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63-816: While the Bohemian dukes of the Přemyslid dynasty , at first ruling at Prague Castle and Levý Hradec , brought further estates under their control, the Christianization initiated by Saints Cyril and Methodius was continued by the Frankish bishops of Regensburg and Passau . In 973, the Diocese of Prague was founded through the joint efforts of Duke Boleslaus II and Emperor Otto I . Later Duke Wenceslaus I of Bohemia , killed by his younger brother Boleslaus in September 935, became

126-472: A usurper who places the crown on his head is doomed to die within a year. Less than a year after assuming power, on 27 May 1942, Heydrich was ambushed during Operation Anthropoid , by British-trained Slovak and Czech resistance soldiers while on his way to the Castle, and died of his wounds, which became infected, a week later. Klaus, his firstborn son , died the next year in a traffic accident, also in line with

189-626: A dispute between the episcopal sees of Bremen , Hamburg , and Cologne over jurisdictional authority, which saw Bremen and Hamburg remain a combined see, independent of the see of Cologne . Arnulf was more a fighter than a negotiator. In 890, he was successfully battling Slavs in Pannonia. In early/mid-891, Vikings invaded Lotharingia and crushed an East Frankish army at Maastricht . Terms such as "Vikings", "Danes", "Northmen" and "Norwegians" have been used loosely and interchangeably to describe these invaders. In September 891, Arnulf repelled

252-455: A divided and war weary West Francia would be easy prey for the Vikings. In 895, Arnulf summoned both Charles and Odo to his residence at Worms . Charles's advisers convinced him not to go, and he sent a representative in his place. Odo, on the other hand, personally attended, together with a large retinue, bearing many gifts for Arnulf. Angered by the non-appearance of Charles, he welcomed Odo at

315-545: A fee for areas once resigned by Bretislaus I. In 1147, the Bohemian duke, Vladislaus II , accompanied the German king, Conrad III , on the Second Crusade , but halted his march at Constantinople . Thanks to his military support against northern Italian cities (especially Milan ) for the emperor Frederick Barbarossa , Vladislaus was elected king of Bohemia on 11 January 1158, becoming the second Bohemian king. The Duchy earned

378-509: A fever incapacitated his troops. His march northward through the Alps was interrupted by Rudolph I of Burgundy , and it was only with great difficulty that Arnulf crossed the mountain range. In retaliation, Arnulf ordered Zwentibold to ravage Rudolph's kingdom. In the meantime, Lambert and his mother Ageltrude travelled to Rome to receive papal confirmation of his imperial succession, but when Pope Formosus, still desiring to crown Arnulf, refused, he

441-516: A kingdom for his son Zwentibold . In 889, Arnulf supported the claim of Louis the Blind to the kingdom of Provence , after receiving a personal appeal from Louis' mother, Ermengard , who came to see Arnulf at Forchheim in May 889. Recognising the superiority of Arnulf's position in 888, king Odo of France formally accepted the suzerainty of Arnulf. In 893, Arnulf switched his support from Odo to Charles

504-477: A monastery and several palaces, gardens and defense towers. Most of the castle areas are open to tourists. The castle houses several museums, including the National Gallery collection of Bohemian baroque and mannerist art, exhibition dedicated to Czech history, Toy Museum and the picture gallery of Prague Castle, based on the collection of Rudolph II. The Summer Shakespeare Festival regularly takes place in

567-566: A signficiant income from the Prague slave trade , trafficking Pagan Slavs, termed as saqaliba , to slavery in al-Andalus in the 10th- and 11th-centuries. Mining of tin and silver began in the Ore mountains in early 12th century. During the German civil war between the Hohenstaufen king Philip of Swabia and his Welf rival Otto IV , Duke Ottokar I of Bohemia decided to support Philip, for which he

630-744: A stroke, forcing him to call off the campaign and return to Bavaria. Rumours of the time made Arnulf's condition to be a result of poisoning at the hand of Ageltrude. Arnulf retained power in Italy only as long as he was personally there. On his way north, he stopped at Pavia where he crowned his illegitimate son Ratold as sub-king of Italy, after which he left Ratold in Milan in an attempt to preserve his hold on Italy. That same year Pope Formosus died, leaving Lambert once again in power, and both he and Berengar proceeded to kill any officials who had been appointed by Arnulf, forcing Ratold to flee from Milan to Bavaria. For

693-527: A unified Moravian state. Arnulf had formal relations with the ruler of the Moravian Kingdom, Svatopluk , using them to learn the latter's military and political secrets. Later, these tactics were used to occupy the territory of the Greater Moravian state. Arnulf failed to conquer the whole of Great Moravia in wars of 892, 893, and 899. Yet Arnulf did achieve some successes, in particular in 895, when

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756-600: Is among the most visited tourist attractions in Prague, attracting over 1.8 million visitors annually. The history of the castle began in 870 when its first walled building, the Church of the Virgin Mary , was built. The Basilica of Saint George and the Basilica of St. Vitus were founded under the reign of Vratislaus I, Duke of Bohemia and his son Wenceslaus I in the first half of

819-448: Is quite possible that the two women are actually the same person, Liutswind, and that Carloman married Arnulf's mother, thus legitimizing his son. Arnulf was granted the rule over the Duchy of Carinthia , a Frankish vassal state and successor of the ancient Principality of Carantania by his father, after Carloman reconciled with his own father, King Louis the German , and was made king in

882-625: The Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls , where he received the homage of the Roman people, who swore "never to hand over the city to Lambert or his mother Ageltrude". Arnulf then proceeded to exile to Bavaria two leading senators, Constantine and Stephen, who had helped Ageltrude to seize Rome. Leaving one of his vassals, Farold, to hold Rome, two weeks later Arnulf marched on Spoleto , where Ageltrude had fled to join Lambert. However at this point, Arnulf had

945-543: The Carpathian Basin , and with their help he imposed a measure of control over Moravia. In Italy Guy III of Spoleto and Berengar of Friuli fought over the Iron Crown of Lombardy. Berengar had been crowned king in 887, but Guy was then crowned in 889. While Pope Stephen V supported Guy, even crowning him Roman Emperor in 891, Arnulf threw his support behind Berengar. In 893, the new Pope Formosus , not trusting

1008-830: The Duchy of Bavaria . Arnulf spent his childhood in Mosaburch or Mosapurc, which is widely believed to be Moosburg in Carinthia. Moosburg was a few miles away from one of the imperial residences, the Carolingian Kaiserpfalz at Karnburg , which had been the residence of the Carantanian princes. Arnulf kept his seat here, and from later events it may be inferred that the Carantanians, from an early time, treated him as their own duke. Later, after he had been crowned King of East Francia, Arnulf turned his old territory of Carinthia into

1071-465: The Duchy of Bohemia broke away from Great Moravia and became his vassal state. An accord was reached between him and Duke of Bohemia Borivoj I . Bohemia was thus freed from the dangers of Frankish invasion. In 893 or 894 Great Moravia probably lost a part of its territory—present-day western Hungary —to him. As a reward, Wiching became Arnulf's chancellor in 892. In his attempts to conquer Moravia, in 899 Arnulf reached out to Magyars who had settled in

1134-573: The Golden Bull of Sicily —a formal edict by the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick II confirming the royal title for Ottokar and his descendants, whereby his duchy was formally raised to a kingdom. The Bohemian king would be exempt from all future obligations to the Holy Roman Empire except for participation in the imperial councils. The imperial prerogative to ratify each Bohemian ruler and to appoint

1197-600: The March of Carinthia , a part of the Duchy of Bavaria . After Carloman was incapacitated by a stroke in 879, Louis the Younger inherited Bavaria, Charles the Fat was given the Kingdom of Italy , and Arnulf was confirmed in Carinthia by an agreement with Carloman. However, Bavaria was more or less ruled by Arnulf during the summer and autumn of 879 while his father arranged his succession. He

1260-624: The Mojmir duke Svatopluk I reached an agreement with the East Frankish king Louis the German and confirmed his Bohemian dominion. With the fragmentation of Great Moravia under the pressure of the Magyar incursions around 900, Bohemia began to form as an independent principality. Already in 880, the Přemyslid prince Bořivoj from Levý Hradec , initially a deputy of Duke Svatopluk I who had been baptised by

1323-601: The Pope , anti-kings, and rebellions in Saxony in his long reign. The Bohemian troops showed conspicuous bravery and, in 1083, he entered Rome with Henry and their armed forces. Henry gave Vratislaus a lifetime appointment as the first King of Bohemia in 1085 out of gratitude. For his successor Bretislaus II foreign policy was largely concerned with the Silesian conflict, when the Poles did not pay

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1386-475: The 10th century. The first convent in Bohemia was founded in the castle, next to the church of St. George. A Romanesque palace was erected here during the 12th century. Several 13th-century Venetian coins found there were studied by the numismatist Zdenka Nemeškalová-Jiroudková . King Ottokar II of Bohemia improved fortifications and rebuilt the royal palace for the purposes of representation and housing. In

1449-528: The 14th century, under the reign of Charles IV the royal palace was rebuilt in Gothic style and the castle fortifications were strengthened. In place of the rotunda and basilica of St. Vitus, building began of a vast Gothic church, that were completed almost six centuries later. During the Hussite Wars and the following decades, the castle was not inhabited. In 1485, King Vladislaus II Jagiellon began to rebuild

1512-741: The Bishop of Prague was revoked. The country then reached its greatest territorial extent and is considered its Golden Age. After the extinction of the Přemyslid dynasty, the Lands of the Bohemian Crown were ruled by the House of Luxembourg from 1310, until the death of Emperor Sigismund in 1437. After the Middle Ages, the Kingdom of Bohemia remained under the rule of the Austrian House of Habsburg from 1526 until

1575-537: The Diet of Worms in May 895 and again supported Odo's claim to the throne of West Francia. In the same assembly he crowned his illegitimate son Zwentibold as the king of Lotharingia. As early as 880, Arnulf had designs on Great Moravia and had the Frankish bishop Wiching of Nitra interfere with the missionary activities of the Eastern Orthodox priest Methodius , with the aim of preventing any potential for creating

1638-461: The Fat, and put him at war with Svatopluk of Moravia . Pannonia was invaded, but Arnulf refused to give up the young Wilhelminers. Arnulf did not make peace with Svatopluk until late 885, by which time the Moravian ruler was loyal to the emperor. Some scholars see this war as destroying Arnulf's hopes of succeeding Charles the Fat. Arnulf took the leading role in the deposition of Charles the Fat. With

1701-710: The German king Philip of Swabia in 1198. The Přemyslids remained in power throughout the High Middle Ages, until the extinction of the male line with the death of King Wenceslaus III in 1306. The lands encompassed by the Bohemian Forest , the Ore Mountains , the Sudetes and the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands were settled by Bohemian tribes about 550. In the 7th century the local Czech people were part of

1764-822: The Great Moravian archbishop Methodius of Salonica in 874, moved his residence to Prague Castle and started to subjugate the Vltava Basin. Great Moravia briefly regained control over the emerging Bohemian principality upon Bořivoj's death in 888/890 until, in 895, his son Spytihněv together with the Slavník prince Witizla swore allegiance to the East Frankish king Arnulf of Carinthia in Regensburg . He and his younger brother Vratislaus then ruled over Central Bohemia around Prague . They were able to protect their realm from

1827-706: The Magyar forces which crushed an East Frankish army in the 907 Battle of Pressburg during the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin . Cut off from Byzantium by the Hungarian presence, the Bohemian principality existed as independent state though still in the shadow of East Francia; the dukes paid tribute to the Bavarian dukes in exchange for the confirmation of the peace treaty. Vratislaus' son Wenceslaus , who ruled from 921,

1890-577: The Polish rulers to move their capital to Kraków . In 1040, Bretislaus defeated the German King Henry 's invasion into Bohemia in the Battle at Brůdek . However, the next year Henry besieged Bretislaus in Prague and forced him to renounce all of his conquests except Moravia. In 1047, Henry negotiated a peace treaty between Bretislaus and the Poles. The son of Bretislaus, Vratislaus II , supported Henry against

1953-455: The Simple after being persuaded by Fulk, Archbishop of Reims , that it was in his best interests. Arnulf then took advantage of the following fighting between Odo and Charles in 894, harrying some territories of West Francia. At one point, Charles the Simple was forced to flee to Arnulf and ask for his protection. His intervention soon forced Pope Formosus to get involved, as he was worried that

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2016-519: The Vikings and essentially ended their attacks on that front. The Annales Fuldenses report that there were so many dead Northmen that their bodies blocked the run of the river. After this victory, Arnulf built a castle on an island in the Dijle river. Arnulf took advantage of the problems in West Francia after the death of Charles the Fat to secure the territory of Lotharingia, which he converted into

2079-438: The architect of post-communist improvements for Prague Castle, in particular of the facelift of the castle's gallery of paintings. Prague Castle's architecture is a unique blend of styles from different periods, reflecting its long and complex history. The castle buildings represent many of the architectural styles of the last millennium. Prague Castle includes Gothic St. Vitus Cathedral , Romanesque Basilica of St. George ,

2142-654: The castle. The massive Vladislav Hall (built by Benedikt Rejt ) was added to the Royal Palace. New defence towers were also built on the north side of the castle. A large fire in 1541 destroyed large parts of the castle. Under the Habsburgs , some new buildings in Renaissance style were added. Ferdinand I built the Belvedere as a summer palace for his wife Anne . Rudolph II used Prague Castle as his main residence. He founded

2205-634: The city by force on 21 February, 896, freeing the pope. Arnulf was then greeted at the Ponte Milvio by the Roman Senate who escorted him into the Leonine City , where he was received by Pope Formosus on the steps of the Santi Apostoli . On 22 February 896, Formosus led the king into the church of St. Peter, anointed and crowned him as emperor, and saluted him as Augustus . Arnulf then proceeded to

2268-585: The collapse of Austria-Hungary after the First World War . Prague Castle Prague Castle ( Czech : Pražský hrad ; [ˈpraʃskiː ˈɦrat] ) is a castle complex in Prague , Czech Republic serving as the official residence and workplace of the president of the Czech Republic . Built in the 9th century, the castle has long served as the seat of power for kings of Bohemia , Holy Roman emperors , and presidents of Czechoslovakia . As such,

2331-546: The courtyard of Burgrave Palace. The neighborhood around Prague Castle is called Hradčany . Notes Bibliography Arnulf of Carinthia Arnulf of Carinthia ( c.  850 – 8 December 899) was the duke of Carinthia who overthrew his uncle Emperor Charles the Fat to become the Carolingian king of East Francia from 887, the disputed king of Italy from 894, and the disputed emperor from February 22, 896, until his death at Ratisbon , Bavaria . Arnulf

2394-592: The duchy in fief from the king. Duke Bretislaus I of Bohemia re-acquired the Moravian lands in 1019 or 1029, which thenceforth were usually ruled by a younger son of the Bohemian duke/king. About 1031, Bretislaus invaded Hungary to prevent its future expansion and, in 1035, he helped the Emperor against the Lusatians. In 1039, he invaded Poland , captured Poznań and ravaged Gniezno ; after that he conquered part of Silesia including Breslau . The destruction of Gniezno pushed

2457-528: The duke personally led an army across the Alps , early in 894. In January 894, Bergamo fell, and Count Ambrose, Guy's representative in the city, was hanged from a tree by the city's gates. Conquering all of the territory north of the Po River , Arnulf forced the surrender of Milan and then drove Guy out of Pavia , where he was crowned King of Italy . Arnulf went no further before Guy died suddenly in late autumn, and

2520-399: The east. He offered opposition to Henry's successor King Otto I , stopped paying the tribute, attacked an ally of the Saxons in northwest Bohemia and in 936 moved into Thuringia . After a prolonged armed conflict, King Otto I besieged a castle owned by Boleslaus' son in 950 and Boleslaus finally signed a peace treaty whereby he recognized Otto's suzerainty and promised to resume the payment of

2583-414: The emperor had to withdraw his forces for the lack of supplies. When the Frankish forces returned the next year burning and plundering the Bohemian lands, the local tribes finally had to submit and became dependent on the Carolingian Empire . While the Frankish realm disintegrated in the mid-9th century, Bohemia fell under the influence of the Great Moravian state which was established around 830. In 874,

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2646-433: The land's patron saint. While the lands were occupied by the Polish king Bolesław I and internal struggles shook the Přemyslid dynasty, Duke Vladivoj received Bohemia as a fief from the hands of the East Frankish king Henry II in 1002 and the duchy became an Imperial State of the Holy Roman Empire . The Duchy of Bohemia was raised to a hereditary Kingdom of Bohemia , when Duke Ottokar I ensured his elevation by

2709-401: The legend. After the liberation of Czechoslovakia and the coup in 1948 , the Castle housed the offices of the communist Czechoslovak government. After Czechoslovakia split in 1993 into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the castle became the seat of the Head of State of the new Czech Republic. Similar to what Masaryk did with Plečnik, president Václav Havel commissioned Bořek Šípek to be

2772-421: The negotiations) to hand his nation over to the Germans, Adolf Hitler spent a night in the Prague Castle, "proudly surveying his new possession." During the Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia in World War II, Prague Castle became the headquarters of Reinhard Heydrich , the Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia. According to a popular rumor, he is said to have placed the Bohemian crown on his head; old legends say

2835-408: The new Czechoslovak Republic , Tomáš Masaryk . The New Royal Palace and the gardens were renovated by Slovenian architect Jože Plečnik . In this period the St. Vitus Cathedral was finished on 28 September 1929. Renovations continued in 1936 under Plečnik's successor Pavel Janák . On 15 March 1939, shortly after Nazi Germany forced Czech President Emil Hácha (who suffered a heart attack during

2898-512: The newly crowned co-emperors Guy and his son Lambert , sent an embassy to Omuntesberch , where Arnulf was meeting with Svatopluk, to request that Arnulf come and liberate Italy, where he would be crowned emperor in Rome. Arnulf met the Primores of the Kingdom of Italy, dismissed them with gifts and promised to assist the pope. Arnulf then sent Zwentibold with a Bavarian army to join Berengar. They defeated Guy but were bought off and left in autumn. When Pope Formosus again asked Arnulf to invade,

2961-410: The northern wing of the palace, with the Spanish Hall , where his precious art collections were exhibited. The Third Defenestration of Prague in 1618 took place at the castle which kick-started the Bohemian Revolt . During the subsequent wars, the castle was damaged and dilapidated. Many works from the collection of Rudolph II were looted by Swedes in 1648 during the Battle of Prague (1648) which

3024-411: The problems besetting his reign. Italy was lost, raiders from Moravia and Magyars were continually harassing his lands, and Lotharingia was in revolt against Zwentibold. He was also plagued by escalating violence and power struggles among the lower Frankish nobility. On December 8, 899, Arnulf died at Ratisbon , in present-day Bavaria . He is entombed in St. Emmeram's Basilica at Regensburg, which

3087-422: The rest of his life Arnulf exercised very little control in Italy, and his agents in Rome did not prevent the accession of Pope Stephen VI in 896. The pope initially gave his support to Arnulf but eventually became a supporter of Lambert. In addition to aftereffects from the stroke, Arnulf contracted morbus pediculosis (infestation of pubic lice on his eyelid), which prevented him from effectively dealing with

3150-462: The same time that Přemyslid rulers used the German alliance to consolidate their rule against a perpetually rebellious regional nobility, they struggled to retain their autonomy in relation to the empire. The Bohemian principality was definitively consolidated in 995, when the Přemyslids defeated their Slavník rivals, unified the Czech tribes, and established a form of centralized rule, albeit shaken by internal dynastic struggles. In 1002, Duke Vladivoj

3213-414: The support of the Frankish nobles, Arnulf called a Diet at Tribur and deposed Charles in November 887, under threat of military action. Charles peacefully agreed to this involuntary retirement, but not without first chastising his nephew for his treachery and asking for a few royal villas in Swabia on which to live out his final months, which Arnulf granted him. Arnulf, having distinguished himself in

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3276-496: The term "Prague Castle" or simply the "Castle" or "the Hrad " are often used as metonymy for the president and his staff and advisors. The Bohemian Crown Jewels are kept within a hidden room inside it. According to the Guinness Book of Records , Prague Castle is the largest ancient castle in the world, occupying an area of almost 70,000 square metres (750,000 square feet), at about 570 metres (1,870 feet) in length and an average of about 130 metres (430 feet) wide. The castle

3339-407: The tribute. As the king's ally, his Bohemian troops, together with those of the Kingdom of Germany , fought in the 955 Battle of Lechfeld and after the defeat of the Magyars received the lands of Moravia in recognition of his services. Overwhelming the marauding Hungarians had the same benefits for Germans and Czechs. Less obvious is what Boleslav I the Cruel wanted to gain by participating in

3402-460: The union led by the Frankish merchant Samo (d. 658). Bohemia as a geographical term, probably derived from the Celtic (Gallic) Boii tribes, first appeared in 9th-century Frankish sources. In 805, Emperor Charlemagne prepared to conquer the lands, invading Bohemia in 805 and laying siege to the fortress of Canburg . However, the Czech forces shirked from open battle and retired into the deep forests to launch guerilla attacks. After forty days

3465-431: The war against the Obotrite tribes in far north, when he crushed an uprising of two Slavic dukes (Stojgněv and Nakon) in the Saxon Billung March . Probably Boleslav wanted to ensure that his German neighbors did not interfere with his expansion of Bohemia to the east. Significantly, the Bishopric of Prague , founded in 973 during the reign of Duke Boleslaus II , was subordinated to the Archbishopric of Mainz . Thus, at

3528-431: The war against the Slavs , was then elected king by the nobles of East Francia (only the eastern realm, though Charles had ruled the whole of the Frankish Empire ). West Francia , the Kingdom of Burgundy , and the Kingdom of Italy elected their own kings from the Carolingian family. Like many rulers of the period, Arnulf was heavily involved in ecclesiastical disputes. In 895, at the Diet of Tribur, he presided over

3591-410: Was enfeoffed with the Duchy of Bohemia from the hands of King Henry II of Germany . With this act, what had been a fully sovereign duchy became part of the Holy Roman Empire . After Vladivoj died the next year, the Polish duke Bolesław I the Brave invaded Bohemia and Moravia and ruled as Boleslaus IV. In 1004, after the Poles were expelled from Bohemia with help from Henry II, Duke Jaromír received

3654-480: Was already accepted as head of the Bohemian tribal union; however, he had to cope with the enmity of his neighbour Duke Arnulf of Bavaria and his mighty ally, the Saxon king Henry I of Germany . Wenceslaus maintained his ducal authority by submitting to King Henry in 929, whereafter he was murdered by his brother Boleslaus . Assuming the Bohemian throne in 935, Duke Boleslaus conquered the adjacent lands of Moravia and Silesia , and expanded farther to Kraków in

3717-439: Was also granted " Pannonia ," in the words of the Annales Fuldenses , or "Carantanum," in the words of Regino of Prüm . The division of the realm was confirmed in 880 after Carloman's death. When Engelschalk II of Pannonia in 882 rebelled against Margrave Aribo and ignited the Wilhelminer War , Arnulf supported him and accepted his and his brother's homage. This ruined Arnulf's relationship with his uncle, Emperor Charles

3780-404: Was awarded with a royal coronation in 1198, this time as a hereditary title. In 1200, however, Ottokar abandoned his pact with Philip and declared for the Welf faction. Both Otto and Pope Innocent III subsequently accepted Ottokar as hereditary King of Bohemia. The Bohemian principality was then reborn into the Bohemian kingdom . In 1212, Ottokar I, bearing the title "king" since 1198, extracted

3843-520: Was imprisoned in Castel Sant'Angelo . In September 895, a new papal embassy arrived in Regensburg beseeching Arnulf's aid. In October, Arnulf undertook his second campaign into Italy. He crossed the Alps quickly and again took Pavia, but then he continued slowly, garnering support among the nobility of Tuscany . Maginulf, Count of Milan , and Walfred of Friuli joined him. Eventually even Adalbert II of Tuscany abandoned Lambert. Finding Rome locked against him and held by Ageltrude, Arnulf had to take

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3906-409: Was the final act of the Thirty Years' War . The last major rebuilding of the castle was carried out by Empress Maria Theresa in the second half of the 18th century. Following the abdication of Ferdinand I , in 1848, and the succession of his nephew, Franz Joseph , to the throne, the former emperor, Ferdinand I , made Prague Castle his home. In 1918, the castle became the seat of the president of

3969-468: Was the illegitimate son of Carloman of Bavaria and Liutswind, who may have been the sister of Ernst, Count of the Bavarian Nordgau Margraviate (now in the area of the Upper Palatinate ), or perhaps the burgrave of Passau , according to other sources. After Arnulf's birth, Carloman married before 861, a daughter of that same Count Ernst, who died after 8 August 879. As it is mainly West-Franconian historiography that speaks of Arnulf's illegitimacy, it

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