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91-592: The city is known for the famous Pauline monastery of Jasna Góra , which is the home of the Black Madonna painting , a shrine to the Virgin Mary . Every year, millions of pilgrims from all over the world come to Częstochowa to see it. The city also was home to the Jewish Frankist movement in the late 18th and the 19th century. The city has undertaken excavation of an ancient site of Lusatian culture , and has

182-570: A branch of the Częstochowa Museum. According to archaeological findings, the first medieval settlement in the location of Częstochowa was established in the late 11th century within Piast -ruled Poland . It was first mentioned in historical documents from 1220, when Bishop of Kraków Iwo Odrowąż made a list of properties of the Mstów monastery. Two villages, Częstochowa and Częstochówka were mentioned in

273-654: A general strike action was declared in the city, with workers demanding pay rises. In June 1905 street clashes took place in Częstochowa, in which 20 people were killed by Russian forces. Further protests took place in 1909 and 1912. In early August 1914, Częstochowa was abandoned by the Imperial Russian Army , and the first units of the German Army entered the city on August 3. Four days later drunken German soldiers shot at each other; an unknown number died. Residents of

364-613: A legate of Pope Clement V , traveled from Rome to Hungary to grant the approval and, on this day, he also bestowed the rule of Saint Augustine on behalf of the Holy See . A year later, the first monastic constitutions were approved. Eusebius died on 20 January 1270, in the Monastery of the Holy Cross. He was interred in the Monastery crypt. During the 150 years of Turkish occupation in Hungary,

455-584: A monastery Na Skałce (On the Rock) in Kraków , Poland , founded by Jan Długosz , and regarded as a national sanctuary. The other was recalled earlier: the Monastery of Our Lady of Jasna Góra . Among the members of the order to attain prominence were George Martinuzzi , bishop of Nagyvárad (Oradea) and cardinal (murdered 16 December 1551), an important figure in the history of Hungary; Matthias Fuhrmann of Hernals (died 1773), historian of Austria and editor of

546-598: A museum devoted to this. The ruins of a medieval Royal Castle stand in Olsztyn , approximately 25 kilometres (16 miles ) from the city centre (see also Trail of the Eagles' Nests ). The name of Częstochowa means 'Częstoch's place' and comes from a personal name of Częstoch, mentioned in the medieval documents also as Częstobor and Częstomir . Variations of the name include Czanstochowa used in 1220, and Częstochow used in 1382 and 1558. A part of today's city called Częstochówka

637-534: A patriotic rally took place in the city, in front of St. Sigismund church. As a reprisal, Russian military authorities destroyed app. 65% of Częstochowa's Old Town, and introduced martial law . During the January Uprising , several skirmishes took place in the area of Częstochowa, with the last one taking place on 4 July 1864 near Chorzenice . In 1846 the Warsaw-Vienna Railway line was opened, linking

728-608: A rigid examination was prescribed. In the saddle between Hárshegy and János Hill is Szépjuhászné , 'Beautiful shepherdess', the site of the first Pauline monastery, known as the Monastery of St Lawrence at Buda ( Hungarian : Budaszentlőrinci pálos kolostor ), where the Pauline Order founded their first friary . László Báthory translated the Bible into Hungarian circa 1456, but no contemporary copies have survived. However,

819-481: A vision to gather into community the other hermits living in the vicinity, for whom he built a monastery and church the ruins of which are near the village of Pilisszentlélek (today a part of Esztergom ). In the same year, Eusebius proposed and obtained affiliation with the Patach community under the rule prescribed by its founder and was chosen superior. He received the approbation of Ladislaus, Bishop of Pécs , for

910-507: A wealthy, well to do family. He received his ordination in the cathedral in Esztergom as a Canon Regular of Saint Augustine. In 1216, he received permission from the bishop to leave the cathedral and he began a hermitage in Pilis. In 1246, more of his brother canons and other hermits along the river Danube lived with him near Pilisszántó. Around 1250, he founded the first real Pauline community at

1001-640: Is a major railroad hub, located at the intersection of two important lines - west-east (from Lubliniec to Kielce ) and north–south (from Warsaw to Katowice ). Also, an additional northbound line stems from Częstochowa, which goes to Chorzew Siemkowice , where it joins the Polish Coal Trunk-Line . There are six railway stations in the city, the biggest ones being Częstochowa Osobowa and Częstochowa Stradom . The city has direct connections to many Polish cities as Warsaw , Kraków , Katowice , Wrocław and Szczecin , proteza koniecpolska makes some of

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1092-596: Is also a place where various exhibitions take place. The Philharmonic annually organises Bronisław Huberman International Violin Festival, Reszek Vocal Competition, Festival of Traditional Jazz "Hot Jazz Spring". The Philharmonic also engages in organising the " Night of Culture ", the International Festival of Sacral Music "Gaude Mater" and the Bach Family Music Festival. The Order of Saint Paul

1183-460: Is also known for its privilege of wearing a white zucchetto , although many monks choose not to wear them. Monks also may make use of a black cloak either to protect their habit from the elements or to keep warm in winter. Like all religious who wear white habits, white socks ought to be worn with the habit of the order. Eusebius was born in Esztergom in the Kingdom of Hungary around 1200. He came from

1274-631: Is depicted in the Pulitzer Prize -winning graphic novel Maus , by Art Spiegelman , the son of a Jewish Częstochowa resident. Before the Holocaust , Częstochowa was considered a great Jewish centre in Poland. By the end of World War II, nearly all Jews had been killed or deported to extermination camps to be killed, making Częstochowa what Nazi Germany called judenfrei . There are known cases of local Polish men and women, who were captured and persecuted by

1365-628: Is in one of the hottest summer regions in Poland; although its winters are not the most rigorous, they are colder than the more moderate climates of the west and the Baltic Sea . On average, there are four hours a day with direct solar radiation . In the course of the year, the best insolation is observed in June, due to the greatest length of the day. There are few windless days in Częstochowa. Lull periods on an annual scale account for an average of 9.2%. Western winds prevail here - 18% and south-west - 18.2%. At

1456-530: Is located in the city centre on Wilson Street, in the building erected between 1955 and 1965 on foundations of New Synagogue, which had been burnt down on 25 December 1939. The Philharmonic has at its disposal two concert halls and one rehearsal hall. The large concert hall can accommodate 825 people, whilst the small hall has 156 seats. The concert hall of the Philharmonic of Częstochowa is a place where concerts of symphonic orchestra take place. The building itself

1547-447: Is necessary to undergo an initial period of testing as a religious brother; hence, the novitiate . This time is used to isolate a candidate for the seminary or religious life from personal and telephone contact with family and existing friends. The novice can write letters that are subjected to censorship. During the novitiate, the novices meet with their family only twice: for the clothing in the habit and on making first profession. During

1638-598: Is the Jasna Góra Monastery . The main representative artery in the city centre is the Najświętszej Maryi Panny Avenue (The Holy Virgin Mary Avenue). It was first built in the beginning of the 19th century, as a road linking Częstochowa with New Częstochowa, cities which were administratively merged in 1826. The most characteristic feature of the avenue is its layout, whereby the lanes are separated by

1729-675: Is the main city in the Częstochowa Industrial District, which is the third biggest in the Silesian Voivodship . Since the medieval times, the metal industry has been developing, thanks to the iron ore deposits. The main factories in the city include: Currently, the city is one of the main tourist attractions of the area and is sometimes called the little Nuremberg because of the number of souvenir shops. It attracts millions (4.5 mln – 2005) of tourists and pilgrims every year. The Black Madonna of Częstochowa , housed at

1820-470: Is where most of the formation is carried out. The Australian province of the Order has a different vocational program. Normally a potential member is in regular communication with the Order and visits the monasteries of the Order frequently. At this informal stage, the potential member is called a candidate to the Order. After some discernment and maturation of the vocation, the candidate petitions to be admitted to

1911-505: Is younger than the history of symphonic concerts in Częstochowa, as the first concert took place in March 1945. The mixed choir has been functioning since the Philharmonic was set up. The choir was professionalized in September 2012 and it was named The Częstochowa Philharmonic Choir "Collegium Cantorum". The Philharmonic is also a co-organiser and a co-performer of operas, operettas and ballets. It

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2002-615: The AB-Aktion , the Germans carried out mass arrests of Poles in March, June and August 1940, and also imprisoned 60 Poles from Radomsko and the Radomsko County in the local prison in March 1940. Arrested Poles were then either deported to the Sachsenhausen , Buchenwald and Ravensbrück concentration camps or massacred in the nearby forests of Olsztyn and Apolonka . Among the victims of

2093-567: The Battle of Mokra and other battles, Polish forces withdrew, and the Wehrmacht entered the city on Sunday 3 September 1939. Częstochowa was renamed by the Germans as Tschenstochau , and incorporated into the General Government . Monday 4 September 1939 became known as Bloody Monday or also Częstochowa massacre . The Germans killed 227 people (205 ethnic Poles and 22 Jews) in various places in

2184-531: The Cathedral of Esztergom , resigned his dignities, distributed his goods among the poor and withdrew to the solitude of the Pilis mountains, near Zante (probably related to present day Pilisszántó ) to lead a life of penance with a few companions (see the ruins of the Holy Cross Monastery at present-day Kesztölc-Klastrompuszta  [ hu ] ). Four years later, he is said to have been admonished in

2275-603: The Duchy of Warsaw . In 1815 it came under Russian-controlled Congress Poland , in which it remained until World War I . Old Częstochowa remained the seat of a county in 1807–1830. In 1809, the monastery was unsuccessfully besieged by Austrians (see Polish–Austrian War ). On 2 April 1813 Jasna Góra was seized by the Russians (see War of the Sixth Coalition ), after a two-week siege, and the fortifications were razed that year. In 1821,

2366-638: The Great Northern War , Częstochowa was captured by the Swedish army on 11 August 1702. In February 1703 Swedes besieged the monastery, but failed to seize it. In April 1705 the Swedes returned, and appeared at the monastery again in September 1709. Unable to capture the fortified stronghold, they looted villages in the area, set Częstochowa on fire, and left towards Wieluń . At that time, a village of Częstochówka also existed next to Częstochowa. The village belonged to

2457-467: The Jasna Góra Monastery , is a particularly popular attraction. Throughout the centuries, many buildings have been erected, most of them now have the status of tourist attractions and historical monuments since Częstochowa was established already in the Middle Ages. Among those attractions are old townhouses and the urban core of the city centre. The most popular with religious tourism as mentioned above

2548-546: The Monastery of Saint Paul the Anchorite was founded and still exists today, taking him as its model. The Order was formed in 1250 by the Blessed Eusebius of Esztergom ( Hungarian : Boldog Özséb ) of two communities: one founded at Patach around 1225 by Bishop Bartholomew of Pécs , who had united the scattered hermits of his diocese, and the other consisting of his own followers. In 1246, Blessed Eusebius, Canon of

2639-675: The Noteć , and the Bydgoszcz Canal ( Polish : Kanał Bydgoski ) near the city of Bydgoszcz . The Warta rises in the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland at Kromołów in Zawiercie , Silesian Voivodeship , flows through Łódź Land , Greater Poland and Lubusz Land , where it empties into the Oder near Kostrzyn at the border with Germany. The Greater Warta Basin defines the site of early Poland; it

2730-560: The Royal Castle at Olsztyn . Częstochowa developed along a busy merchant road from Lesser Poland to Greater Poland . The village was ruled by a starosta , who stayed at the Olsztyn Castle. It is not known when Częstochowa was granted a town charter, as no documents have been preserved. It happened sometime between 1356 and 1377. In 1502, King Alexander Jagiellon granted a new charter, based on Magdeburg rights to Częstochowa. In 1382

2821-538: The 1680s there still were ruined houses in the town. At the same time, the Jasna Góra Monastery prospered. On 27 February 1670 the wedding of King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki to Princess Eleonore of Austria took place here. In 1682 the celebration of the 300th anniversary of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa brought thousands of pilgrims from both Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Silesia . The Jewish community in Częstochowa developed by about 1700. During

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2912-411: The 16th century Jordánszky Codex  [ hu ] is most likely a copy of Báthory's work in the 15th century. The Pauline Order spread rapidly through Hungary, where alone it soon numbered 170 houses, and it attained an equal degree of prosperity in other countries, being divided into five flourishing provinces: Hungary (including Croatia , especially Istria ), Germany, Poland, Sweden. In 1381,

3003-586: The Acts of St. Paul of Thebes ; Fortunatus Dürich (1802) and Franz Faustin Prochaska (died 1809), editors of a Czech translation of the Scriptures. The habit was originally brown but, in about 1341, white was adopted with a white belt or cincture and, over the white tunic , a white scapular with a hood. In choir or more commonly in liturgical events, a white mantle is worn by monks in perpetual profession. The Order

3094-459: The Chair of Peter. The Pope made another visit to Our Lady of Częstochowa in 1983 and again in 1987, 1991, 1997 and 1999. On 15 August 1991 John Paul II was named Honorary Citizen of Częstochowa. On 26 May 2006 the city was visited by Pope Benedict XVI . The climate is humid continental ( Köppen : Dfb ), but still with some oceanic characteristics ( Cfb ), especially in recent normals. Częstochowa

3185-635: The Chapter General Elections held on 4–5 March 2020, the following Fathers were elected to positions within the Order: The term of office in the Definitorium lasts six years. As of 8 December 2020, the Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit had 71 Homes/Monasteries/Parishes in 16 countries. There were 493 monks including 50 at various levels of formation and 3 bishops. The Province of Germany

3276-678: The Church and Monastery of the Holy Cross, including his tomb, was destroyed. On 16 November 2004, the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, in approving the new liturgical calendar of the Pauline Order, authorized the inclusion of the 20 January as the feast of Bl. Eusebius of Esztergom. It is noteworthy to mention that due to the close relation between the Hungarian people and

3367-759: The Częstochowa region is operated by the Częstochowa Bus Transport Ltd. (PKS Częstochowa) as well as other private operators The closest airport is the Katowice International Airport , which is located 60 km (37 mi) from Częstochowa, and a small Częstochowa - Rudniki airport in Kościelec, Rędziny . In Częstochowa on top of the Jasna Góra Monastery serving the museum and exhibition functions, other similar institutions include: The Bronisław Huberman Philharmonic of Częstochowa

3458-592: The First Hermit The Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit ( Latin : Ordo Fratrum Sancti Pauli Primi Eremitæ ; abbreviated OSPPE ), commonly called the Pauline Fathers , is a monastic order of the Catholic Church founded in Hungary during the 13th century. This name is derived from the hermit Saint Paul of Thebes (died c. 345), canonized in 491 by Pope Gelasius I . After his death,

3549-476: The Germans for rescuing and aiding Jews . These Poles were sentenced to death, prison or concentration camps , in which some died, some survived, while the fate of many remains unknown. Poles who saved Jews in other places in the region were also either sentenced to death by the local German court or incarcerated in the local prison. The Germans also tried to obscure the Catholic shrine and pilgrim devotion by renaming

3640-671: The Jewish shops, killing fourteen Jews and one gendarme . Częstochowa entered the 20th century as one of the leading industrial centres of Russian Poland (together with Warsaw, Łódź , and Zagłębie Dąbrowskie ). The city was conveniently located on the Warta and other smaller rivers ( Kucelinka, Stradomka, Konopka ). Real estate and land prices were low, compared to Łódź. The monastery attracted numerous pilgrims, who also were customers of local businesses. In 1904, Częstochowa had 678 smaller workshops, which employed 2,000 workers. In 1902, rail connection to

3731-510: The Old , the future king of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . At that time, Sigismund ruled the Duchy of Głogów , and frequently visited Częstochowa on his way to the Duchies of Silesia (1498, 1502, 1502, 1503, 1505, 1505, 1506). In 1504, Częstochowa was granted the right to collect tolls on the Warta river bridge. In 1508, Częstochowa was allowed to organise one fair a year; in 1564, the number of fairs

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3822-463: The Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit, Blessed Eusebius was always referred to by the people as Blessed, from soon after his death to this very day. The Pauline coat of arms contains within it the symbols listed by St. Jerome, according to pious tradition, which are associated with the last moments of St. Paul of Thebes' life. The essence of the Pauline Fathers are: To become a religious, it

3913-476: The Order. The Order has its own constitution and directory. They adhere to the Rule of St. Augustine . which was given to them in the year 1308. The Order is classified as a monastic order but is organised like a mendicant one. Paulines are monks not friars. Through the passage of time the Order has had to take on more and more pastoral work, even the running of parishes, but it is still a monastic order at heart. During

4004-521: The Paulist monastery of Jasna Góra was founded by Vladislaus II of Opole – the Polish Piast prince of Upper Silesia . Two years later the monastery received its now-famous Black Madonna icon of the Virgin Mary; in subsequent years became a centre of pilgrimage , contributing to the growth of the adjacent town. Częstochowa prospered in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, due to efforts of Sigismund I

4095-554: The Polish government announced plans to liquidate Kielce Voivodeship , and create Sandomierz Voivodeship , based on Central Industrial Area . According to these plans, Częstochowa was to be transferred either to Łódź Voivodeship , or Silesian Voivodeship , together with Zagłębie Dąbrowskie . In the Polish Defensive War of 1939, Częstochowa was defended by the 7th Infantry Division , part of northern wing of Kraków Army . After

4186-405: The Prussian border crossing at Herby Stare was opened, and in 1911, the line to Kielce was completed. The Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907) began in Częstochowa as early as May 1904, when first patriotic rallies took place. On 25 December 1904 a man named Wincenty Makowski tried to blow up a monument of Tsar Alexander II , which stood in front of the monastery. In February 1905,

4277-492: The Quasi-Province of Hungary and the Quasi-Province of Croatia. Warta The river Warta ( / ˈ v ɑːr t ə / VAR -tə , Polish: [ˈvarta] ; German : Warthe [ˈvaʁtə] ; Latin : Varta ) rises in central Poland and meanders greatly through the Polish Plain in a north-westerly direction to flow into the Oder at Kostrzyn nad Odrą on Poland's border with Germany . About 808.2 kilometres (502.2 mi) long, it

4368-434: The Radom District of the General Government. The Polish resistance movement was active in the city, and units of the Home Army and National Armed Forces ( NSZ ) operated in its area. A branch of the secret Polish University of the Western Lands was located in the city, and it secretly continued Polish education . The secret Polish Council to Aid Jews "Żegota" , established by the Polish resistance movement operated in

4459-400: The army. Altogether, some 20,000 left for Upper Silesia and other provinces of the German Empire . On 2 February 1915 Częstochowa was visited by Charles I of Austria . Four days later Emperor Wilhelm II came to the city, and on 17 May 1915 Częstochowa hosted King of Saxony Frederick Augustus III . Unlike the city of Częstochowa, since 26 April 1915 the Jasna Góra Monastery had been under

4550-404: The autumn 1944, Germans fortified the city, preparing for a lengthy defence. On January 16, 1945, however, the Wehrmacht retreated after just one day of fighting. The city was restored to Poland, however, with a Soviet -installed communist regime, which remained in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s. Due to the communist idea of fast industrialisation , the inefficient steel mill

4641-420: The body of St. Paul, the patron saint of the order, was transferred from Venice to the Monastery of St. Lawrence at Buda, which thereby gained greatly in prestige. Among the other famous houses of the congregation are the historical Polish Monastery of Our Lady of Jasna Góra (Our Lady of Bright Mountain) in Częstochowa , Poland , with its Miraculous Icon of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa (according to legend

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4732-545: The call to the religious life but not to the priesthood and who wish to live in community can be religious brothers for life. To do this, they must go through the following stages of training: It is noteworthy to mention that this is the general scheme for all wishing to enter the Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit in Poland where the majority of the Order is today. Other countries offering formation are Hungary and Cameroon . Some candidates are sent to Rome to either complete or commence their studies; this being said, Poland

4823-480: The city already had a desperate food situation and was obliged to house and feed the Ukrainians. In the Second Polish Republic , Częstochowa belonged to Kielce Voivodeship (Kieleckie), where from 1928 it constituted the City County of Częstochowa . In the 1920s, local industry still suffered from World War I losses, and having been cut off from Russian markets. Unemployment remained high, and thousands of workers left for France in search of work. The Great Depression

4914-410: The city centre, on the slope of Jasna Góra Hill. The parks were established in 1843. The total area of both parks is 11.8 ha. The parks are a popular leisure place and a spot for those enjoying short walks. In 1909, the Great Exhibition of Agriculture and Industry took place in the park, it was attended by 660 exhibitors and 500,000 visitors. In Staszic Park, one can find an astronomical observatory, which

5005-409: The city were accused of killing Germans, and as a punishment, a number of civilians were executed. During the German occupation (1914–1918), Częstochowa was cut off from its prior Russian markets, which resulted in widespread poverty and unemployment. Furthermore, German authorities closed down several factories, urging unemployed workers to migrate to Upper Silesia , where they replaced men drafted into

5096-419: The city with the rest of Europe. After 1870 iron ore started to be developed in the area, which gave a boost to the local industry. Among the most notable investments of the epoch was the Huta Częstochowa steel mill built by Bernard Hantke, as well as several textile mills and paper factories. In 1900, the traveling cinema of brothers Władysław and Antoni Krzemiński came to the city for the first time, after it

5187-451: The city, including the town hall courtyard, town squares and at a local factory (some estimates of victims put the number at more than 1,000; 990 ethnic Poles and 110 Jews). From the beginning of the occupation, the Germans initiated a plan of cultural and physical extermination of the Polish nation (see Nazi crimes against the Polish nation ). By a decision of 5 September 1939, one of the first three German special courts in occupied Poland

5278-446: The city. Frank had promised the Russians that he would convince Jews to convert to Orthodox Christianity . During the Second Partition of Poland , Częstochowa was seized by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1793, and incorporated into the newly formed province of South Prussia , Department of Kalisz . The Old Częstochowa became the seat of a county (see Districts of Prussia ). During the Napoleonic Wars , in 1807 Częstochowa became part of

5369-420: The city. On 20 April 1943 a NZS unit attacked the local office of the Bank Emisyjny w Polsce . After the collapse of the Warsaw Uprising , Częstochowa was briefly the capital of the Polish Underground State . On 9 April 1941 the Nazis created a ghetto for Jews in the city. Approximately 45,000 of Częstochowa's Jews, almost the entire community, were killed by the Germans. Life in German-occupied Częstochowa

5460-501: The connections more comfortable. The public transport is managed by the Częstochowa City Council of Roads and Transport. The public transport carriage is contracted to the City Public Transport Corporation (Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacyjne). The public transport in Częstochowa comprises 3 tram lines, 28 city bus lines and 4 suburban lines connecting Częstochowa with Poczesna , Olsztyn , Zawodzie and Nierada . The bus transport connecting Częstochowa with other towns and villages in

5551-423: The construction of Aleja Najświętszej Panny Marii —the Holy Virgin Mary Avenue , which is the main arterial road of the modern city. It connected Old Częstochowa with New Częstochowa. Finally, the two towns were officially merged on 19 August 1826. The new city quickly emerged as the fourth-largest urban centre of Congress Poland; surpassed only by the cities of Warsaw , Lublin , and Kalisz . On 8 September 1862

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5642-511: The control and protection of Austria-Hungary , after the personal intervention of Emperor Franz Joseph I , who was a pious Roman Catholic. The monastery was manned by soldiers under Austrian Army Captain Josef Klettinger and remained under Austrian control until 4 November 1918. In October 1917 the City Council of Częstochowa demanded permission to destroy the monument to Tsar Alexander II, to which General Governor of Warsaw Hans Hartwig von Beseler agreed. Polish authorities established control over

5733-437: The document. Both of them belonged to the basic territorial unit of Slavic Polish tribes ( opole ), with its capital at Mstów. Częstochówka was located on a hill, where the Jasna Góra Monastery was later built. In the late 13th century Częstochowa became the seat of a Roman Catholic parish church, which was under the Lelów deanery . The village was located in the northwestern corner of Kraków Land , Lesser Poland , near

5824-439: The economic development and investments is the Agency of Regional Development. In 2007, in areas surrounding the ISD Częstochowa Steelworks, the Częstochowa Industry Park was established. In 2011, three industry clusters were established – The Cluster of Polymers Manufacturing "Plastosfera", Częstochowa Communal Cluster "Aglomeracja" and the Regional Cluster of Building Industry and Infrastructure "Budosfera". Industry Częstochowa

5915-465: The entire city on 11 November 1918, the day of the re-establishment of Poland's independence. On 12 November 1918, three companies of the freshly created Polish Army marched along the Holy Virgin Mary Avenue. In 1919–1921, Częstochowa was one of the centres of support of Silesian Poles fighting in the Silesian Uprisings . On 4 December 1920 Symon Petliura arrived, together with app. 2,000 Ukrainian soldiers. Their arrival spurred widespread protests, as

6006-425: The fact that it was moved to Częstochowa confirms the growing importance of the town. In 1760, Jacob Frank , the leader of a Jewish sect mixing Kabbalah, Catholicism and Islam, was imprisoned for heresy in the monastery by the church. His followers settled near him, later establishing a cult of his daughter Eve Frank . In August 1772, Frank was released by the Russian general Aleksandr Bibikov , who had occupied

6097-411: The government of Congress Poland carried out a census, according to which the population of New Częstochowa was 1,036, while the population of Old Częstochowa was 2,758. Furthermore, almost four hundred people lived in several settlements in the area (Zawodzie, Stradom , Kucelin). The idea of a merger of both towns was first brought up in 1815. In 1819, military architect Jan Bernhard planned and started

6188-431: The massacres committed in Olsztyn were school principals, teachers, lawyers, policemen, merchants, craftsmen, pharmacists, engineers, students and local officials, and among the victims of the Apolonka massacres were 20 girl scouts. Further executions of local Poles were carried out by the Germans throughout the war. Under German occupation Częstochowa administratively was a city-county ( Stadkreis Tschenstochau ), part of

6279-466: The monastery and quickly developed. In 1717 it was granted town charter, and its name was changed into Nowa Częstochowa ( New Częstochowa ). The town was completely destroyed during the Bar Confederation . On 8 February 1769 the monastery was seized by rebels of the Bar Confederation, commanded by Kazimierz Pułaski . Soon the stronghold was besieged by Russians under German-born General Johann von Drewitz. The Russians gave up on 15 January 1771. In 1789,

6370-399: The monastery of the Holy Cross where they adopted the hermits rule from the monastery of St. James in Patach (founded in 1225 by Bishop Bartholomew of Pécs ). In 1256, he was elected the first Provincial of the Order. In 1262, he asked Pope Urban IV for approval of the religious community and they were given temporary approval. On 13 December 1308, Cardinal Gentile Portino da Montefiore , as

6461-411: The new Order, but the publication of the decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council at this time necessitated a journey to Rome to secure final authorization by the Holy See . In 1263, a new Rule was given the congregation by the Bishop of Pécs , which was superseded by still another drawn up by Andrew, Bishop of Eger , after the death of Eusebius (20 January 1270), and this was followed until 1308 when

6552-461: The novitiate is to knead the novice, to show their convictions and stability to make the decision to become a monk. It is also the period during which the older monks will need to assess the novice's suitability for life in a group such as the Order. The Order generally accepts any men who have completed high school onwards. Those who are called to Holy Orders will undergo the following type of formation: Men with no secondary education or who feel

6643-527: The novitiate, every Friday is a day during which novices are not allowed to speak with each other. The day ends with a joint ceremony, the Via Crucis (Way of the Cross). During their stay in the novitiate, brothers work in the monastery farm; they work in the field at digging potatoes and with the breeding and maintenance of the pigs. They also do work in the monastery flower-vegetable garden. The entire period spent in

6734-556: The pedestrianised boulevard. During the pilgrimage period, the Avenues are used by pilgrims heading for Jasna Góra Monastery . The avenues are 1.5 km long and 44 m wide; primarily they perform trade, service, financial and cultural functions. The housing consists mostly of classicist, late-classicist houses, rarely eclectic. More modern buildings can also be noticed. The most interesting townhouses include: Jasna Góra Parks are two city parks (Stanisław Staszic Park and 3 May Park) located in

6825-488: The permission of the Holy See was obtained to adopt the Rule of St. Augustine . The Order was accorded many privileges by succeeding pontiffs, among others that of exemption from episcopal jurisdiction, and provisions were made for the pursuit of higher studies in many of the monasteries, one papal regulation ordaining that no member could be raised to any dignity in the Order without the degree of Doctor of Divinity , for which

6916-576: The population of Częstochowa (also called Stara Częstochowa , Old Częstochowa ) was app. 1,600, which was less than in the 15th century. After the Great Sejm passed the Constitution of 3 May 1791 , local Sejmiks were obliged to legitimize it. On 14–15 February 1792, a sejmik of the szlachta of northern part of Kraków Voivodeship (counties of Lelów and Książ Wielki ) took place in Częstochowa. Traditionally, local sejmiks were organized in Żarnowiec ;

7007-481: The region. The city expanded, with the first tram lines opened in 1959. On 1 January 1977 several villages and settlements were included within Częstochowa city limits. As a result, the area of the city expanded from 90 to 160 square kilometres (35 to 62 sq mi). Pope John Paul II , prayed before the Black Madonna during his historic visit to his Polish homeland in 1979, several months after his election to

7098-871: The road leading to the pilgrimage church after Hitler, though they did allow some pilgrimage activity to continue. From 1941 to 1944, the Germans operated the Stalag 367 prisoner-of-war camp for Italian and Soviet POWs in the city. During and after the Warsaw Uprising , in August–October 1944, the Germans deported thousands of Varsovians from the Dulag 121 camp in Pruszków , where they were initially imprisoned, to Częstochowa. Those Poles were mainly old people, ill people and women with children. In late December 1944, there were 14,671 registered Poles, who were expelled from Warsaw. In

7189-586: The same fate to most of the Hungarian monasteries which had rendered incalculable services to religion and education. The destruction of the annals of these houses left the historical sources very meager. There remained a handful of houses of the order in Poland . At the beginning of the 20th century, only two Pauline monasteries remained. One of them was the Church of Saint Michael the Archangel and Saint Stanislaus of Szczepanów  —  Bishop and Martyr connected to

7280-556: The same time, they achieve the highest speeds from these directions - 2.2 m/s. The northern winds are least common - 7.7% and north-eastern winds - 7.4%. There are about 26,000 companies registered in Częstochowa. They are represented by the Regional Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Częstochowa. The investment areas form part of the Katowice Special Economic Zone. The main initiator of activities pertaining to

7371-576: The second-longest river within the borders of Poland (after the Vistula ), and the third-longest Polish river after the Oder (which also flows through the Czech Republic and Germany). Its drainage basin covers 54,529 square kilometers (21,054 sq mi). The Warta is navigable from Kostrzyn nad Odrą to Konin - approximately half of its length. The Warta connects to the Vistula via its own tributary,

7462-560: The work of St. Luke and discovered by St. Helena with the True Cross ), and the monasteries at Pozsony (now Bratislava ) and Wiener Neustadt near Vienna. The church of San Stefano Rotondo at Rome was attached to the Hungarian College by Gregory XIII . In 1783, a number of houses in Bohemia, Austria proper, Styria, etc., were suppressed, and political disturbances in Hungary brought

7553-557: Was a separate municipality mentioned in the 14th century as the Old Częstochowa ( Antiquo Czanstochowa , 1382) and Częstochówka in 1470–80. The city was also known in German as Tschenstochau and in Russian as Ченстохов ( Chenstokhov ). A Lusatian culture cemetery from around 750 BC–550 BC is located in the present-day district of Raków and it is now an Archaeological Reserve,

7644-534: Was established in the city. On 6 September 1939 the Einsatzgruppe II entered the city to commit atrocities against the population. On 14–15 September 1939 the Germans arrested around 200 inhabitants of the district of Stradom . In order to terrorize the Polish population, on 9–11 November 1939 the Germans carried out mass arrests of dozens of Poles, including the mayor, vice-mayor, teachers, students, activists and local officials, but they were soon released. During

7735-565: Was founded in Łódź in 1899 as the oldest Polish cinema. In 1909, they settled in Częstochowa and founded Kino Odeon, the first permanent cinema in the city. Up to the Second World War, like many other cities in Europe, Częstochowa had a significant Jewish population: according to Russian census of 1897 , out of the total population of 45,130, Jews constituted 12,000 (so around 26% percent). An anti-Semitic pogrom occurred in 1902. A mob attacked

7826-525: Was founded in 2002. As of 2020, the Provincial there is Benjamin Bąkowski. The American Province was founded in 2008. As of April 2022, it is led by provincial Tadeusz Lizinczyk. The Province of Australia was founded in 2008. The current provincial is Albert Wasniowski. The province consists of two monasteries and four parishes with 1 bishop, 11 priests, three lay brothers, and four seminarians. There are also

7917-495: Was increased to three annually, and in 1639 to six. In the year 1631, Częstochowa had 399 houses, but at the same time, several residents died in a plague , after which 78 houses were abandoned. In the first half of the 17th century, kings of the House of Vasa turned the Jasna Góra Monastery into a modern Dutch-style fortress. During the Swedish invasion of Poland in 1655, the monastery

8008-476: Was one of the pockets of Polish resistance against the Swedish armies (for more information, see Siege of Jasna Góra ). The town of Częstochowa was almost completely destroyed by Swedish soldiers. It has been estimated that the town lost 50% of the population, and 60% of houses. But the town suffered less severe destruction than nearby towns like Przyrów , Olsztyn and Mstów . It took several years for Częstochowa to recover from these extensive losses. As late as in

8099-704: Was opened in 1909. The parks also accommodate the Iron Ore Museum. There are also several other parks in various parts of the city, including Park Lisiniec  [ pl ] , Las Aniołowski, Park Parkitka  [ pl ] . Main road connections from Częstochowa include a connection with Warsaw (to the north-east) and Katowice (to the south) via the European route E75 (Motorway [REDACTED] ). There are also three other national roads: [REDACTED] to Wieluń , [REDACTED] to Opole and [REDACTED] to Piotrków Trybunalski . Furthermore, Częstochowa

8190-469: Was particularly difficult, resulting in strikes and workers' street clashes with the police. In 1925, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Częstochowa was created. The city grew in size, when between 1928 and 1934, several local settlements and villages were incorporated into city limits. In 1939, the population of Częstochowa was 138,000, which made it the eighth-largest city of Poland. In 1938,

8281-553: Was significantly expanded and named after Bolesław Bierut . This, combined with the growing tourist movement, led to yet another period of fast city growth, concluded in 1975 with the creation of a separate Częstochowa Voivodeship . In the immediate post-war period, Częstochowa belonged to Kielce Voivodeship (1945–1950), and then the city was transferred to Katowice Voivodeship . In the Polish People's Republic , Częstochowa emerged not only as an industrial, but also academic centre of

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