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55-656: The conflict that arose in the Madrid Federation between anarchists and Marxists dealt with by the Zaragoza Congress reappeared two months after its closure when on June 2 the latter sent all sections of the International Alliance of Socialist Democracy a circular in which they announced that the Madrid section was self-dissolving and invited the rest to do the same. For this reason they were once again expelled from

110-840: A group of damaging divisions that would weaken us." Consequently, Congress "unanimously" supported the decision of the Madrid Federation to expel the Marxist group from La Emancipación - whose conduct was "anathematized", recognizing "pretensions and bad faith" - and which subsequently had founded the New Madrid Federation. In addition, Congress approved a resolution in defense of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy, in which those who had belonged to it abstained (among others Rafael Farga Pellicer , Tomás González Morago , José García Viñas , Francisco Tomás Oliver ), and that said: …that there has been no more than an active and fruitful propaganda of

165-451: A letter shortly before the newspaper closed in which he said: I believe that any attempt to move immediately to the proletarian revolution in Spain will end in a massacre. I also believe that the bourgeois republic has a meaning here ... but we must not give the impression that we treat them [republicans] with moderation and above all we must not, not for a moment, deny that we aspire to carry out

220-692: A manifesto showing their disagreement. All of them, including Giuseppe Fanelli and Errico Malatesta , decided to meet in Saint-Imier to hold a separate Congress in which they rejected the expulsion of Bakunin and Guillaume, did not recognize the General Council appointed in The Hague and approved a resolution that collected the anarchist theses and that contradicted the policy defended by the International by insisting that "the destruction of all political power

275-415: A rule ... It was natural, then, that our attitude frightened the men of the bourgeoisie , as the criminal frightens the voice of your conscience. But this very fright has lost them. They have broken hostilities with the working class. Until now they have limited themselves to insulting and threatening us in their speeches and in their circulars; today they loudly proclaim, with an illegal and violent act, that

330-568: Is an industrial and university city, region and municipality located in the Valencian Community , Spain. The Serpis river crosses the municipal boundary of Alcoy. The local authority reported a population of 61,135 residents in 2018. The first traces of human presence in the area date to c. 60,000 years ago, when Neanderthal hunters settled here, in a site now called El Salt . A site with rock paintings , dating to c. 10,000/6,500 years ago, has been discovered near la Sarga. From around

385-466: Is the financial, commercial and cultural center of the surrounding area. Alcoy hosts the oldest Cavalcade of Magi in the world. The Jesuset del Miracle is commemorated on the last day of January. The most important touristic celebration is Moros i Cristians , in April. The local football club CD Alcoyano is famous across Spain for a proverbial match in which they were facing a very adverse score. When

440-485: Is the first duty of the proletariat ..." "Any allegedly provisional and revolutionary political power… can only be a hoax.” It was also agreed that the regional federations would interact with each other outside of the General Council, with which they were in fact separated from the International. In this way the anarchist split of the International Workingmen's Association was consummated. The Córdoba Congress

495-474: Is to tend to destroy all powers and not to conquer them; for if it were to conquer it for itself, it would only do what all classes have done up to now, and it would be completely unaware of its great mission of realizing justice, at the same time as for it, for all humanity. If the working class did so, it would seek and obtain the destruction of the existing privileges in order to become privileged; but it would not destroy all privileges, and would therefore lack

550-520: The 1870 Barcelona Workers' Congress , to carry out a union action to achieve a reduction in working hours was also discussed, but it was rejected on the grounds: that the ideal of reducing from eight to ten hours the maximum of the daily work of all arts and crafts and trying to find the best possible means of establishing equality in wages, are restricted ideals before the great object that our Association proposes itself, that is, abolition of wage labor and classes and establishing economic equality between

605-517: The International Workingmen's Association . Immediately the dependents of the authority to dissolve the Congress appeared and after taking note of their names one of the secretaries read the following "Protest of the delegates in the regional Congress of Zaragoza" […] The reading of this protest elicited unanimous exclamations of enthusiasm from the audience, made up of the majority of the local workers. The Congress agreed to continue its sessions at

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660-679: The social revolution , if we want to found a workers' party in Spain, since the people of this country are always on the side of the most active party. Zaragoza Congress The Zaragoza Congress was the Second Congress of the Spanish Regional Federation of the International Workingmen's Association (FRE-AIT). It was held in Zaragoza in September 1872, at the end of the reign of Amadeo I . To prevent it from being suspended by

715-712: The " authoritarian communist party ." Instead it passed the " anti-authoritarian " resolutions of the St. Imier Congress , aligning itself completely with the new Anarchist International . In coherence with its proclaimed "anti-authoritarianism", it was decided to abolish the Federal Council and replace it with a Correspondence and Statistics Commission based in Alcoy, formed by Severino Albarracín (teacher high school), Francisco Tomás Oliver (bricklayer), Miguel Pino (adjuster, from Ciudad Real ) and Vicente Fombuena (foundry, from Alcoy). Later,

770-517: The Government, which ended up happening. One of the Congress secretaries, before those gathered by order of the civil governor left the premises, read a protest note signed by all the delegates "on behalf of all the associated workers from Spain, and on the face of the world" for the "brutal and scandalous outrage of which they have been victims". "Our Congress had reason as its criterion, the realization of justice as its objective, peace and tranquility as

825-424: The Madrid Federation, but this time the Federal Council did not intervene because it was precisely the Alliance members who predominated. This attitude led to the resignation of Anselmo Lorenzo on June 20 from his post on the Federal Council. The nine expelled, along with five other affiliates, decided to constitute the " New Madrid Federation ", subsequently requesting its recognition by the Federal Council, but it

880-668: The Valencians Vicente Rosell (silk weaver), Vicente Torres (bookseller), Vicente Asesni (cabinetmaker) and Cayetano Martí (stonemason), since they decided to move the headquarters of the Council from Madrid to Valencia. In this way it was tried to avoid the resumption of the confrontation between anarchists and Marxists that would have been inevitable if it had installed in Madrid or Barcelona. Alcoy Alcoy ( Spanish: [alˈkoj] ; Valencian : Alcoi [alˈkɔj] ; officially: Alcoy / Alcoi )

935-518: The bosom of the Spanish Regional Federation". They also advised "all sincerely revolutionary workers, whatever their particular opinions, [to] return with them to the bosom of their respective Sections to fight for their victory and to contribute to the most important of all, that is, to the triumph of the cause of the work on capital, and that they leave in the void those who voluntarily and intentionally want to continue being constituted in

990-535: The children of work cannot be reunited peacefully. The note ended like this: 'Down with privileges! Down with the exploitation of man by man! Down with tyranny! Long live the International Workingmen's Association !" The city workers went on strike to support the protest and the Congress ended its sessions at the Federation's premises in Zaragoza. This is how the events of the Congress were explained: Anticipating that

1045-583: The collectivist and anarchic ideas that the Association wishes, and therefore [the Commission] also recognizes the conduct of the allianceist allies as good, since the generality of those who to said Association belonged to those who have done the most work for the International, contributing to its development; and above all, this Commission recalls that one of the most important acts of the Spanish Federation

1100-423: The connection between the economic struggle and the political struggle, were ratified by a large majority. The four FRE delegates aligned themselves with the anarchists, so when Congress decided to expel Mikhail Bakunin and his Swiss ally James Guillaume from the International for not having dissolved the International Alliance of Socialist Democracy , as they had committed and signed together with other delegates

1155-657: The construction of a castle on a strategic position over the Serpis river, to secure the southern frontier of the Kingdom of Valencia during the Reconquista . In 1291 the town was donated by King James II of Aragon to the Sicilian admiral Roger of Lauria ; it did not return to royal possession until 1430. During the War of Spanish Succession , Alcoy sided for the cause of archduke Charles , and

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1210-411: The delegates was as follows: 10 weavers and spinners; 5 carpenters; 4 bricklayers; 4 paperists; 3 agricultural workers; 2 students; 2 painters; 2 beds; 2 cabinetmakers; 2 shoe racks; 2 smelters; 2 adjusters; 2 locksmiths; 2 hatters; 1 tanner; 1 cooper; 1 rope maker; 1 printer (Farga Pellicer); 1 baker; 1 recorder; 1 cylinder; 1 marble maker; 1 teacher; 1 primary school teacher. The resolution that obliges

1265-483: The designated place, and in the case of dissolution by that authority, to launch an energetic protest. This was done. On April 8, at two in the afternoon, the Congress met in the Novedades room, before an immense crowd that filled the premises, the president appointed for this session delivered the opening speech, presenting the work to be done and declared open the second Labor Congress of the Spanish Regional Federation of

1320-418: The efforts of all those who are interested in emancipation, it tends to alienate and repudiate all those who are not in agreement with the political program that the general council or a congress were pleased to elaborate. The commission also believes that by affirming that "the first duty of the proletariat is the conquest of political power" is to declare that social unrest, that is, social injustices, come from

1375-482: The evil of governments; and it is to deny or hide that they have their origin in the institutions of the present society, of which they are natural emanations of the political powers. To consign this first duty to the working class, is to deny all the considerations of the General Statutes of the International, and is to distract the working class from the path that to achieve its emancipation it must follow, and which

1430-525: The five regional secretaries appointed by the respective local federations were integrated into the Commission. In Congress, the "new" federations formed by the Marxists were roundly condemned for considering that they "work against the aims of the International, help the bourgeoisie, giving it so much strength against the proletariat and against the true social revolution like the one they manage to extract from

1485-561: The following year - settled in Madrid , after having entered Spain in August fleeing the repression of the Paris Commune . The Marxist thesis that both defended - Laura was the daughter of Karl Marx - found support among the group linked to the newspaper La Emancipación formed by José Mesa, Francisco Mora Méndez and Pablo Iglesias and they began to disseminate them in the articles published in

1540-419: The following: It is also affirmed that the woman is a free and intelligent being, and therefore, responsible for her acts, the same as the man; That to guarantee her this freedom and put her in a condition to practice it no choice but work. The opposite is to subject it to the narrowness of the domestic home and the tyranny of man, Therefore: The tendency of the internationals should be to make it enter

1595-580: The government, as it ended up happening, the delegates met secretly a few days before the scheduled date. Previously, the Valencia Conference , had also been held in semi-underground conditions. The Congress, among other matters, dealt with the conflict that arose in the Madrid Federation between the anarchists , the majority, and the Marxists , the minority. In December 1871 Paul Lafargue and his wife Laura Marx - along with their young son who would die

1650-455: The greatest possible number of means" in which it was said that the " revolutionary socialist instruction of the worker [is] the lever that will remove and annihilate the old world by consolidating a complete revolution that, regenerating us from the yoke of ignorance, will pave the way for our complete social regeneration. The instruction that is convenient for us, and in general the instruction of all kinds, we must provide ourselves ... Obviously

1705-502: The holding of Congress could be prevented due to the arbitrariness of the local authorities, the Federal Council summoned the delegates for the 4th instead of the 7th that was appointed. In effect, the Congress met on the 4th at the premises of the Zaragoza Federation and it was agreed to hold public sessions from the 7th, but not having been able to find a place, it was left for the 8th in the Novedades room. After complying with what

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1760-472: The individuals of both sexes. There was a "recognition of the defenders of the Paris Commune , who suffer on the pontoons and in exile the consequences of their love for the cause of the emancipation of the proletariat, their own time that a fond memory to the victims caused by the barbarians of Versailles ". And it was also about the " emancipation of women from all work that is not domestic ", remembering

1815-471: The internationalists to establish themselves as a political party and that declares that the first duty of the proletariat is the conquest of political power, the commission considers contrary to the broad base of the International Workingmen's Association, which aims to collect in its bosom of redemption to all those who suffer the injustices of the present Society, because far from tending to unite

1870-539: The labor movement, so that it contributes to the common work, the emancipation of the proletariat; because just as in the present social organization there is no sex difference in the face of exploitation, neither should there be any in justice. A new Council was elected whose members were all members of Mikhail Bakunin 's International Alliance of Socialist Democracy : Francisco Tomás (bricklayer), Anselmo Lorenzo (printer), Peregrín Montoro (silk weaver), Francisco Martínez (dyer) and Francisco Mora Méndez , who were joined by

1925-525: The last four attended. The following month it had to shut down the newspaper La Emancipación due to lack of resources, despite the efforts of José Mesa and Pablo Iglesias, and that Friedrich Engels had put money out of his own pocket. The last issue was published on April 12, 1873. "The Marxist group, lacking followers and without a spokesman to spread its doctrines, was condemned to a forced silence." The New Madrid Federation ended up dissolving shortly after. José Mesa, director of La Emancipación , sent Engels

1980-453: The law imposes, posters were posted summoning the workers from Zaragoza. The governor sent an official letter declaring that the public session could not be held, on the grounds that the International is an "association contrary to the laws because it goes against social foundations: the State, religion, property and the family." Congress agreed to reject the governor's refusal and to meet publicly in

2035-497: The mid-3rd millennium BC people started to move from the caves to the plain where cereals were grown, while mountain fortifications were erected ( Mola Alta de Serelles , Mas del Corral , Mas de Menente , El Puig ). After the Roman conquest of the Iberians , several rural villas were built in the area, as well as a necropolis. The town was established in 1256 by James I of Aragon , with

2090-577: The motto that is written on its flag, which reads: "We do not want privileges even for ourselves" Opinion of the Congress on the "attitude of the Regional Federation in view of international congresses of The Hague and Saint-Imier". The Congress rejected the "authoritarian" resolutions of the Hague Congress and accused the General Council of trying to create a political party led by the bourgeoisie and mediated by supporters of Marx, members of

2145-491: The newspaper. The Madrid Federation, where the anarchists had the majority, approved the expulsion of the group but the Federal Council annulled the decision until the Congress met, which at the Valencia Conference of September 1871 had decided that it would be held in Zaragoza . The Zaragoza Congress officially opened its sessions on April 8, 1872 in the Novedades room, but in reality it had begun clandestinely four days earlier, on April 4, in anticipation of it being banned by

2200-407: The opinion on property drafted by Anselmo Lorenzo and inspired by Paul Lafargue —who attended the Congress as a representative of Alcalá de Henares and under the pseudonym Pablo Farga - and by Laura Marx , were postponed until the following Congress. As for the conflict that arose in the Madrid Federation with the editorial office of the newspaper La Emancipación , the expulsion was annulled. It

2255-538: The premises of the Zaragoza Federation until the 11th when finished his tasks. In addition to seven members of the Federal Council, 38 delegates attended (44, according to Josep Termes) from the 50 local federations - of which the Catalans were the strongest, followed by the Valencians , Malagueños and Gaditanos - constituted with 41 sections of various and 187 ex officio - it was reported that there were 52 federations in

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2310-466: The process of formation with a total of 97 ex officio sections and 28 various others. Among the trade unions were "The Three Classes of Steam" —converted the following month into a "Manufacturing Union" with 28,000 members—, the Union of Building Constructors, the Union of Dyers, the Union of Tanners, the Union of Shoe Builders and the Union of Agricultural Workers. The delegates' jobs were as follows: 11 from

2365-450: The ranks of the Carlists ) and Alerini (a refugee from the Paris Commune ). Representing the New Madrid Federation were Paul Lafargue —who would no longer return to Spain— and the director of the newspaper La Emancipación , José Mesa. In Congress, the Marxist theses approved in previous congresses, such as those relating to "the constitution of the proletariat into a political party " and

2420-566: The referee was about to close, the Alcoyano players kept asking for more time to score back and reach a draw. Thus the phrase tener más moral que el Alcoyano ("to have greater morale than Alcoyano") ponders an indefatigable person. Currently, they play in the Segunda División B at El Collao Stadium . The city is also home to PAS Alcoy , a Spanish roller hockey club, which plays in the OK Liga ,

2475-749: The teaching that is spreading in the present society is poisoned by the authoritarian , clerical and bourgeois virus — force, sham and exploitation — very useful to obtain the result we are witnessing: to make man the slave of man, intellectually, politically and economically." Those expelled who formed the " New Madrid Federation " held a Congress in Toledo on March 25, 1873 to constitute the "New Spanish Federation", along with eleven other "new" local federations that had been formed in Cádiz , Zaragoza , Denia , Pont de Vilumara, Alcalá , Gràcia , Játiva , Gasteiz , Toledo , Valencia and Lleida , although only delegates from

2530-464: The textile industry, 5 typographers (among them, José Mesa, Anselmo Lorenzo and Pablo Iglesias ), 5 shoemakers, 3 bricklayers, 2 tanners, 2 coopers, 2 silversmiths, 2 smelters, a fitter, a machinist, a blacksmith, a locksmith, a barber, a science teacher, a doctor ( Paul Lafargue ), a farm worker (the delegate from Carmona ), an engraver, a cabinetmaker, a carver, a chocolatier and a hatter. Several topics were discussed, although some of them, such as

2585-508: Was declared with the resolutions of the Belgian Federation, one of which said that "the International is and has always been a group of autonomous Federations; that the General Council is not and has never been but a Center for correspondence, data and reviews". There was an intense debate on the question "What is meant by worker?", An important issue in determining who could belong to the International and who could not, but no conclusion

2640-576: Was denied by the Federal Council, despite the fact that it received the adhesion of other Federations. Then the London General Council intervened and accepted the New Madrid Federation as a member of the IWA, independently of the Spanish Regional Federation (FRE). Shortly after, between September 2 and 7, the Hague Congress of 1872 was held in which the definitive break between Marxists and anarchists

2695-457: Was its birth, and this was due to the activity and initiative that the Alliance's José Fanelli demonstrated to build the International in Spain; Therefore, until it has proven news of the acts carried out by said Association, to protect the bourgeoisie against the interests of the working class, in which case it would place it among the enemy societies of the worker. An opinion was also approved on "Means to establish purely international schools in

2750-409: Was reached. The purest anarchists defined the workers not by their social "position" but by their ideas and behaviors, so that only "revolutionary" individuals, whether they were workers or not, should be admitted, and "reactionary workers" should be left out - a delegate said that a worker was "anyone who does useful work for humanity, not being contrary to justice and morals". The proposal, postponed at

2805-574: Was scheduled for April 1873 but the Federal Council decided to advance it and was held it between December 25, 1872 and January 3, 1873. 46 delegates met at the Moratín Theater in Córdoba — plus five members of the Council, among them Severino Albarracín and Francisco Tomás Oliver - who represented 42 local Federations and 10 trade unions — at that time the FRE counted some 29,000 members. The largest federation

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2860-417: Was that of Barcelona, which then had about 7,000 members, followed by other Catalan federations ( Sants , Sant Martí de Provençals ) and that of Alcoy — the latter with some 2,000 affiliates. The " authoritarian " New Madrid Federation, formed around the newspaper La Emancipación or the federations linked to it, such as those of Lleida and Zaragoza , did not attend. The socio-professional composition of

2915-607: Was therefore besieged and stripped of numerous privileges, which started a period of decline. In 1873 the workers of Alcoy revolted in the Petroleum Revolution . Many outdoor rock paintings exist in Alcoy, and there are some ruins of an Iberian settlement with fragments of Greco - Roman pottery. Buildings with an artistic or historical interest in the city include: Alcoy has important industries related to textile , paper , food and metal . Furthermore, Alcoy has many factories that manufacture matches . Today, Alcoy

2970-424: Was thus agreed "that the editors of La Emancipación withdraw everything that has given rise to their expulsion and that the Madrid Federation also withdraw everything that is offensive to said editors and the expulsion agreement." However, as Anselmo Lorenzo recalled years later, "the reconciliation was only a postponement of hatred." The Bakuninist theses triumphed and thus, for example, "complete conformity"

3025-409: Was to take place. The Marxist split in the FRE was only followed by a dozen local federations, made up of about 200 militants, while the rest of the federations, some 150 with 15,000 members, remained faithful to the " apolitical " anarchist line. The four FRE representatives who came to The Hague were anarchists - Farga Pellicer , Morago , Marselau (a former religious republican who would end up in

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