into the focal plane (at the relevant focal point); this can be used to get a focused shot of a rapidly moving object, particularly in sports or wildlife photography , or alternatively to set a "trap" so that a shot can automatically be taken without a person present. This is done by using AF to detect but not set focus – using manual focus to set focus (or switching to manual after focus has been set) but then using focus priority to detect focus and only release

1311-603: A single sensor, while others use an array of sensors. Most modern SLR cameras use through-the-lens optical sensors, with a separate sensor array providing light metering , although the latter can be programmed to prioritize its metering to the same area as one or more of the AF sensors. Through-the-lens optical autofocusing is usually speedier and more precise than manual focus with an ordinary viewfinder, although more precise manual focus can be achieved with special accessories such as focusing magnifiers. Autofocus accuracy within 1/3 of

1380-438: A system which must rely on mechanical movement for proper operation will inevitably have mechanical wear and eventually fail. Properly designed electronic circuits without moving parts will continue to operate correctly almost indefinitely and are used in most simple feedback control systems. Circuits without moving parts appear in a large number of items from traffic lights to washing machines . Another electromechanical device

1449-503: Is piezoelectric devices , but they do not use electromagnetic principles. Piezoelectric devices can create sound or vibration from an electrical signal or create an electrical signal from sound or mechanical vibration. To become an electromechanical engineer, typical college courses involve mathematics, engineering, computer science, designing of machines, and other automotive classes that help gain skill in troubleshooting and analyzing issues with machines. To be an electromechanical engineer

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1518-409: Is achieved by dividing the incoming light into pairs of images and comparing them. Through-the-lens secondary image registration (TTL SIR) passive phase detection is often used in film and digital SLR cameras . The system uses a beam splitter (implemented as a small semi-transparent area of the main reflex mirror, coupled with a small secondary mirror) to direct light to an AF sensor at the bottom of

1587-425: Is achieved by measuring contrast (vision) within a sensor field through the lens . The intensity difference between adjacent pixels of the sensor naturally increases with correct image focus. The optical system can thereby be adjusted until the maximal contrast is detected. In this method, AF does not involve actual distance measurement at all. This creates significant challenges when tracking moving subjects , since

1656-416: Is confirmed only when the AF sensor sees an in-focus subject. The only apparent differences between the two modes are that a focus-locking mode halts on focus confirmation, and a continuously focusing mode has predictive elements to work with moving targets, which suggests they are the same closed-loop process. Although AF sensors are typically one-dimensional photosensitive strips (only a few pixels high and

1725-428: Is the phase-detection auto-focus system used in single-lens reflex cameras since the 1985s. The passive phase-detection auto-focus needs some contrast to work with, making it difficult to use in low-light scenarios or on even surfaces. An AF illuminator will illuminate the scene and project contrast patterns onto even surfaces, so that phase-detection auto-focus can work under these conditions as well. A newer form of

1794-402: Is typically used to mutually compensate for the intrinsical weaknesses of the various methods in order to increase the overall reliability and accuracy or to speed up AF function. A rare example of an early hybrid system is the combination of an active IR or ultrasonic auto-focus system with a passive phase-detection system. An IR or ultrasonic system based on reflection will work regardless of

1863-657: Is used to control an electromechanical system that adjusts the focus of the optical system. A variation of autofocus is an electronic rangefinder , in which focus data are provided to the operator, but adjustment of the optical system is still performed manually. The speed of the AF system is highly dependent on the widest aperture offered by the lens at the current focal length. F-stops of around f / 2 to f / 2.8 are generally considered best for focusing speed and accuracy. Faster lenses than this (e.g.: f / 1.4 or f / 1.8) typically have very low depth of field, meaning that it takes longer to achieve correct focus, despite

1932-575: The Panel switch , and similar devices were widely used in early automated telephone exchanges . Crossbar switches were first widely installed in the middle 20th century in Sweden , the United States , Canada , and Great Britain , and these quickly spread to the rest of the world. Electromechanical systems saw a massive leap in progress from 1910-1945 as the world was put into global war twice. World War I saw

2001-549: The Yashica 230 AF . Trap focus is also possible on some Pentax (e.g. K-x and K-5 ), Nikon , and Canon EOS cameras. The EOS 1D can do it using software on an attached computer, whereas cameras like the EOS 40D and 7D have a custom function (III-1 and III-4 respectively) which can stop the camera trying to focus after it fails. On EOS cameras without genuine trap focus, a hack called "almost trap focus" can be used, which achieves some of

2070-630: The depth of field (DOF) at the widest aperture of the lens is common in professional AF SLR cameras. Most multi-sensor AF cameras allow manual selection of the active sensor, and many offer automatic selection of the sensor using algorithms which attempt to discern the location of the subject. Some AF cameras are able to detect whether the subject is moving towards or away from the camera, including speed and acceleration, and keep focus — a function used mainly in sports and other action photography. Canon cameras call this AI servo ; Nikon cameras call it "continuous focus". The data collected from AF sensors

2139-509: The 20th century, equipment which would generally have used electromechanical devices became less expensive. This equipment became cheaper because it used more reliably integrated microcontroller circuits containing ultimately a few million transistors, and a program to carry out the same task through logic. With electromechanical components there were only moving parts, such as mechanical electric actuators . This more reliable logic has replaced most electromechanical devices, because any point in

Nikon D40 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2208-499: The D40's price and size competitive. On March 6, 2007, Nikon introduced the D40X, a sister camera to the D40. While identical in external design to the D40, it has a 10.2-megapixel CCD sensor, continuous shooting up to 3 frames per second, and a base sensitivity of ISO 100. It has a flash sync speed of 1/200 of a second. A new consumer-level telephoto zoom with vibration reduction debuted alongside

2277-470: The FA and FA* series lenses from 1991. Their first K AF -mount Pentax lenses with AF had been introduced in 1989. In 1992, Nikon changed back to lens integrated motors with their AF-I and AF-S range of lenses; today their entry-level DSLRs do not have a focus motor in the body due to the availability of motors in all new developed AF-Lenses . Active AF systems measure distance to the subject independently of

2346-404: The camera body and gears in the lens ("screw drive") or through electronic transmission of the drive instruction through contacts in the mount plate to a motor in the lens. Lens-based motors can be of a number of different types, but are often ultrasonic motors or stepper motors . Magnets are often used in electromagnetic motors, such as Voice coil motors (VCMs) and Stepper motor , which move

2415-548: The camera body coupled with a motorized lens , became the first autofocus 35 mm SLR in 1981. In 1983 Nikon released the F3AF , their first autofocus camera, which was based on a similar concept to the ME-F. The Minolta 7000 , released in 1985, was the first SLR with an integrated autofocus system, meaning both the AF sensors and the drive motor were housed in the camera body, as well as an integrated film advance winder — which

2484-428: The camera uses flash focus assist and is set to an operation mode that overrides the flash, it may also disable the focus assist. Thus, autofocus may fail to acquire the subject. Similar stroboscopic flashing is sometimes used to reduce the red-eye effect , but this is only intended to constrict the subject's eye pupils before the shot. Some external flash guns have integrated autofocus assist lamps that replace

2553-399: The camera's autofocus system uses to achieve focus. Many cameras and nearly all camera phones lack a dedicated autofocus assist lamp. Instead, they use their built-in flash, illuminating the subject with bursts of light. This aids the autofocus system in the same fashion as a dedicated assist light, but has the disadvantage of startling or annoying people. Another disadvantage is that if

2622-399: The camera. When in use, the lens will constantly maintain its focus on the subject, hence it is commonly used for sports and action photography . AI refers to artificial intelligence : algorithms that constantly predict where a subject is about to be based on its speed and acceleration data from the autofocus sensor. Modern autofocus is done through one of two mechanisms; either a motor in

2691-416: The camera. Two micro-lenses capture the light rays coming from the opposite sides of the lens and divert it to the AF sensor, creating a simple rangefinder with a base within the lens's diameter. The two images are then analysed for similar light intensity patterns (peaks and valleys) and the separation error is calculated in order to find whether the object is in front focus or back focus position. This gives

2760-413: The direction and an estimate of the required amount of focus-ring movement. PD AF in a continuously focusing mode (e.g. "AI Servo" for Canon , "AF-C" for Nikon , Pentax and Sony ) is a closed-loop control process. PD AF in a focus-locking mode (e.g. "One-Shot" for Canon , "AF-S" for Nikon and Sony ) is widely believed to be a "one measurement, one movement" open-loop control process, but focus

2829-404: The early 21st century, there has been research on nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Today, electromechanical processes are mainly used by power companies. All fuel based generators convert mechanical movement to electrical power. Some renewable energies such as wind and hydroelectric are powered by mechanical systems that also convert movement to electricity. In the last thirty years of

Nikon D40 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2898-498: The effective measurement basis is typically set to between 1:5.6 and 1:6.7, so that AF continues to work with slow lenses (at least for as long as they are not stopped down). This, however, reduces the intrinsical accuracy of the autofocus system, even if fast lenses are used. Since the effective measurement basis is an optical property of the actual implementation, it cannot be changed easily. Very few cameras provide multi-PD-AF systems with several switchable measurement bases depending on

2967-401: The effects of trap focus. By using the custom firmware Magic Lantern , some Canon DSLRs can perform trap focus. AI Servo is an autofocus mode found on Canon SLR cameras, and in other brands such as Nikon , Sony , and Pentax , under the name "continuous focus" (AF-C). Also referred to as focus tracking , it is used to track a subject as it moves around the frame, or toward and away from

3036-527: The first planar transistors, the first in which drain and source were adjacent at the same surface. MOSFET scaling , the miniaturisation of MOSFETs on IC chips, led to the miniaturisation of electronics (as predicted by Moore's law and Dennard scaling ). This laid the foundations for the miniaturisation of mechanical systems, with the development of micromachining technology based on silicon semiconductor devices , as engineers began realizing that silicon chips and MOSFETs could interact and communicate with

3105-415: The focal range, stopping precisely at the point where maximal contrast is detected. This means that lenses designed for phase detection often perform poorly on camera bodies that use contrast detection. The assist light (also known as AF illuminator) "activates" passive autofocus systems in low-light and low- contrast situations in some cameras. The lamp projects visible or IR light onto the subject, which

3174-456: The increased amount of light. Most consumer camera systems will only autofocus reliably with lenses that have a widest aperture of at least f / 5.6, whilst professional models can often cope with a widest aperture of f / 8, which is particularly useful for lenses used in conjunction with teleconverters . Between 1960 and 1973, Leitz (Leica) patented an array of autofocus and corresponding sensor technologies. In 1976, Leica had presented

3243-549: The interaction of electrical and mechanical systems as a whole and how the two systems interact with each other. This process is especially prominent in systems such as those of DC or AC rotating electrical machines which can be designed and operated to generate power from a mechanical process ( generator ) or used to power a mechanical effect ( motor ). Electrical engineering in this context also encompasses electronics engineering . Electromechanical devices are ones which have both electrical and mechanical processes. Strictly speaking,

3312-518: The keystroke had previously moved a typebar directly, now it engaged mechanical linkages that directed mechanical power from the motor into the typebar. This was also true of the later IBM Selectric . At Bell Labs , in the 1946, the Bell Model V computer was developed. It was an electromechanical relay-based device; cycles took seconds. In 1968 electromechanical systems were still under serious consideration for an aircraft flight control computer , until

3381-550: The latter case, infrared light is usually used to triangulate the distance to the subject. Compact cameras including the Nikon 35TiQD and 28TiQD , the Canon AF35M , and the Contax T2 and T3 , as well as early video cameras, used this system. A newer approach included in some consumer electronic devices, like mobile phones, is based on the time-of-flight principle, which involves shining

3450-825: The launch. Nikon ceased production of the D40X in December 2007, shortly before they introduced its successor, the Nikon D60 . Nikon Z cameras >> PROCESSOR : Pre-EXPEED | EXPEED | EXPEED 2 | EXPEED 3 | EXPEED 4 | EXPEED 5 | EXPEED 6 VIDEO: HD video / Video AF / Uncompressed / 4k video   ⋅   SCREEN: Articulating , Touchscreen   ⋅   BODY FEATURE: Weather Sealed Without full AF-P lens support   ⋅   Without AF-P and without E-type lens support   ⋅   Without an AF motor (needs lenses with integrated motor , except D50 ) Autofocus An autofocus ( AF ) optical system uses

3519-494: The lens directly. Passive AF systems determine correct focus by performing passive analysis of the image that is entering the optical system. They generally do not direct any energy, such as ultrasonic sound or infrared light waves, toward the subject. (However, an autofocus assist beam of usually infrared light is required when there is not enough light to take passive measurements.) Passive autofocusing can be achieved by phase detection or contrast measurement. Phase detection (PD)

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3588-407: The lens elements to achieve precise focusing. The magnetic field interacts with coils to produce motion for adjusting the lens position quickly and accurately based on focus requirements. Magnets are ideal for this purpose because they enable smooth and rapid adjustments without direct physical contact, enhancing durability and response time. Some camera bodies, including all Canon EOS bodies and

3657-593: The lens right into (or close to) focus without additional measurements. Additional measurements on the fly, however, can improve accuracy or help keep track of moving objects. However, the accuracy of phase-detection auto-focus depends on its effective measurement basis. If the measurement basis is large, measurements are very accurate, but can only work with lenses with a large geometrical aperture (e.g. 1:2.8 or larger). Even with high contrasty objects, phase-detection AF cannot work at all with lenses slower than its effective measurement basis. In order to work with most lenses,

3726-451: The lens stopped down. Also, since contrast AF continues to work in stopped-down mode rather than only in open-aperture mode, it is immune to aperture-based focus shift errors phase-detection AF systems suffer since they cannot work in stopped-down mode. Thereby, contrast AF makes arbitrary fine-focus adjustments by the user unnecessary. Also, contrast AF is immune to focusing errors due to surfaces with repeating patterns and they can work over

3795-401: The lens used in order to allow normal auto-focusing with most lenses, and more accurate focusing with fast lenses. Contrast AF does not have this inherent design limitation on accuracy as it only needs a minimal object contrast to work with. Once this is available, it can work with high accuracy regardless of the speed of a lens; in fact, for as long as this condition is met, it can even work with

3864-406: The light conditions, but can be easily fooled by obstacles like window glasses, and the accuracy is typically restricted to a rather limited number of steps. Phase-detection autofocus "sees" through window glasses without problems and is much more accurate, but it does not work in low-light conditions or on surfaces without contrasts or with repeating patterns. A very common example of combined usage

3933-410: The military's development of electromechanics as household work was quickly replaced by electromechanical systems such as microwaves, refrigerators, and washing machines. The electromechanical television systems of the late 19th century were less successful. Electric typewriters developed, up to the 1980s, as "power-assisted typewriters". They contained a single electrical component, the motor. Where

4002-536: The more budget-oriented among Nikon's DX models, do not include an autofocus motor and therefore cannot autofocus with lenses that lack an inbuilt motor. Some lenses, such as Pentax' DA* designated models, although normally using an inbuilt motor, can fall back to screwdrive operation when the camera body does not support the necessary contact pins. Electromechanical Electromechanics combines processes and procedures drawn from electrical engineering and mechanical engineering . Electromechanics focuses on

4071-511: The more sophisticated stand-alone sensors, but since the fine focusing is now carried out through contrast focusing, the phase-detection AF sensors are only need to provide coarse directional information in order to speed up the contrast auto-focusing process. In July, 2010, Fujifilm announced a compact camera, the F300EXR, which included a hybrid autofocus system consisting of both phase-detection and contrast-based elements. The sensors implementing

4140-412: The norm on most mirrorless cameras giving them significantly better AF tracking performance compared to contrast detection. Contrast detection places different constraints on lens design when compared with phase detection. While phase detection requires the lens to move its focus point quickly and directly to a new position, contrast-detection autofocus instead employs lenses that can quickly sweep through

4209-487: The optical system, and subsequently adjust the optical system for correct focus. There are various ways to measure distance, including ultrasonic sound waves and infrared light. In the first case, sound waves are emitted from the camera, and by measuring the delay in their reflection, distance to the subject is calculated. Polaroid cameras including the Spectra and SX-70 were known for successfully applying this system. In

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4278-447: The phase-detection AF can assist a contrast AF system to be fast and accurate at the same time, to compensate aperture-based focus-shift errors, and to continue to work with lenses stopped down, as, for example, in stopped-down measuring or video mode. Recent developments towards mirrorless cameras seek to integrate the phase-detection AF sensors into the image sensor itself. Typically, these phase-detection sensors are not as accurate as

4347-406: The phase-detection AF in this camera are integrated into the camera's Super CCD EXR. Currently it is used by Fujifilm FinePix Series, Fujifilm X100S , Ricoh , Nikon 1 series , Canon EOS 650D/Rebel T4i and Samsung NX300 . Active systems will typically not focus through windows, since sound waves and infrared light are reflected by the glass. With passive systems this will generally not be

4416-400: The shutter when an object is in focus. The technique works by choosing the focus adjustment (turning AF off), then setting the shooting mode to "Single" (AF-S), or more specifically focus priority, then depressing the shutter – when the subject moves into focus, the AF detects this (though it does not change the focus), and a shot is taken. The first SLR to implement trap focusing was

4485-524: The stroboscopic on-camera flash. Many of them are red and less obtrusive. Another way to assist contrast based AF systems in low light is to beam a laser pattern on to the subject. The laser method is commercially called Hologram AF Laser and was used in Sony CyberShot cameras around the year 2003, including Sony's F707, F717 and F828 models. In a hybrid autofocus system, focus is achieved by combining two or more methods, such as: The double effort

4554-541: The surroundings and process things such as chemicals , motions and light . One of the first silicon pressure sensors was isotropically micromachined by Honeywell in 1962. An early example of a MEMS device is the resonant-gate transistor, an adaptation of the MOSFET, developed by Harvey C. Nathanson in 1965. During the 1970s to early 1980s, a number of MOSFET microsensors were developed for measuring physical , chemical , biological and environmental parameters. In

4623-413: The very early electromechanical digital computers . Solid-state electronics have replaced electromechanics in many applications. The first electric motor was invented in 1822 by Michael Faraday . The motor was developed only a year after Hans Christian Ørsted discovered that the flow of electric current creates a proportional magnetic field. This early motor was simply a wire partially submerged into

4692-454: The whole frame, not just near the center of the frame, as phase-detection AF does. The down-side, however, is that contrast AF is a closed-loop iterative process of shifting the focus back and forth in rapid succession. Compared to phase-detection AF, contrast AF is slow, since the speed of the focus iteration process is mechanically limited and this measurement method does not provide any directional information. Combining both measurement methods,

4761-408: Was to become the standard configuration for SLR cameras from this manufacturer, and also Nikon abandoned their F3AF system and integrated the autofocus-motor and sensors in the body. Canon decided to discontinue their FD mount and switched to the completely electronic EF mount with motorised lenses in 1987. Pentax was the first to introduce focusing distance measurement for SLR cameras with

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