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79-710: The Promé Divishon ( Papiamento : "First Division") also known as Liga MCB 1st Division for sponsorship reasons, is the top football league in Curaçao , constituent country of the Netherlands . Up to 2010 the top two teams in this competition got to compete in the Kopa Antiano , the Netherlands Antilles Championship. After the dissolution, Curaçao became the CONCACAF member, and the teams competing can qualify for

158-499: A Council of Portugal to advise him on Portuguese affairs. António exploited the opportunity that the war between Elizabeth and Philip presented in order to convince the English to back an amphibious assault on Portugal in April 1589. Led by Francis Drake and John Norris , the expedition of 120 ships and 19,000 men failed due to poor planning. Portugal's status was maintained under

237-474: A bini buska na Punda, i bolbe bai asina lihé. I was in Pietermaai until the time you came. I met uncle there, and Sara halfway. They were coming to Punda. My sweetheart, your father sent your brother Aronchy, and Tony and Merka went on their way to Pietermaai. That negress Antunika... they brought her behind the fort, sent to be whipped at the divi-divi tree. But I don't know for what reason. If you know, send me

316-462: A biny busca na Punta & borbe bay asina presto. Mi tabata na Pietermaai te ora ku boso a bini. Mi a topa tio aya, ku Sara meimei. Nan tabata bini na Punda. Mi dushi, bo pai a manda bo ruman Aronchy, ku Tony i Merka kohe na kaminda di Pietermaai. E negrita Antunika... nan a hib'é tras di fòrti, i nan a manda sut'é na e watapana. Pero mi no sabi pa ki rason. Si bo sabi, manda palabra, ku mi Dios ta bai pagabo. Mi Bida, manda palabra ku mi, kiko Becky

395-1532: A message, and my God will reward you. My Life, send me a word what Becky came looking for in Punda, and then return as quickly. The next letter dates from 1783 and was recently discovered in an English archive. It was sent by Anna Charje in the name of her baby Jantje Boufet to her husband Dirk Schermer in Rotterdam. (The final sentence is standard Dutch.) Mi papa, bieda die mi Courasson, bieni prees toe seeka bo joego doesje. Mi mama ta warda boo, mie jora toer dieja pa mie papa. Coemda Mie groot mama pa mie, ie mie tante nan toer. Papa doesje, treese oen boenieta sonbreer pa boo Jantje. Adjoos mie papa, bieda die mi Courasson. Djoos naa boo saloer, pa mie i pa mie mama. Mie groot mama ta manda koemenda boo moetje moetje. Mie ta bo joego Doeje toe na mortoo. Dit heeft uw Jantje geschreeven, nogmals adjoos, vart wel. Mi papa, bida di mi kurason, bini lihé serka bo yu dushi. Mi mama ta warda bo, mi ta yora tur dia pa mi papa. Kumindá mi wela pa mi, i mi tantanan tur. Papa dushi, trese un bunita sombré pa bo Jantje. Ayó mi papa, bida di mi kurason. Dios duna bo salú, pa mi i pa mi mama. Mi wela ta manda kumindá bo muchu muchu. Mi ta bo yu dushi te na morto. Dit heeft uw Jantje geschreven, nogmaals adios, vaarwel. My father, life of my heart, come quickly close to your sweet son. My mother awaits you, I cry all day for my father. Greet my grandmother for me, and all my aunts. Dear father, bring

474-1244: A nice hat for your Jantje. Goodbye my father, life of my heart. May God give you health, from me and from my mother. Send my grandmother many many greetings. I am your sweet son until death. This is written by your Jantje, once again adios, goodbye. The third text dates from 1803. It is an affidavit (written testimony for use in a court of law as evidence) signed by 26 Aruban farm workers to support their supervisor Pieter Specht against false accusations by landowner B.G. Quant. Noos ta firma por la berdad, y para serbir na teenpoe qui lo llega die moosteer. Qui des die teempoe koe Señor B.G. Quant ta poner, na serbisje die tera... Ta maltrata noos comandeur Pieter Specht pa toer soorto die koos. Y seemper el dho Quant ta precura die entreponeel deen toer gobierno die comandeur. Por ees motibo, noos ta esprimenta koe eel ta causa die toer disunion. Nos ta firma pa e berdad y pa sirbi den e tempo aki lo yega di mester. Cu di e tempo e cu señor B.G. Quant ta pone, na servicio di e tera... Ta maltrata nos commandeur Pieter Specht pa tur sorto di cos. Y semper el señor Quandt ta percura di entremete den tur gobierno di commandeur. Pa e motibo, nos ta experencia cu el ta causa di tur desunion. We sign for

553-581: A permanent seat, and Philip II of Spain established in 1562 the permanent capital in Madrid , seat of the Royal Court and of the administrative staff, although transferred to Valladolid , with the whole administrative staff, during a brief period (1601–1606). The government functioned as follows; the administrative correspondence came to the different Councils in Madrid, then the secretary of every Council arranged

632-555: A single monarch. The kings from the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg were the only element that connected the multiple kingdoms and territories, ruled by the six separate government councils of Castile , Aragon , Portugal , Italy , Flanders-Burgundy , and the Indies . For periods, Portugal maintained a viceroy, appointed by the king, although the turnover was often rapid; in the 60 years of

711-454: A single syllable that form one sound. Papiamento diphthongs are based on Ibero-Romance and Dutch diphthongs. It has the following diphthongs: Stress is very important in Papiamento. Many words have a very different meaning when a different stress is used: There are general rules for the stress and accent but also a great many exceptions. When a word deviates from the rules, the stressed vowel

790-618: A tenancy was created to assure upgrades on all fortresses that would be paid with regional taxes. John IV also organized the army, established the Military Laws of King Sebastian, and developed intense diplomatic activity focused on restoring good relations with England. Meanwhile, the best Spanish forces were pre-occupied with their battles against the French in Catalonia , along the Pyrenees, Italy and

869-694: A war over Brazil, which would see the Dutch establish a colony called New Holland . However, the Second Battle of Guararapes , the second and decisive battle in a conflict called Pernambucana Insurrection, ended the Dutch occupation of the Portuguese colony of Brazil. On the other hand, the Iberian Union opened to both countries a worldwide span of control, as Portugal dominated the African and Asian coasts that surrounded

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948-591: Is difficult to pinpoint the exact origin of some words. Though there are different theories about its origins, most linguists now believe that Papiamento emerged from the Portuguese-based creole languages of the West African coasts, as it has many similarities with Cape Verdean Creole and Guinea-Bissau Creole . There are various theories about the origin and development of the Papiamento language, and precise history has not been established. Its parent language

1027-415: Is indicated by an acute accent ( ´ ), but it is often omitted in casual writing. The main rules are: Most of the vocabulary is derived from Portuguese and derived Portuguese-based creoles and (Early Modern) Spanish. The real origin is usually difficult to tell because the two Iberian languages are very similar, and adaptations were made in Papiamento. A list of 200 basic Papiamento words can be found in

1106-426: Is surely West Iberian Romance , but scholars dispute whether Papiamento was derived from Portuguese and its derived Portuguese-based creole languages or from Spanish . Historical constraints, core vocabulary, and grammatical features that Papiamento shares with Cape Verdean Creole and Guinea-Bissau Creole are far less than those shared with Spanish, even though the Spanish and Dutch influences occurred later, from

1185-562: Is that Papiamento first evolved from the use in the region since 1499 of 'lenguas' and the first repopulation of the ABC Islands by the Spanish by the Cédula real decreed in November 1525 in which Juan Martinez de Ampués, factor of Española, had been granted the right to repopulate the depopulated Islas inútiles of Oroba, Islas de los Gigantes, and Buon Aire. The evolution of Papiamento continued under

1264-408: The -dor to -dó due to a linguistic process called apocopation . The name of the language itself originates from papia , from Portuguese and Cape Verdean Creole papear ("to chat, say, speak, talk"), added by the noun-forming suffix -mento . Spain claimed dominion over the islands in the 15th century but made little use of them. Portuguese merchants had been trading extensively in

1343-701: The Basque Autonomous Community of Spain, the Valdegovía adopted the royal coat of arms during the Iberian Union period with the Navarre arms and the Portuguese arms added on the honor point. The Spanish city of Ceuta was a part of the Portuguese Empire until the end of the Iberian Union in 1640, after which it decided to remain with Spain. Thus the coat of arms of the city is nearly identical to that of

1422-635: The CFU Club Shield . The teams who finish at the bottom of the league table, have to compete with the top two teams of the Curaçao Segundo Divishon , the 2nd tier of football in Curaçao for placement in Promé Divishon the following season. The league was created back in 1921. For the 1974–75 season it was renamed to Sekshon Pagá and changed to an autumn/spring season cycle. From 1959 up to 2009–10

1501-778: The Catecismo Corticu pa uso di catolicanan di Curaçao was printed, the first printed book in Papiamento. In 2009 the Catecismo Corticu was added to the UNESCO Memory of the World register. The first Papiamento newspaper was published in 1871 and was called Civilisadó (The Civilizer). One local development theory proposes that Papiamento developed in the Caribbean from an original Portuguese-African pidgin , with later Dutch and Spanish (and even some Arawak) influences. Another theory

1580-597: The Council of Portugal . The Council of Portugal, established in 1582, was integrated with a president and six (later four) counselors, and it was abolished at the end of the war in 1668, when Charles II of Spain gave up his title as king of Portugal. The function of the Council consisted in representing the Cortes of the Crown of Portugal for matters of justice and the economy. Any decision of

1659-628: The Dutch Caribbean . It is the most widely spoken language on the ABC islands ( Aruba , Bonaire , and Curaçao ). The language, spelled Papiamento in Aruba and Papiamentu in Bonaire and Curaçao, is largely based on Portuguese (as spoken in the 15th and 16th centuries), and has been influenced considerably by Dutch and Venezuelan Spanish . Due to lexical similarities between Portuguese and Spanish , it

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1738-512: The Paraguaná Peninsula of Venezuela . Venezuelan Spanish and American English are constant influences today. Code-switching and lexical borrowing from Spanish, Dutch and English among native speakers is common. This is considered as a threat to the development of the language because of the loss of the authentic and Creole "feel" of Papiamento. Many immigrants from Latin America and

1817-509: The 150th anniversary of the ending of slavery in the Dutch Caribbean. The Papiamento language originates from about 1650. The oldest Papiamento texts that have been preserved are written letters. In the following three letters it can be seen that the words changed and the spelling became closer to the Dutch spelling. Although some words are no longer in use, the basis of Papiamento did not change much. The oldest letter dates from 1775. It

1896-402: The 17th century onwards. In 1978, Jacoba Bouscholte conducted a study on the various Dutch influences in Papiamento. An example of a hybrid word is verfdó , which is a combination of a Dutch root verf (meaning 'paint') and the Portuguese and Spanish suffix -dor (used for a person who performs an action, like 'painter'). The transformation from verver to verfdó involved changing

1975-408: The 18th century students on Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire were taught predominantly in Spanish, and Spanish began to influence the creole language. Since there was a continuous Latinisation process (Hoetink, 1987), even the elite Dutch-Protestant settlers eventually communicated better in Spanish than in Dutch, as a wealth of local Spanish-language publications in the 19th century testify. According to

2054-728: The 1970s, two different orthographies have been developed and adopted. In 1976, Curaçao and Bonaire officially adopted the Römer-Maduro-Jonis version, a phonetic spelling. In 1977, Aruba approved a more etymology -based spelling, presented by the Comision di Ortografia (Orthography Commission), presided by Jossy Mansur. Papiamento has two main dialects, one in Aruba and one in Curaçao and Bonaire (Papiamentu), with lexical and intonational differences. There are also minor differences between Curaçao and Bonaire. The most apparent difference between

2133-525: The Caribbean choose to learn Papiamento because it is more practical in daily life on the islands. For Spanish-speakers, it is easier to learn than Dutch, because Papiamento uses many Spanish and Portuguese words. The first opera in Papiamento, adapted by Carel De Haseth  [ nl ] from his novel Katibu di Shon , was performed at the Stadsschouwburg in Amsterdam on 1 July 2013, commemorating

2212-604: The Castilian troops were occupied in the other side of the Iberian Peninsula. The rebels killed Secretary of State Miguel de Vasconcelos and imprisoned the king's cousin, Margaret of Savoy, Vicereine of Portugal , who had governed Portugal in his name. The moment was well chosen, as Philip's troops were at the time fighting the Thirty Years' War in addition to the previously mentioned revolution in Catalonia. The support of

2291-562: The Council of Portugal. In the Kingdom of Portugal, the polysynodial system was reinforced: Nevertheless, the political conjuncture need urgent reactions, and in this context a system of meetings appeared for specific issues, as the Junta for the reform of the Council of Portugal (1606–1607, 1610), the Junta for the classification of the debts to the treasury (since 1627) or the Juntas for the organization of

2370-417: The Council of War ( Consejo de Guerra ) exercised its jurisdiction on the troops placed in the Castilian strongholds established on the Portuguese littoral. And also, there were Councils of territorial character, which functions specialized in a concrete territorial space, the Council of Castile , Council of Aragon , Council of Navarre , Council of Italy , Council of the Indies , Council of Flanders , and

2449-800: The Dutch colonisation under the influence of 16th-century Dutch, Portuguese (Brazilian) and Native American languages (Arawak and Taíno), with the second repopulation of the ABC islands with immigrants who arrived from the ex-Dutch Brazilian colonies. The Judaeo-Portuguese population of the ABC islands increased substantially after 1654, when the Portuguese recovered the Dutch-held territories in Northeast Brazil , causing most Portuguese-speaking Jews and their Portuguese-speaking Dutch allies and Dutch-speaking Portuguese Brazilian allies in those lands to flee from religious persecution. The precise role of Sephardic Jews in

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2528-601: The Dutch possessions in Brazil in 1637 by the Dutch West India Company . He landed at Recife, the port of Pernambuco, in January 1637. By a series of successful expeditions, he gradually extended the Dutch possessions from Sergipe in the south to São Luís, Maranhão in the north. He likewise conquered the Portuguese possessions of Elmina Castle , São Tomé Island , and Luanda , Angola, on the west coast of Africa. This began

2607-844: The European and African origin theory the origins of Papiamento lie in the Afro-Portuguese creoles that arose in the 16th century in the west coast of Africa and in the Portuguese Cape Verde islands. From the 16th to the late 17th centuries, most of the slaves taken to the Caribbean came from Portuguese trading posts ( feitorias , transl.  factories ) in those regions. Around those ports, several Portuguese-African pidgin and creole languages developed, such as Cape Verdean Creole , Guinea-Bissau Creole , Angolar , and Forro (from São Tomé). The sister languages bear strong resemblance with Papiamento. According to this theory, Papiamento

2686-592: The German General Frederick Schomberg led about 20,000 Portuguese forces to victory at Montes Claros near Vila Viçosa with only 700 killed and 2,000 wounded. The Spanish army of 22,600 men was devastated with 4,000 dead and 6,000 captured. Protests erupted in Madrid as Spain had wasted 25 million ducats on the disastrous Portuguese war. The Spanish tried to carry on the war for two more years of increasingly fitful warfare. Spain recognized Portugal's sovereignty and made peace on 13 February 1668. In

2765-592: The Habsburg monarchy to support the Catholic side of the Thirty Years' War also created strains within the union, although Portugal did also benefit from Spanish military power in helping to retain Brazil and in disrupting Dutch trade. These events, and those that occurred at the end of Aviz dynasty and the Iberian Union, led Portugal to a state of economic dependency on its colonies, first India and then Brazil. The joining of

2844-589: The Indian Ocean, and Spain the Pacific Ocean and both sides of Central and South America, while both shared the Atlantic Ocean space. When Philip II of Portugal (and III of Spain) died, he was succeeded by Philip III (and IV of Spain), who had a different approach on Portuguese issues. Taxes raised affected mainly the Portuguese merchants (Carmo Reis 1587). The Portuguese nobility began to lose its importance at

2923-524: The Low Countries. The Spanish forces in Portugal never received adequate support. Nevertheless, Philip IV felt he could not give up what he regarded as his rightful inheritance. By the time the war with France ended in 1659, the Portuguese military were well established and ready to confront the last major attempt of a worn out Spanish regime to reclaim control. English soldiers were sent to Portugal and helped

3002-479: The Portuguese provinces a subjection of Philip before entering Lisbon, where he seized an immense treasure; meanwhile, he allowed his soldiers to sack the vicinity of the capital. Philip was recognized as king by the Cortes of Tomar in 1581, beginning the reign of the House of Habsburg over Portugal. When Philip left in 1583 to Madrid, he made his nephew Albert of Austria his viceroy in Lisbon. In Madrid he established

3081-470: The Portuguese rout Don John 's army at Ameixial near Estremoz on June 8, 1663. The Spaniards lost 8,000 men and all their artillery while the Portuguese had only 2,000 casualties. On 7 July 1664 about 3,000 Portuguese met 7,000 Spaniards near Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo and killed 2,000 and took 500 prisoners. Many Spanish communities lost population and blamed their decline on the war against Portugal. Louis XIV sent French troops to Lisbon, and on 17 June 1665

3160-503: The Portuguese were unable to capture the entire island of Ceylon, they were able to keep the coastal regions of Ceylon under their control for a considerable time. Brazil was partially conquered by both France and the Dutch . In the 17th century, taking advantage of this period of Portuguese weakness, many Portuguese territories in Brazil were occupied by the Dutch, who gained access to the sugarcane plantations . The whole Brazilian northeast

3239-484: The Spanish Cortes , and government posts in Portugal were occupied by Spaniards. Ultimately, Philip III tried to make Portugal a royal province, and Portuguese nobles lost all of their power. Several other problems also damaged Portuguese support of their union with Spain. One of these was certainly the pressure from the center, especially from Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares , towards uniformity and sharing

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3318-579: The Union, the country had 13 viceroys and four regency councils (see List of viceroys of Portugal ). Similar viceroys were appointed in Aragon , Catalonia , Valencia and other kingdoms of the Union. The governments, institutions, and legal traditions of each kingdom remained independent of one another. Alien laws ( Leyes de extranjería ) determined that a national of one kingdom was a foreigner in all other kingdoms. Possessing territories in all known continents of

3397-465: The Venezuela Orinoco basin and Trinidad), and turned them into the hub of the Dutch slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean. The first evidence of widespread use of Papiamento in Aruba and Curaçao can be seen in official documents in the early 18th century. In the 19th century, most materials in the islands were written in Papiamento including Roman Catholic school books and hymnals. In 1837,

3476-630: The West Indies and with the Iberian Union between Portugal and Spain during 1580–1640 period, their trade extended to the Spanish West Indies . In 1634, the Dutch West India Company (WIC) took possession of the islands, deporting most of the small remaining Arawak and Spanish population to the continent (mostly to the Venezuelan west coast and the Venezuelan plains, as well as all the way east to

3555-683: The border. The most significant battles were the Battle of the Lines of Elvas (1659), the Battle of Ameixial (1663), the Battle of Castelo Rodrigo (1664), and the Battle of Montes Claros (1665); the Portuguese were victorious in all of these battles. However, the Spaniards won the Battle of Vilanova (1658) and the Battle of the Berlengas (1666) . The Battle of Montijo (1644) was indecisive, starting out with great Spanish success and ending with Portuguese success;

3634-495: The champion played a final for the Netherlands Antilles Championship , in which mostly the Curaçao champion won. Previous winners are: Papiamento Papiamento ( English: / ˌ p ɑː p i ə ˈ m ɛ n t oʊ / ) or Papiamentu ( English: / ˌ p ɑː p i ə ˈ m ɛ n t uː / ; Dutch : Papiaments [ˌpaːpijaːˈmɛnts] ) is a Portuguese-based creole language spoken in

3713-405: The community. The Jewish community became the prime merchants and traders in the area and so business and everyday trading was conducted in Papiamento. While various nations owned the island, and official languages changed with ownership, Papiamento became the constant language of the residents. When the Netherlands opened economic ties with Spanish colonies in what are now Venezuela and Colombia in

3792-428: The country. Some members of the Council of Governors of Portugal who had supported Philip escaped to Spain and declared him to be the legal successor of Henry. Philip marched into Portugal and defeated the troops loyal to the Prior of Crato in the Battle of Alcântara . The troops occupying the countryside ( Tercios ) commanded by Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba arrived in Lisbon. The Duke of Alba imposed on

3871-401: The crowning of Philip I. This revolution, while foreseeable, was most immediately sparked by a popular and institutional revolt in the Principality of Catalonia against the Crown. The plot was planned by Antão de Almada, 7th Count of Avranches , Miguel de Almeida and João Pinto Ribeiro. They, together with several associates, known as the Forty Conspirators , took advantage of the fact that

3950-416: The crowns of Portugal , Leon , Castile , and Aragon , but who died at a young age; and those of Afonso, Prince of Portugal , who was to marry the eldest daughter of the Catholic Monarchs , if not for his untimely death by an accident in which he fell off his horse. The Battle of Alcácer Quibir in 1578 saw the death of the young king Sebastian . Sebastian's granduncle and successor, Cardinal Henry ,

4029-453: The early development is unclear, but Jews certainly played a prominent role in the later development of Papiamento. Many early residents of Curaçao were Sephardic Jews from Portugal, Spain, Cape Verde or Portuguese Brazil. Also, after the Eighty Years' War , a group of Sephardic Jews immigrated from Amsterdam . Therefore, it can be assumed that Judaeo-Portuguese was brought to the island of Curaçao, where it gradually spread to other parts of

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4108-461: The financial and military burden of Castile's wars in Europe. However, the Portuguese were hardly inclined to help with that, as Spain had failed to prevent the Dutch West India Company 's occupation of several of Portugal's colonial holdings, despite the fact that both the Portuguese and the Spanish were nominally under the same crown. This situation culminated in a revolution by the nobility and high bourgeoisie on 1 December 1640, 60 years after

4187-449: The first two kings under the Union, Philip II and Philip III . Both monarchs gave excellent positions to Portuguese nobles in the Spanish courts , and Portugal maintained an independent law, currency, and government. It was even proposed to move the royal capital to Lisbon. The history of Portugal from the dynastic crisis in 1578 to the first Braganza dynasty monarchs was a period of transition. The Portuguese Empire 's spice trade

4266-433: The former Netherlands Antilles , Papiamento was made an official language on 7 March 2007. After the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles on 10 October 2010, Papiamento's official status was confirmed in the newly formed Caribbean Netherlands . Also, 150,000 Antillians (mostly from Curaçao) live in the Netherlands and speak their mother language, Papiamento, fluently. Some Papiamento is also spoken on Sint Maarten and

4345-528: The grammar, but particularly in the lexicon, due to contact with Spanish and, to a lesser extent, Dutch. Despite the changes, the morphosyntactic framework of Papiamento is still remarkably close to that of the Upper Guinea Creoles of Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau. Parallels have also been identified between the development of Papiamento and Catholicism . Papiamento is spoken in all aspects of society throughout Aruba , Curaçao and Bonaire . Papiamento has been an official language of Aruba since May 2003. In

4424-495: The hypothesis that Papiamento is a relexified offshoot of an early Upper Guinea Portuguese Creole variety that was transferred from Senegambia to Curaçao in the second half of the 17th century, when the Dutch controlled the island of Gorée , a slave trading stronghold off the coast of Senegal . The Creole was used for communication among slaves and between slaves and slave holders. On Curaçao, this variety underwent internal changes as well as contact-induced changes at all levels of

4503-419: The independence of Portugal, and continued administering those Portuguese faithful to the Spanish monarch, and the government of Ceuta . Relating to the particular government of the Kingdom of Portugal itself. During the union of the Kingdom of Portugal to the Spanish monarchy, the Spanish Hasburgs on the whole respected the pledges made at Thomar in 1581 to allow considerable Portuguese autonomy and to respect

4582-427: The intent of restoring the Visigothic monarchy . Sancho III of Navarre and Alfonso VII of León and Castile had both taken the title Imperator totius Hispaniae , meaning "Emperor of All Hispania ". There were many attempts to unite the different kingdoms after Alfonso VII's death in 1109, especially through a policy of intermarriage. Some of the most famous attempts are those of Miguel da Paz , who would inherit

4661-418: The king concerning his kingdom had to be consulted with the council before being transmitted to the chancellery of Lisbon and to the concerned courts. The Council of Portugal was briefly replaced twice: in 1619, with the presence of the king in Lisbon, and between 1639 and 1658, when it was replaced by the Junta of Portugal. From the Restoration, the Council continued existing, since Philip IV had not recognized

4740-403: The late 1990s, research has been done that shines light on the ties between Papiamento and Upper Guinea Portuguese Creole. focus specifically on the linguistic and historical relationships with the Upper Guinea Portuguese Creole, as spoken on the Santiago island of Cape Verde and in Guinea-Bissau and Casamance. In Bart Jacob's study The Upper Guinea Origins of Papiamento he defends

4819-403: The material for the attention of the king, and later the king assembled with the secretaries requesting the opinion of the council. After that, the Council held a session to deal with the issue and to formally agree to consult the monarch. The secretary raised the issue to the king, and his reply was returned to the council with the decision to be executed. The meetings of the Councils took place in

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4898-413: The navies of succor of Brazil (since 1637). Throughout the 17th century, the increasing raids on Portuguese merchant shipping by Dutch , English and French privateers and their establishment of trading posts in Africa, Asia and the Americas undermined Portugal's monopoly on the lucrative spice trade . This sent the Portuguese spice trade into a long decline. The diversion of wealth from Portugal by

4977-408: The number of casualties were nearly equal. Several decisions made by John IV to strengthen his forces made these victories possible. On 11 December 1640, the Council of War was created to organize all the operations. Next, the king created the Junta of the Frontiers, to take care of the fortresses near the border, the hypothetical defense of Lisbon , and the garrisons and sea ports. In December 1641,

5056-466: The past, certain rural areas of Aruba and Curaçao featured the guttural R (a feature common in French) or omitted the letter S at the end of words (a feature common in Caribbean Spanish ). However it is likely many of these rural features have either disappeared over time or are used by few speakers today. Papiamento vowels are based on Ibero-Romance and Dutch vowels. Papiamento has the following nine vowels: Papiamento has diphthongs , two vowels in

5135-418: The people became apparent almost immediately and soon John, 8th Duke of Braganza , was acclaimed king of Portugal throughout the country as John IV. By 2 December 1640, John had already sent a letter to the Municipal Chamber of Évora as sovereign of the country. The subsequent Portuguese Restoration War against Philip III ( Portuguese : Guerra da Restauração ) consisted mainly of small skirmishes near

5214-415: The royal palace, and they did not count on the presence of the king habitually. In this poly-synodical system, "Consejo de Estado" (Council of State) stood out for its importance. The Consejo de Estado in Madrid, entrusted to declare on the major decisions that concerned the organization and the defense of the ensemble of the Hispanic monarchy, and it had frequently that to get into Portuguese matters. Even,

5293-476: The same. In creole, it is also written as a ⟨b⟩ . Just as in Portuguese, an unaccented final ⟨o⟩ is pronounced as /u/ . Guene (the name comes from "Guinea") was a secret language that was used by slaves on the plantations of the landhouses of West Curaçao. There were about a hundred Guene songs that were sung to make the work lighter. However, because of the secret character of Guene, it never had much influence on Papiamento. Since

5372-572: The standard Swadesh list , with etymological reference to the language of origin. There is a remarkable similarity between words in Papiamento, Cape Verdean Creole, and Guinea-Bissau Creole, which all belong to the same language family of the Upper Guinea Creoles . Most of the words can be connected with their Portuguese origin. Linguistic studies have shown that roughly 80% of the words in Papiamento's present vocabulary are of Iberian origin, 20% are of Dutch origin, and some of Native American or African origin. A study by Van Buurt and Joubert inventoried

5451-446: The territories of its empire. Public offices were reserved for Portuguese subjects at home and overseas. The king was represented at Lisbon sometimes by a governor and sometimes by a viceroy. So, Spain left the administration of Portugal and its empire largely to the Portuguese themselves, under general supervision from Madrid channeled through the viceroy in Lisbon. Important matters, however, were referred to Madrid, where they came before

5530-409: The time, the Iberian Union was the most wide-spread empire of the early modern era. The Union led to Portugal's involvement in the Dutch Revolt against Spain. The Dutch Republic in turn saw the union as a justification to start targeting Portuguese colonies and would weaken Portugal's overseas empire in the Orient. The unification of the peninsula had long been a goal of the region's monarchs with

5609-405: The truth and to serve the coming time if necessary. About our time with B.G. Quant we declare, we were employed in land cultivation... He always mistreated our commander Pieter Specht for all sort of things. And always mister Quant interfered with all instructions of the commander. For that reason, we declare that he caused all the discord. Papiamento is written using the Latin script . Since

5688-650: The two crowns deprived Portugal of a separate foreign policy, and Spain's enemies became Portugal's. England had been an ally of Portugal since the Treaty of Windsor in 1386. War between Spain and England led to a deterioration of the relations with Portugal's oldest ally, and the loss of Hormuz . War with the Dutch led to invasions of many countries in Asia , including Portuguese Ceylon (today's Sri Lanka ), and commercial interests in Japan , Africa ( Mina ), and South America . Even though

5767-511: The two dialects is given away in the name difference. Whereas Bonaire and Curaçao opted for a phonology-based spelling, Aruba uses an etymology-based spelling. Many words in Aruba end with "o" while the same word ends with "u" in Bonaire and Curaçao. And even in Curaçao, the use of the u-ending is still more pronounced among the Sephardic Jewish population. Similarly, the use of "k" in Bonaire and Curaçao replaces "c" in Aruba. For example: In

5846-454: The words of Taíno and Caquetío Arawak origin, mostly words for plants and animals. Arawak is an extinct language that was spoken by Indigenous people throughout the Caribbean. The Arawak words were re-introduced in Papiamento by borrowing from the Spanish dialect of Venezuela Iberian Union As a personal union, the Kingdom of Portugal, the Crown of Castile and the states of the Crown of Aragon remained independent states, sharing only

5925-417: Was 66 years old at the time. Henry's death was followed by a succession crisis, with three grandchildren of Manuel I claiming the throne: Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza (married to John, 6th Duke of Braganza ), António, Prior of Crato , and King Philip II of Spain . António had been acclaimed king of Portugal by the people of Santarém on 24 July 1580, and then in many cities and towns throughout

6004-591: Was derived from one or more of these older creoles or their predecessors, which were brought to the ABC islands by slaves and traders from Cape Verde and West Africa. The similarity between Papiamento and the other Afro-Portuguese creoles can be seen in the same pronouns used, mi , bo , el , nos , bos(o) , being Portuguese-based. Afro-Portuguese creoles often have a shift from "v" to "b" and from "o" to "u": bientu ( transl.  wind ), instead of viento . In creole and also in Spanish, ⟨v⟩ and ⟨v⟩ are pronounced

6083-403: Was occupied, but the Dutch conquest was short-lived. The Recapture of Bahia by a Spanish-Portuguese fleet in 1625 was followed by a rapid recovery of the lost territories. The Dutch returned in 1630 and captured Recife and Olinda in the captaincy of Pernambuco , the largest and richest sugar-producing area in the world. John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen , was appointed as the governor of

6162-476: Was peaking at the start of this period following the great age of exploration . It continued to enjoy widespread influence and dominated global trade routes. Due to the complexity in the management of government, the Spanish monarch needed some auxiliary bodies, as the Councils ( Consejos ), dedicated to the advice and resolution of problems, and submitted to the monarch's knowledge and dictum. This complexity needed

6241-580: Was sent by the Sephardic Jew Abraham Andrade to his mistress Sarah Vaz Parro, about a family meeting in the centre of Curaçao. Piter May the ora ky boso a biny. My a topa tio la, ku Sara meme. Nan taba biny Punta. My Dusie, bo pay a manda bo ruman Aronchy, ku Tony & Merca koge na kamina dy Piter May. Es nigrita Antunyca & nan a ybel tras dy forty, & nan a manda sutel guatapana. Mas my no saby pa ky razon. Sy bo saby, manda gabla, ku my Dios pagabo. Bida, manda gabla ku my, kico Bechy

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